The reindeer may well be called the camel of the northern wastes, for it is a no less valuable companion to the Laplander or to the Samojede than the “ship of the desert” to the wandering Bedouin. It is the only member of the numerous deer family that has been domesticated11 by man; but though undoubtedly12 the most useful, it is by no means the most comely13 of its race. Its clear, dark eye has, indeed, a beautiful expression, but it has neither the noble proportions of the stag nor the grace of the roebuck, and its thick square-formed body is far from being a model of elegance14. Its legs are short and thick, its feet broad, but extremely well adapted for walking over the snow or on a swampy15 ground. The front hoofs17, which are capable of great lateral18 expansion, curve upward, while the two secondary ones behind (which are but slightly developed in the fallow deer and other members of the family) are considerably20 prolonged: a structure which, by giving the animal a broader base to stand upon, prevents it from sinking too deeply into the snow or the morass21. Had the foot of the reindeer been formed like that of our stag, it would have been as unable to drag the Laplander’s sledge22 with such velocity23 over the yielding snow-fields as the camel would be to perform his long marches through the desert without the broad elastic24 sole-pad on which he firmly paces the unstable25 sands.
The short legs and broad feet of the reindeer likewise enable it to swim with greater ease—a power of no small importance in countries abounding26 in rivers and lakes, and where the scarcity27 of food renders perpetual migrations necessary. When the reindeer walks or merely moves, a remarkable28 clattering sound is heard to some distance, about the cause of which naturalists29 and travellers by no means agree. Most probably it results from the great length of the two digits30 of the cloven hoof16, which when the animal sets its foot upon the ground separate widely, and when it again raises its hoof suddenly clap against each other.
A long mane of a dirty white color hangs from the neck of the reindeer. In summer the body is brown above and white beneath; in winter, long-haired and white. Its antlers are very different from those of the stag, having broad palmated summits, and branching back to the length of three or four feet.35 Their weight is frequently very considerable—twenty or twenty-five pounds; and it is remarkable that both sexes have horns, while in all other members of the deer race the males alone are in possession of this ornament31 or weapon.
14. GROUP OF REINDEER.
The female brings forth32 in May a single calf33, rarely two. This is small and weak, but after a few days it follows the mother, who suckles her young but a36 short time, as it is soon able to seek and to find its food. The reindeer gives very little milk—at the very utmost, after the young has been weaned, a bottleful daily; but the quality is excellent, for it is uncommonly35 thick and nutritious36. It consists almost entirely37 of cream, so that a great deal of water can be added before it becomes inferior to the best cow-milk. Its taste is excellent, but the butter made from it is rancid, and hardly to be eaten, while the cheese is very good.
The only food of the reindeer during winter consists of moss, and the most surprising circumstance in his history is the instinct, or the extraordinary olfactory powers, whereby he is enabled to discover it when hidden beneath the snow. However deep the Lichen39 rangiferinus may be buried, the animal is aware of its presence the moment he comes to the spot, and this kind of food is never so agreeable to him as when he digs for it himself. In his manner of doing this he is remarkably40 adroit41. Having first ascertained42, by thrusting his muzzle43 into the snow, whether the moss lies below or not, he begins making a hole with his fore38 feet, and continues working until at length he uncovers the lichen. No instance has ever occurred of a reindeer making such a cavity without discovering the moss he seeks. In summer their food is of a different nature; they are then pastured upon green herbs or the leaves of trees. Judging from the lichen’s appearance in the hot months, when it is dry and brittle44, one might easily wonder that so large a quadruped as the reindeer should make it his favorite food and fatten45 upon it; but toward the month of September the lichen becomes soft, tender, and damp, with a taste like wheat-bran. In this state its luxuriant and flowery ramifications46 somewhat resemble the leaves of endive, and are as white as snow.
Though domesticated since time immemorial, the reindeer has only partly been brought under the yoke47 of man, and wanders in large wild herds49 both in the North American wastes, where it has never yet been reduced to servitude, and in the forests and tundras50 of the Old World.
