Ferdinand and Isabella consolidated15 Spain into one great empire, and under their grandson, Charles V., the nation advanced in greatness, until it held sway over vast regions of the New World. When the Emperor Charles yielded sovereignty, in 1556, the sceptre passed to his son, Philip. Two years after, upon the death of the Emperor (Sept. 21, 1558), Philip II. became ruler over the whole of the Spanish dominion17 at home and abroad.
The heir of Charles V. was born at Valladolid on May 21, 1527. His mother was the Empress Isabella, daughter of Emanuel the Great of Portugal, and by his father he descended18 from Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Under the tutorship of Juan Martinez Siliceo, the young prince received his education at the celebrated19 University of Salamanca. He excelled in knowledge of the classics, and exhibited considerable linguistic20 talent, for he was able to write in Latin with facility and possessed21 an acquaintance with French and Italian. Architecture, painting, and sculpture interested the youth, and he studied mathematics.{3}
His royal mother died when Philip was twelve years old. Four years later the prince was betrothed22 to the Infanta Mary, daughter of John III. of Portugal and Catherine, sister of the Emperor Charles V. In 1543 this desired alliance with Portugal was confirmed by the marriage of Philip to his cousin, the Infanta, in the city of Salamanca. Shortly after the ceremony, the young pair went to reside in Valladolid, and here was born to them a son, Don Carlos, whose mysterious death in captivity23 at the age of twenty-three remains24 unexplained.
In giving birth to her first child, the princess lost her life. Before the rejoicings of the nation at the birth of a prince were at an end, the country was startled by the death of the young mother, and gaiety was suddenly changed to mourning. From the Cathedral of Granada, where the body of the Princess Mary was buried, the remains were afterwards removed to the stately mausoleum of the Escorial, the resting-place for the bones of the royal family of Spain, which was erected25 by Philip many years later.
In 1554 Philip II., not yet a sovereign, married Mary of England. The union was arranged by his father, Charles V., and for a time the prince lived in England with his bride. He{4} was, however, called upon to attend the Emperor in Flanders, and was absent from Mary until 1557, when he again visited England. His stay was a brief one, for he was summoned in less than four months to the Netherlands. In the following year Queen Mary died.
Upon the accession of Elizabeth to the throne of England, Philip of Spain received her assurances of amity26. Not many weeks after the burial of Mary, Philip directed Feria, his ambassador in England, to propose, on his behalf, a matrimonial as well as a political alliance with Elizabeth. The queen replied that she must consult Parliament upon the subject, and that ‘should she be induced to marry, there was no man she should prefer to him.’ Philip wrote an affectionate letter to Elizabeth, declaring that he longed for the success of his ambassador’s mission. The Protestant Reformation, which swept over England, was, however, a sufficient bar to the marriage of Philip and Elizabeth. Philip expressed his disappointment when the final answer was received from England, but he still protested his friendship for Elizabeth, and hoped that amicable27 relations would continue between the two nations.
In 1559 Philip married the Princess Elizabeth{5} of France. It had been proposed that the princess should marry Don Carlos, the son and heir of Philip; but, for diplomatic reasons, it was considered more expedient28 that Elizabeth, who was only fourteen years of age, should wed29 with the king. The proposal came from France, and in reply to it, the Spanish envoys30 avowed31 that ‘notwithstanding their master’s repugnance33 to entering into wedlock34, yet, from his regard to the French monarch, and his desire for the public weal, he would consent to waive35 his scruples36 and accept the hand of the French princess with the same dowry promised to his son Don Carlos.’
Tragedy attended the wedding festivities of Philip and Elizabeth of France. In the course of a tournament, arranged by Henry, father of the princess, a challenge was sent by that monarch to Lord Montgomery, a Scottish nobleman and captain of the king’s guard, renowned37 for his feats38 of arms. The queen begged the king to refrain from the encounter, but Henry commanded the unwilling39 Montgomery to prepare for the combat. At the first encounter the Scot pierced the visor of his opponent; the lance splintered, and a piece of it penetrated40 the eye of the king, who was borne from the arena41 by his attendants seriously wounded and unconscious.{6} For ten days he lay in pain, and died on July 10, 1559, of his injury. His queen, Catherine de Medici, thus saw the fulfilment of her foreboding when she vainly besought42 the valorous Henry to abstain43 from further jousting44.