In America, where it is called “caribou,” it extends from Labrador to Melville Island and Washington Land; in Europe and Asia it is found from Lapland and Norway, and from the mountains of Mongolia and the banks of the Ufa, as far as Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen. Many centuries ago—probably during the glacial period—its range was still more extensive, as reindeer bones are frequently found in French and German caves, and bear testimony52 to the severity of the climate which at that time reigned53 in Central Europe; for the reindeer is a cold-loving animal, and will not thrive under a milder sky. All attempts to prolong its life in our zoological gardens have failed, and even in the royal park at Stockholm Hogguer saw some of these animals, which were quite languid and emaciated54 during the summer, although care had been taken to provide them with a cool grotto55 to which they could retire during the warmer hours of the day. In summer the reindeer can enjoy health only in the fresh mountain air or along the bracing56 sea-shore, and has as great a longing57 for a low temperature as man for the genial58 warmth of his fireside in winter.
The reindeer is easily tamed, and soon gets accustomed to its master, whose society it loves, attracted as it were by a kind of innate59 sympathy; for, unlike37 all other domestic animals, it is by no means dependent on man for its subsistence, but finds its nourishment60 alone, and wanders about freely in summer and in winter without ever being inclosed in a stable. These qualities are inestimable in countries where it would be utterly61 impossible to keep any domestic animal requiring shelter and stores of provisions during the long winter months, and make the reindeer the fit companion of the northern nomad62, whose simple wants it almost wholly supplies. During his wanderings, it carries his tent and scanty63 household furniture, or drags his sledge over the snow. On account of the weakness of its back-bone, it is less fit for riding, and requires to be mounted with care, as a violent shock easily dislocates its vertebral column; the saddle is placed on the haunches. You would hardly suppose the reindeer to be the same animal when languidly creeping along under a rider’s weight, as when, unencumbered by a load, it vaults64 with the lightness of a bird over the obstacles in its way to obey the call of its master. The reindeer can be easily trained to drag a sledge, but great care must be taken not to beat or otherwise ill-treat it, as it then becomes obstinate65, and quite unmanageable. When forced to drag too heavy a load, or taxed in any way above its strength, it not seldom turns round upon its tyrant66, and attacks him with its horns and fore feet. To save himself from its fury, he is then obliged to overturn his sledge, and to seek a refuge under its bottom until the rage of the animal has abated67.
After the death of the reindeer, it may truly be said that every part of its body is put to some use. The flesh is very good, and the tongue and marrow68 are considered a great delicacy69. The blood, of which not a drop is allowed to be lost, is either drunk warm or made up into a kind of black pudding. The skin furnishes not only clothing impervious70 to the cold, but tents and bedding; and spoons, knife-handles, and other household utensils71 are made out of the bones and horns; the latter serve also, like the claws, for the preparation of an excellent glue, which the Chinese, who buy them for this purpose of the Russians, use as a nutritious jelly. In Tornea the skins of new-born reindeer are prepared and sent to St. Petersburg to be manufactured into gloves, which are extremely soft, but very dear.
Thus the cocoa-nut palm, the tree of a hundred uses, hardly renders a greater variety of services to the islanders of the Indian Ocean than the reindeer to the Laplander or the Samojede; and, to the honor of these barbarians72 be it mentioned, they treat their invaluable friend and companion with a grateful affection which might serve as an example to far more civilized73 nations.
The reindeer attains74 an age of from twenty to twenty-five years, but in its domesticated state it is generally killed when from six to ten years old. Its most dangerous enemies are the wolf, and the glutton or wolverine (Gulo borealis or arcticus), which belongs to the bloodthirsty marten and weasel family, and is said to be of uncommon34 fierceness and strength. It is about the size of a large badger75, between which animal and the pole-cat it seems to be intermediate, nearly resembling the former in its general figure and aspect, and agreeing with the latter as to its dentition. No dog is capable of mastering a glutton, and even the wolf is hardly able to scare it from its prey76. Its feet are very short, so that it can not run swiftly, but it climbs with great facility38 upon trees, or ascends77 even almost perpendicular78 rock-walls, where it also seeks a refuge when pursued.
When it perceives a herd48 of reindeer browsing79 near a wood or a precipice80, it generally lies in wait upon a branch or some high cliff, and springs down upon the first animal that comes within its reach. Sometimes also it steals unawares upon its prey, and suddenly bounding upon its back, kills it by a single bite in the neck. Many fables81 worthy82 of Münchausen have been told about its voracity83; for instance, that it is able to devour84 two reindeer at one meal, and that, when its stomach is exorbitantly85 distended86 with food, it will press itself between two trees or stones to make room for a new repast. It will, indeed, kill in one night six or eight reindeer, but it contents itself with sucking their blood, as the weasel does with fowls87, and eats no more at one meal than any other carnivorous animal of its own size.
Besides the attacks of its mightier89 enemies, the reindeer is subject to the persecutions of two species of gad-fly, which torment90 it exceedingly. The one (Œstrus tarandi), called Hurbma by the Laplanders, deposits its glutinous91 eggs upon the animal’s back. The larvæ, on creeping out, immediately bore themselves into the skin, where by their motion and suction they cause so many small swellings or boils, which gradually grow to the size of an inch or more in diameter, with an opening at the top of each, through which the larvæ may be seen imbedded in a purulent fluid. Frequently the whole back of the animal is covered with these boils, which, by draining its fluids, produce emaciation92 and disease. As if aware of this danger, the reindeer runs wild and furious as soon as it hears the buzzing of the ’fly, and seeks a refuge in the nearest water. The other species of gad-fly (Œstrus nasalis) lays its eggs in the nostrils93 of the reindeer; and the larvæ, boring themselves into the fauces and beneath the tongue of the poor animal, are a great source of annoyance94, as is shown by its frequent sniffling and shaking of the head.
A pestilential disorder95 like the rinderpest will sometimes sweep away whole herds. Thus in a few weeks a rich Laplander or Samojede may be reduced to poverty, and the proud possessor of several thousands of reindeer be compelled to seek the precarious96 livelihood97 of the northern fisherman.
The elk or moose-deer (Cervus alces) is another member of the cervine race peculiar98 to the forests of the north. In size it is far superior to the stag, but it can not boast of an elegant shape, the head being disproportionately large, the neck short and thick, and its immense horns, which sometimes weigh near fifty pounds, each dilating99 almost immediately from the base into a broad palmated form; while its long legs, high shoulders, and heavy upper lip hanging very much over the lower, give it an uncouth100 appearance. The color of the elk is a dark grayish-brown, but much paler on the legs and beneath the tail.
15. ELKS101
We owe the first description of this gigantic deer to Julius Cæsar, in whose time it was still a common inhabitant of the German forests. But the conqueror102 of Gaul can hardly have seen it himself, or he would not have ascribed to it a single horn, placed in the middle of the forehead, or said that both sexes are perfectly103 alike, for the female is smaller and has no antlers. At present the elk is still found in the swampy forests of East Prussia, Lithuania, and Poland,40 but it chiefly resides in the more northern woods of Russia, Siberia, and America. It is a mild and harmless animal, principally supporting itself by browsing the boughs104 of willows105, asps, service-trees, and other soft species of wood. It does not, like the reindeer, seek a refuge against the attacks of the gad-flies, by wandering to the coasts of the sea, or retreating to the bare mountains, where it would soon perish for the want of adequate food, but plunges107 up to the nose into the next river, where it finds, moreover, a species of water-grass (Festuca fluitans) which it likes to feed upon. Though naturally mild and harmless, it displays a high degree of courage, and even ferocity when suddenly attacked; defending itself with great vigor109, not only with its horns, but also by striking violently with its fore feet, in the use of which it is particularly dexterous110. It is generally caught in traps, as it is extremely shy and watchful111, and finds an easy retreat in the swamp or the forest. The only time of the year when it can be easily chased is in the spring, when the softened112 snow gets covered during the night with a thin crust of ice which is too weak to bear the animal’s weight.
Though not ranging so far north as the reindeer or the elk, we find in the Old World the red-deer (Cervus elaphus), in the vicinity of Drontheim, in Norway, and along with the roebuck beyond Lake Baikal, in Siberia, while in America the large-eared deer (Cervus macrotis), and the Wapiti, or Canada stag (Cervus strongylo-ceras), extend their excursions beyond 55° of northern latitude113. The latter is much larger and of a stronger make than the European red-deer, frequently growing to the height of our tallest oxen, and possessing great activity as well as strength. The flesh is little prized, but the hide, when made into leather after the Indian fashion, is said not to turn hard in drying after being wet—a quality which justly entitles it to a preference over almost every other kind of leather.