The battle of St. Quintin, in August 1557, which saw the triumph of the Spanish arms over the French, was an event of extreme moment, and was the source of Philip’s resolve to erect6 the Escorial. In this engagement the Duke of Savoy, at the head of the Spanish troops, D’Egmont, in command of the Dutch and German horsemen and infantry45, and Lord Pembroke with his force of British soldiers, defeated the army of France, and killed three thousand men. During the height of the battle, which was fought on the day dedicated46 to San Lorenzo, Philip besought the assistance of that saint, and vowed32 that if aid were vouchsafed47, he would build a mighty48 and permanent monument to the deliverer.
The French general was the Duke de Nevers, who was assisted by the Constable49 of France, Montmorency. To Coligni, the great admiral, was given the task of augmenting50 the garrison51 of St. Quintin. The troops of France were nevertheless greatly outnumbered by the Spanish forces. Flemings, Englishmen, and Spaniards, in{7} combined array, made desperate assault upon the defenders52 of St. Quintin. In a last rally the French formed squares, but the artillery53 of the Duke of Savoy broke up their ranks. Montmorency was among the prisoners who were seized by the Spanish, and it is recorded that he was treated with considerate courtesy.
It is probable that another motive54 in addition to gratitude55 to San Lorenzo actuated Philip II. in building the monastery of the Escorial. He was under an obligation by the will of Charles V. to erect a royal burial-place, and the example of his father in yielding the crown for the ascetic56 life of the cloister57 may have induced him to add a religious house to the mausoleum, and to provide a retreat for himself in the closing days of his reign16. Whatever may have inspired the resolution, it is quite evident that the idea took passionate58 possession of the king’s mind, and that he spent vast treasure and much industry upon the work of rearing this extraordinary conglomerate59 pile.
The choice of a situation for the building accords with all that we know of Philip’s trend of thought and feeling in middle life. He was not hasty in determining the position for the upraising of his monument. The place must be solitary60, stern,{8} and amid impressive surroundings, where nature is seen in a mood of perennial61 musing62 and melancholy63. No doubt the king wandered often in the wastes of Castile, among the rocks, the treeless plains, and the mountainous surrounding of Madrid, in quest of a suitable site for his hermitage and sanctuary64. It was necessary, in a material sense, that the district should produce an abundance of stone of a durable65 quality.
How Philip came to fix upon this spur of the bleak66 Guadarrama is not precisely67 known. Probably his conception of the Escorial was that of an austere68 and plain building, which should, so far as possible, resemble the natural surroundings, and suggest a part of them rather than a contrast to their sternness. The retreat was to be no palace of gilded69 luxury, but a grim and majestic70 building consecrated71 to devotion, penance72, and solemn reflection. Where could a more appropriate spot be found for the retirement of a recluse73 than among the encompassing74 crags, defiles75, and peaks of the Guadarrama Mountains?
In ancient times iron had been worked in this desolate76 wilderness77 of Castile. The scoriæ, or refuse of the mines, lay upon the hillsides, and gave the name of ‘Escorial’ to this shoulder of the range. After a search, which had lasted{9} two years, Philip concluded that no better situation could be desired. In his decision he was assisted by experts in geology, the science of health, and the art of architecture. The site was distant eight leagues from Madrid, and close to a hamlet known as Escorial.
In the document written by Philip respecting the founding of the monastery, we read that, inspired by gratitude to God for His benefits, the king desired to establish churches and convents, and to build a place of burial for his royal successors. ‘For these considerations we are Founding and building the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo, near the town of the Escorial, in the diocese and archbishopric of Toledo, and we dedicate it to the blessed San Lorenzo on account of the special devotion which we have to this Saint, and in memory of the victory which we gained on his feast-day. We Found it according to the Order of St. Jerome because of the affection and devotion we have for this Order, and which the Emperor and King, our Father, had for the same. Besides this we have decided78 that a college shall also be Founded, where the arts and theology shall be taught, and where some young men shall be brought up under the rule of a seminary,’ etc.
Philip purchased all the land required for the{10} erection of the monastery before the work of clearing it was begun. He took up residence on the site, in rude temporary lodgings79, and followed with closest interest every detail of the designing and construction. His chosen architect was Juan Bautista de Toledo, who had studied his art in Rome and Naples. Toledo was a native of Madrid, and in Italy he had made his reputation by designing a palace at Posilipo, and the celebrated Strada di Toledo. He was assisted in planning the Escorial by Lucas de Escalante and Pedro de Tolosa.
The first stone was laid on April 23, 1563. Toledo worked upon the Escorial till 1567, when he died. His scheme embraced the monastery for fifty Hieronymite monks80, the royal residence, the burial-chamber, and the church. Juan Bautista de Toledo was succeeded by Juan de Herrera, who enlarged the convent and designed a bell tower. His assistant was Juan de Minjores, who had executed the church of the Alhambra, and planned part of the Alcazar of Seville.
Toledo’s plan was ambitious and eccentric. He was influenced by the Renaissance82 ideals, and he employed the Doric style in its severest examples. Philip would have no luxurious83 decorations, no flamboyant84 effects; everything{11} must be plain to austerity. Some critics have asserted that the simplicity85 of the Escorial is impressive and noble, while others complain of its rigidity86 and sombreness. The plan of the building is in the shape of a gridiron, to commemorate88, it is surmised89, the fate of San Lorenzo, who was roasted on a grid87. The handle of the gridiron is represented by the Palace of the Infantas; the monastery, the seminary, and the royal apartments represent the bars of the implement90 upon which the saint was martyred.
It is evident that the architects were not allowed perfect freedom in their designs. The king constantly inspected their plans, corrected or improved them according to his own ideas, and made numerous suggestions. From his youth Philip had displayed a love of architecture, and there is no doubt that he was personally the inventor of many features of the Escorial. It has been related that he somewhat hampered91 the designers by his frequent insistence92 upon severity of style, and by his interference in many details of the work.
The king often repaired to a rock commanding a view of the busy scene beneath, where he would sit for hours, watching the progress made by the great army of craftsmen93 and toilers. A{12} fear, which was almost morbid94, assailed95 him at the dread96 thought that he might die before his scheme was brought to its completion. His days were occupied in superintending the tasks of the architects, artists, and decorators, and in pious97 meditation98 in his retreat. Sometimes he would roam with his gun, in the surrounding grey wilderness, unattended, and buried in reflection. His relations with the favourite painters of his retinue99 were of the friendliest order, and he avoided the attitude of the mere100 patron. With Titian the king was very intimate, and he would sit by the easel of Coello, watching the picture that grew upon the canvas.
The studio of Coello adjoined the royal apartment, and Philip came frequently to converse101 with the painter. He delighted also in the society of Antonio Moro. To Titian he paid large sums for his services, and when the work was finished the king handsomely pensioned the artist. When Titian died, the pension was continued to his son.
In 1570 Philip married for the fourth time, his bride being Anne of Austria. A year later the queen gave birth to Fernando, who died at Madrid at the age of seven, and was buried in the Escorial. The body of Don John of Austria, natural brother of Philip, was interred102 beneath the altar of the{13} church in the following year. In 1574 the remains of the illustrious Emperor Charles were transferred to the vaults103 of the Escorial with much ceremony, and at the same time several other royal coffins104 were removed to the newly-made royal resting-place. During the solemn service a terrific storm destroyed the dais which had been erected for the ceremony, and the splendid trappings that covered it.
Besides the havoc105 of hurricanes, the building twice suffered serious injury from fires. The first broke out when the work was almost finished. The cause of the conflagration106 was a lightning stroke, and the flames raged for several hours, creating consternation107 among the monks and the other inmates108 of the edifice. When the fire was subdued109, the king had to grieve the destruction of the fine belfry and the loss of a costly peal110 of bells. Although the fabric111 was much damaged, no lives were lost, and several sacred relics112 were recovered uninjured.
The heavy cost of erecting113 the Escorial increased the amounts paid in taxation114, and among the people of Spain there was some discontent with the expenditure115. There was also disaffection upon one or two occasions among the mechanics employed upon the building. The{14} cause, or the effect, of this insubordinate feeling was the rumour116 that Satan in the guise117 of a hound with wings prowled about the corridors in the dark. A friar hearing certain gruesome sounds during matins, went out to investigate the cause of the disturbance118, and discovered a stray dog wandering in the building. The dog was promptly119 hanged, and his carcass exposed on the exterior120 of the edifice;—proof positive that the mysterious visits were at an end.
It is interesting to learn that a party of Japanese delegates came to request an audience of Philip in the year 1582. The Jesuits had made several converts in Japan, and it was proposed to ordain121 some of these as priests. But the papal sanction had to be obtained, and the ruler of Japan sent an embassy to the Pope. Before going to Rome, these representatives came to Spain and paid reverence122 to Philip, who entertained them cordially.
In 1586 the king was busy with preparations for the ceremony of consecrating123 the church of the Escorial, which had been completed some time previously124. During the erection of the church, services were held in a temporary structure, and in this building there was a celebration of the mass before the procession{15} entered the new church. Philip, the prince, and several great clerics supported the canopy125 which was carried in the solemn pageant126. The temporary church, which stood in the hamlet, was afterwards reconstructed, and placed at the service of the people.