16. THE MUSK-OX.
One of the most remarkable quadrupeds of the high northern regions is the musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus), which by some naturalists has been considered as intermediate between the sheep and the ox. It is about the height of a deer, but of much stouter114 proportions. The horns are very broad at the base, almost meeting on the forehead, and curving downward between the eye and ears until about the level of the mouth, when they turn upward. Its long thick brown or black hair hanging down below the middle of the leg, and covering on all parts of the animal a fine kind of soft ash-colored wool, which is of the finest description, and capable of forming the most beautiful fabrics115 manufactured, enables it to remain even during the winter beyond 70° of northern latitude. In spring it wanders over the ice as far as Melville41 Island, or even Smith’s Sound, where a number of its bones were found by Dr. Kane. In September it withdraws more to the south, and spends the coldest months on the verge116 of the forest region. Like the reindeer, it subsists117 chiefly on lichens118 and grasses. It runs nimbly, and climbs hills and rocks with great ease. Its fossil remains119, or those of a very analogous120 species, have been discovered in Siberia: at present it is exclusively confined to the New World.
In the Rocky Mountains, from the Mexican Cordillera plateaux as far as 68° N. lat., dwells the wild sheep (Ovis montana), distinguished121 by the almost circular bend of its large, triangular122, transversely striped horns, from its relative the Siberian argali (Ovis argali), which is supposed to be the parent of our domestic sheep, and far surpasses it in size and delicacy of flesh. Both the American and the Asiatic wild sheep are in the highest degree active and vigorous, ascending123 abrupt124 precipices125 with great agility126, and, like the wild goat, going over the narrowest and most dangerous passes with perfect safety.
Among the carnivorous quadrupeds of the northern regions, many, like the lynx, the wolf, the bear, the glutton, and other members of the weasel tribe, have their head-quarters in the forests, and only occasionally roam over the tundras;42 but the Arctic fox (Canis lagopus) almost exclusively inhabits the treeless wastes that fringe the Polar Ocean, and is found on almost all the islands that lie buried in its bosom127. This pretty little creature, which in winter grows perfectly white, knows how to protect itself against the most intense cold, either by seeking a refuge in the clefts128 of rocks, or by burrowing129 to a considerable depth in a sandy soil. It principally preys130 upon lemmings, stoats, polar hares, as well as upon all kinds of water-fowl and their eggs; but when pinched by hunger, it does not disdain131 the carcasses of fish, or the molluscs and crustaceans132 it may chance to pick up on the shore. Its enemies are the glutton, the snowy owl88, and man, who, from the Equator to the poles, leaves no creature unmolested that can in any way satisfy his wants.
17. ARGALI.
The lemmings, of which there are many species, are small rodents133, peculiar to the Arctic regions, both in the New and in the Old World, where they are found as far to the north as vegetation extends. They live on grass, roots, the shoots of the willow106, and the dwarf134 birch, but chiefly on lichens. They do not gather hoards135 of provisions for the winter, but live upon what they find beneath the snow. They seldom prove injurious to man, as the regions they inhabit are generally situated136 beyond the limits of agriculture. From the voles, to whom they are closely allied137, they are distinguished by having the foot-sole covered with stiff hairs, and by the strong crooked138 claws with which their fore feet are armed. The best known species is the Norwegian lemming (Lemmus norwegicus), which is found on the high mountains of the Dovrefjeld, and farther to the north on the dry parts of the tundra51, where it inhabits small burrows under stones or in the moss. Its long and thick hair is of a tawny139 color, and prettily140 marked with black spots. The migrations of the lemming have been grossly exaggerated by Olaus Magnus and Pontoppidan, to whom the natural history of the North owes so many fables. As they breed several times in the year, producing five or six at a birth, they of course multiply very fast under favorable circumstances, and are then forced to leave the district which is no longer able to afford them food. But this takes place very seldom, for when Mr. Brehm visited Scandinavia, the people on the Dovrefjeld knew nothing about the migrations of the lemming, and his inquiries141 on the subject proved equally fruitless in Lapland and in Finland. At all events, it is a fortunate circumstance that the lemmings have so many enemies, as their rapid multiplication142 might else endanger the balance of existence in the northern regions. The inclemencies of the climate are a chief means for keeping them in check. A wet summer, an early cold and snowless autumn destroy them by millions, and then of course years are necessary to recruit their numbers. With the exception of the bear and the hedgehog, they are pursued by all the northern carnivora. The wolf, the fox, the glutton, the marten, the ermine devour them with avidity, and a good lemming season is a time of unusual plenty for the hungry Laplander’s dog. The snowy owl, whose dense143 plumage enables it to be a constant resident on the tundra, almost exclusively frequents those places where lemmings, its favorite food, are to be found; the buzzards are constantly active in their destruction; the crow feeds its young with lemmings; and even the poor Lap, when pressed by hunger, seizes a stick, and,43 for want of better game, goes out lemming-hunting, and rejoices when he can kill a sufficient number for his dinner.
18. THE SNOWY OWL.
Several birds, such as the snowy owl and the ptarmigan (Lagopus albus), which can easily procure144 its food under the snow, winter in the highest latitudes145; but by far the greater number are merely summer visitants of the Arctic regions. After the little bunting, the first arrivals in spring are the snow-geese, who likewise are the first to leave the dreary146 regions of the north on their southerly migration9. The common and king eider-duck, the Brent geese, the great northern black and red throated divers147, are the next to make their appearance, followed by the pintail and longtail ducks (Anas caudacuta and glacialis), the latest visitors of the season. These birds generally take their departure in the same order as they arrive. The period of their stay is but short, but their presence imparts a wonderfully cheerful aspect to regions at other times so deserted148 and dreary. As soon as the young are sufficiently149 fledged, they again betake themselves to the southward; the character of the season much influencing the period of their departure.
As far as man has penetrated150, on the most northern islets of Spitzbergen, or on the ice-blocked shores of Kennedy Channel, the eider-duck and others of the Arctic anatidæ build their nests; and there is no reason to doubt that if the pole has breeding-places for them, it re-echoes with their cries. Nor need they fear to plunge108 into the very heart of the Arctic zone, for the flight of a goose being forty or fifty miles an hour, these birds may breed in the remotest northern solitude151, and in a few hours, on a fall of deep autumn snow, convey themselves by their swiftness of wing to better feeding-grounds.
One of the most interesting of the Arctic birds is the snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis), which may properly be called the polar singing-bird, as it breeds in the most northern isles152, such as Spitzbergen and Novaja Zemlya, or44 on the highest mountains of the Dovrefjeld, in Scandinavia, where it enlivens the fugitive153 summer with its short but agreeable notes, sounding doubly sweet from the treeless wastes in which they are heard. It invariably builds its nest, which it lines with feathers and down, in the fissures154 of mountain rocks or under large stones, and the entrance is generally so narrow as merely to allow the parent birds to pass. The remarkably dense winter plumage of the snow-bunting especially qualifies it for a northern residence, and when in captivity155 it will rather bear the severest cold than even a moderate degree of warmth. In its breeding-places it lives almost exclusively on insects, particularly gnats156: during the winter it feeds on all sorts of seeds, and then famine frequently compels it to wander to a less rigorous climate.
19. BERNIDE GOOSE.
The Lapland bunting (Centrophanes lapponicus), whose white and black plumage is agreeably diversified157 with red, is likewise an inhabitant of the higher latitudes, where it is frequently seen in the barren grounds and tundras. Both these birds are distinguished by the very long claw of their hind19 toe, a structure which enables them to run about with ease upon the snow.
20. THE SEA-EAGLE.
Among the raptorial birds of the Arctic regions, the sea-eagle (Haliatus albicilla) holds a conspicuous158 rank. At his approach the gull159 and the auk conceal160 themselves in the fissures of the rocks, but are frequently dragged forth by their relentless161 enemy. The divers are, according to Wahlengren, more imperilled from his attacks than those sea-birds which do not plunge, for the latter rise into the air as soon as their piercing eye espies162 the universally dreaded163 tyrant, and thus escape; while the former, blindly trusting to the element in which they are capable of finding a temporary refuge, allow him to approach, and then suddenly diving, fancy themselves in safety, while the eagle is only waiting for the moment of their re-appearance to repeat his attack. Twice or thrice they may possibly escape his claws by a rapid plunge, but when for the fourth time they dive out of the water, and remain but one instant above the surface, that instant seals their doom164. The sea-eagle is equally formidable to the denizens165 of the ocean, but sometimes too great a confidence in his strength leads to his destruction, for Kittlitz was informed by the inhabitants of Kamschatka that, pouncing166 upon a dolphin, he is not seldom dragged down into the water by the diving cetacean in whose skin his talons167 remain fixed168.