About the year 1582 the king was seized with a distemper of an epidemic127 character, and was so prostrated128 that he prepared himself for death, and wrote his will. But his disorder129, although dangerous, was not fatal, though the queen, who was also attacked, died in this same year. She was interred among other royal persons in the Escorial. The death of Philip II. occurred in 1598. He was indisposed at Madrid, and desired to be at once removed to his beloved Escorial. So severe was his illness that it was necessary to bear him thither130 slowly in a litter. Six days were spent in conveying the stricken monarch over the eight leagues from Madrid to the palace among the Guadarrama Mountains.
For fifty days the king lay in suffering. It was his wish to see every part of the building before he died, and he was borne slowly through the palace, the church, the convent, and the college. Philip was patient and resigned in the contemplation of the last hour of his life. He evinced his zeal{16} in piety131 to the end, and ordered the release of certain prisoners as a final act of mercy. When death approached, the king asked that the prince and Isabella might attend at his bedside, and to them he exhorted132 holiness, and spoke133 of the vanity of ambition and the insecurity of power. On September 13 Philip II. partook of the last sacrament, and passed away.
So died the Founder134 of the Escorial, and the initiator of the great work which the Spanish people claimed as one of the chief wonders of the world. He had lived to see the realisation of his desire. Year by year he had watched the development of his plans, the building of the monastery, the uplifting of the church, and the establishment of a court and a college in this remote Castilian highland135. The hours of his retirement had been devoted to the gratification of his taste in the arts, to contemplation, and to penance. Like Solomon, he had surrounded himself with objects of priceless worth, and he passed his days in an atmosphere of beauty. Æsthetic, and at the same time ascetic, Philip seemed possessed of a dual3 nature in which rival forces constantly contended. If his mind was marked by gloom, it was relieved by his passion for art and by his love of the simple pleasures{17} of a country life. Nor was the king apparently136 devoid137 of a capacity for enjoying occasionally the conventional gaieties of life, for among his numerous retinue, he maintained a fool, or royal jester, one Miguel D’Antona, a grotesque138 dwarf139, with an ugly, humorous countenance140.
The Escorial was a royal hobby. But for us it is something more, for it illustrates141 in divers142 ways the thought, fancy, and idiosyncrasy of an enigmatic personality. And more than this, the building instructs us in the temper of a memorable143 age, profound in faith, zealous144 in patriotism145, and conspicuous146 in martial147 valour. An inspection148 of the Escorial is as the reading of a long and remarkable149 chapter in the history of Spain.
In accordance with his father’s wishes, Philip III. began to build the present burial-vaults soon after his accession to the throne. He did not live to see the completion of the work, which was continued during the reign of Philip IV. The construction was, however, delayed through the attitude of the overseer of the works, who objected to the expenditure of so large a sum of money from the national exchequer150; but under the monk81 Nicolas, the Panteon was at length made ready, in 1654, for the reception of the coffins of members of the royal families.{18}
‘No monarchs151 of the earth,’ writes a chronicler, ‘have a mausoleum comparable to this of the Escorial, which to the glory of Spain was conceived by Charles V., undertaken by Philip II., carried on by Philip III., and completed by Philip IV.’
The second devastating152 fire at the Escorial broke out in 1671, and was supposed to have been caused by the fall of a rocket during a firework exhibition, following upon a day of rejoicing. The English translator of the works of Francisco de los Santos states that the fire ‘ruined and destroyed’ the edifice, but this is an exaggeration, though the damage was very great. It is said that the flames were not quenched153 for fifteen days, and that the peal of bells was melted. The queen-regent, Anne of Austria, restored the Escorial in 1676, and provided it with a new set of bells.
Another disaster might have befallen the Monasterio in 1755, when Lisbon was levelled by the great earthquake, but, fortunately, only a shock was perceived by the inmates of the building.
Charles III. made a few additions to the Escorial, and his son proposed the addition of a bull-ring; but the king, upon hearing of this{19} project, forbade the work, and the prince contented154 himself with erecting a caseta or villa155, which was named de Abajo.
It was at the Escorial that Charles IV. unearthed156 a plot concocted157 by the queen, Godoy, and Prince Fernando, with the object of betraying Spain to France. The prince was placed in confinement158 at the Monastery, and his tutor and other members of the royal household were also imprisoned159. It is probable that Canon Escoiquiz, one of the Court, was in treaty with Napoleon’s representatives. Fernando was tried and pardoned, though his part in the conspiracy160 seemed to admit of no doubt.