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reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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clattering
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| 发出咔哒声（clatter的现在分词形式） | |
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olfactory
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| adj.嗅觉的 | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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glutton
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| n.贪食者，好食者 | |
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elk
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| n.麋鹿 | |
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burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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scarcity
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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digits
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| n.数字( digit的名词复数 )；手指，足趾 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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calf
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| n.小牛，犊，幼仔，小牛皮 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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nutritious
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| adj.有营养的，营养价值高的 | |
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37
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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38
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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39
lichen
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| n.地衣, 青苔 | |
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40
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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41
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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42
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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44
brittle
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| adj.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的 | |
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45
fatten
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| v.使肥，变肥 | |
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46
ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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47
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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48
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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49
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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50
tundras
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| n.（多数位于北极圈的）冻土带( tundra的名词复数 )；苔原；冻原；寒漠 | |
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51
tundra
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| n.苔原，冻土地带 | |
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52
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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53
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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54
emaciated
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|
| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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55
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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56
bracing
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| adj.令人振奋的 | |
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57
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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58
genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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59
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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60
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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61
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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62
nomad
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| n.游牧部落的人，流浪者，游牧民 | |
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63
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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64
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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65
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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66
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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67
abated
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|
| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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68
marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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69
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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70
impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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71
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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72
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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73
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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74
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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75
badger
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| v.一再烦扰，一再要求，纠缠 | |
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76
prey
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|
| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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77
ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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78
perpendicular
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|
| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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79
browsing
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|
| v.吃草( browse的现在分词 )；随意翻阅；（在商店里）随便看看；（在计算机上）浏览信息 | |
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80
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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81
fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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82
worthy
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|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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83
voracity
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|
| n.贪食，贪婪 | |
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84
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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85
exorbitantly
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86
distended
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| v.（使）膨胀，肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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88
owl
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| n.猫头鹰，枭 | |
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89
mightier
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|
| adj. 强有力的，强大的，巨大的 adv. 很，极其 | |
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90
torment
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|
| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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91
glutinous
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| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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92
emaciation
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|
| n.消瘦，憔悴，衰弱 | |
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93
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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94
annoyance
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|
| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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95
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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96
precarious
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|
| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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97
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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98
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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99
dilating
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| v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的现在分词 ) | |
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100
uncouth
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|
| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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101
elks
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| n.麋鹿( elk的名词复数 ) | |
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102
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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103
perfectly
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|
| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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104
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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105
willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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106
willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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107
plunges
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|
| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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108
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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109
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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110
dexterous
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|
| adj.灵敏的；灵巧的 | |
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111
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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112
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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113
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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114
stouter
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| 粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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115
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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116
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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117
subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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118
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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119
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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120
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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121
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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122
triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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123
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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124
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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125
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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126
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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127
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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128
clefts
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| n.裂缝( cleft的名词复数 )；裂口；cleave的过去式和过去分词；进退维谷 | |
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129
burrowing
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| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的现在分词 )；翻寻 | |
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130
preys
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| v.掠食( prey的第三人称单数 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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131
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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132
crustaceans
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| n.甲壳纲动物（如蟹、龙虾）( crustacean的名词复数 ) | |
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133
rodents
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| n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 ) | |
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134
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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135
hoards
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| n.（钱财、食物或其他珍贵物品的）储藏，积存( hoard的名词复数 )v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的第三人称单数 ) | |
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136
situated
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|
| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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137
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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138
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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139
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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140
prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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141
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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142
multiplication
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| n.增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法 | |
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143
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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144
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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145
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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146
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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147
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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148
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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149
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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150
penetrated
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|
| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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151
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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152
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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153
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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154
fissures
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| n.狭长裂缝或裂隙( fissure的名词复数 )；裂伤；分歧；分裂v.裂开( fissure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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155
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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156
gnats
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| n.叮人小虫( gnat的名词复数 ) | |
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157
diversified
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|
| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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158
conspicuous
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|
| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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159
gull
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| n.鸥；受骗的人；v.欺诈 | |
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160
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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161
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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162
espies
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| v.看到( espy的第三人称单数 ) | |
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163
dreaded
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|
| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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164
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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165
denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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166
pouncing
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的现在分词 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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167
talons
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| n.（尤指猛禽的）爪( talon的名词复数 )；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物；锁簧尖状突出部 | |
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168
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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