In 1807 the French troops stormed the Monasterio, which was defended by the priest Ruiz, who lost his life in the assault. The monks were expelled by the French, but allowed to occupy an adjacent building. Terrible pillage161 succeeded the capture of the Escorial, and much of its treasure was looted and sent to France. After the Peace the brethren returned to the Monastery, and the French restored some of the plundered162 works of art.
There was a restoration of the building under Ferdinand VII., the completion of the work being celebrated on the day of San Lorenzo. Upon{20} the death of the king many of the pictures were transferred from the Escorial to Madrid.
In 1846 Isabella II. married her cousin, Francisco de Assisi, at the Escorial, and upon the same day her sister was united to the Duc de Montpensier.
During the cholera163 epidemic at Madrid, in 1856, the inmates of the Escorial were almost free from the disease, proving beyond doubt that the position of the place among the mountains is extremely healthy. In the summer of 1861 the first train from Madrid arrived at the Escorial.
There are several historians of the Real Monasterio. Friar Juan was probably the first writer on the subject, though his Memoirs164, written in 1596, have not been printed. Father Sigüenza prepared a chronicle of the Escorial in 1605; and in 1698 a work was issued by Jimenez; Santos also wrote in the same year. Ponz was the chronicler in 1788. After a lapse165 of thirty years, Bermejo wrote upon the building, and since 1843 the historians have been Alvarez, Madoy, Ramajo, and Rotondo. The last writer took extreme pains in collecting an immense amount of information upon the Escorial and its history. His huge volume, which appeared in Madrid about 1863, is a classic upon the subject.{21}
Among the earlier writers, perhaps the most interesting is Franciso de los Santos, whose work was published in Madrid in 1681, under the title, Descripcion del Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial.
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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moody
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| adj.心情不稳的，易怒的，喜怒无常的 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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consolidated
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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dominion
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descended
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celebrated
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linguistic
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| adj.语言的，语言学的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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betrothed
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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ERECTED
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amity
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amicable
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expedient
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wed
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envoys
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avowed
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vowed
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repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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wedlock
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| n.婚姻，已婚状态 | |
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waive
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| vt.放弃，不坚持(规定、要求、权力等) | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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feats
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unwilling
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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abstain
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| v.自制，戒绝，弃权，避免 | |
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jousting
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| （骑士）骑马用长矛比武( joust的现在分词 ) | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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47
vouchsafed
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| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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49
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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50
augmenting
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| 使扩张 | |
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51
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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52
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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53
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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54
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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55
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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56
ascetic
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| adj.禁欲的；严肃的 | |
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57
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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58
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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59
conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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60
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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61
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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62
musing
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| n. 沉思，冥想 adj. 沉思的, 冥想的 动词muse的现在分词形式 | |
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63
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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64
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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65
durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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66
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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67
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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68
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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69
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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70
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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71
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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72
penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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73
recluse
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| n.隐居者 | |
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74
encompassing
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| v.围绕( encompass的现在分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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75
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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76
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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77
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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78
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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79
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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80
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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81
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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82
renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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83
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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84
flamboyant
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| adj.火焰般的，华丽的，炫耀的 | |
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85
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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86
rigidity
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| adj.钢性，坚硬 | |
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87
grid
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| n.高压输电线路网；地图坐标方格；格栅 | |
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88
commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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89
surmised
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| v.臆测，推断( surmise的过去式和过去分词 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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90
implement
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| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
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91
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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92
insistence
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| n.坚持；强调；坚决主张 | |
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93
craftsmen
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| n. 技工 | |
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94
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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95
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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96
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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97
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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98
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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99
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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100
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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101
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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102
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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104
coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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105
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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106
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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107
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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108
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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109
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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110
peal
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| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
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111
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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112
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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113
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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114
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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115
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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116
rumour
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| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
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117
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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118
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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119
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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120
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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121
ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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122
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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123
consecrating
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| v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的现在分词 )；奉献 | |
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124
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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125
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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126
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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127
epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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128
prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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129
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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130
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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131
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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132
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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133
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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134
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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135
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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136
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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137
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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138
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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139
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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140
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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141
illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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142
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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143
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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144
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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145
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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146
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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147
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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148
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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149
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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150
exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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151
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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152
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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153
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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154
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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155
villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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156
unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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157
concocted
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| v.将（尤指通常不相配合的）成分混合成某物( concoct的过去式和过去分词 )；调制；编造；捏造 | |
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158
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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159
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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160
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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161
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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162
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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163
cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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164
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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165
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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