In many respects Greenland is one of the most remarkable5 countries of the Arctic zone. The whole of the northern coast of continental6 America from Cape7 Lisburne to Belle8 Isle9 Straits is known; the borders of Siberia fronting the icy ocean have been thoroughly10 explored by water and by land; the distance of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla from the pole has long since been determined11; but how far Greenland may reach to the north we know not—though nearly a thousand years have passed since the Icelander Günnbjorn (970 A.D.) first saw its high mountain coast, and in spite of all the attempts made since that time to circumnavigate it. The interior of the island—or continent as it may perhaps more justly be called, for it has a surface of at least 750,000 square miles, and is probably larger than Australia—is also unknown; for of this vast extent of territory only the narrow shores of the coast-line seemed to be inhabitable, or even accessible to man. On penetrating12 into the deeper fjords, all the valleys are found blocked with glaciers13, which, on climbing the heights, are seen to pass into a monotonous15 plateau of ice, or névé, which seems to cover and conceal16 the whole interior. Thus, from its physical configuration17, Greenland may well be called a mysterious region; and, strange to say, the history of the decline and fall of its first colonists is as little known as its geography.
We have seen in a previous chapter that Iceland, so peaceful in the present day, was peopled in the ninth century with a highly turbulent race of jarls and vikings. One of these worthies18, called Erik Rauda, or the Red, having twice dyed his hands with blood, was banished19 by the Althing (982) for a term of years, and resolved to pass the time of his compulsory20 absence in exploring the land discovered by Günnbjorn. After spending three years on its western coasts, he returned to Iceland, and made so favorable a report of the new country, which—knowing the advantages of a good name—he called Greenland, that in 986 he induced a large body of colonists to sail with him and settle there. Other emigrants21 followed, and in a few years all the habitable places of Southern Greenland were occupied.
The colony, which soon after its foundation adopted the Christian22 religion, was divided into two districts, or “bygds” (from the Icelandic “byggia,” to383 inhabit), by an intervening tract23 of land named Ubygd, the “uninhabitable” or “uninhabited.” The West Bygd reached from lat. 66° down to 62°, and contained, in its best days, ninety farms and four churches. South of it lay the desert, “Ubygd,” of seventy geographical24 miles, terminated by the East Bygd, consisting of 190 farms, and having two towns, Gardar and Alba, one cathedral, and eleven churches. The whole population may probably have amounted to 6000 souls. The country was governed by Icelandic laws, and the first of its eighteen bishops25, Arnold, was elected in 1121, the last being Endride Andreason, who was consecrated26 in 1406. In spite of its poverty and distance, Greenland was obliged to contribute its mite27 to the revenues of the Papal chair, for we read in the ancient annalists that in 1326 its tribute, consisting of walrus-teeth, was sold by the Pope’s agent, Bertram of Ortolis, to a merchant of Flanders for the sum of twelve livres and fourteen sous.
The time, however, was now fast approaching when the Greenland colony was not only to cease paying tithes28 and Peter’s pence, but to be swept away. During the course of the fourteenth century it was visited by one misfortune after another. The black death, which carried off twenty-five millions of Europeans, did not spare its distant fjords (1348–9); the Esquimaux harassed29 the survivors30 with repeated attacks, killing31 some, and carrying away others captive. A hostile fleet, suspected to be English, laid waste the country in 1418; and, finally, the revolutions and wars which broke out in Scandinavia after the death of Queen Margaret of Waldemar caused Greenland to be entirely32 neglected and forgotten. The last colonists either retreated to Iceland, or were destroyed by the Esquimaux, and many years elapsed before Greenland was again thought of as a place where Scandinavians had once been living. At length King Frederick II. of Denmark sent out Mogens Heineson, a famous “sea-cock,” as the chroniclers style him, to the south-eastern coast of Greenland (1581), to see if men of a Norse origin still dwelt along those ice-bound fjords. Heineson reached the coast, but the great transparency of the air, which in the Polar regions frequently causes strange optical delusions33, led him into a singular error. After having sailed for many hours in the same direction, and still seeing the mountains which seemed quite near recede34 as he advanced, he fancied himself fettered35 by an invisible power, and thus the famous “sea-cock” returned home with the report that, detained by a magnetic rock, he had not been able to reach the land.
In 1605 King Christian IV. of Denmark sent out a new Greenland expedition, consisting of three ships, under the command of Godske Lindenow, and the guidance of James Hall, an English pilot. This time no magnetic rocks intervened; but the ships having separated, Hall landed on the west coast, which had already been rediscovered and visited by Davis, Hudson, Baffin, and other Arctic navigators; while Lindenow, anchoring off Cape Farewell, kidnapped two Esquimaux, who afterwards died of nostalgia36 in Denmark. But neither Lindenow, who the year after again made his appearance on the western coast of Greenland, nor two later expeditions under Carsten Richardson and Dannell, were able to effect a landing on any part of the eastern coast. It was in sight, but the drift-ice made it inaccessible37. They were equally unsuccessful in finding any traces of the lost colony, which came at length to be regarded as a mere384 Scandinavian myth. But while no one else cared about its existence, the ardent38 Hans Egede (born in Norway, January 31, 1686), pastor39 of Vaage, in the Lofoten Islands, still continued to cherish its memory. He had read in the ancient chronicles about the old Christian communities in Greenland, and could not believe in their total extinction40. He felt the deepest concern in the fate of their descendants, and the thought that after so long a separation from the mother-country they must needs be plunged41 in barbarism and heathen darkness, left him no rest by night or day. At length he resolved to devote his life to their spiritual welfare, and to become the apostle of rediscovered or regenerated42 Greenland. His zeal43 and perseverance44 overcame a thousand difficulties. Neither the public ridicule45, nor the coldness of the authorities to whom he vainly applied46 for assistance, nor the exhortations47 of his friends, could damp his ardor48. At length, after years of fruitless endeavors, after having given up his living and sacrificed his little fortune in the prosecution49 of his plans, he succeeded in forming a Greenland Company, with a capital of 9000 dollars, and in obtaining an annual stipend50 from the Danish Missionary51 Fund of 300 dollars, to which King Frederic IV. added a gift of 200 dollars. With three ships, the largest of which “The Hope,” had forty colonists on board, Egede, accompanied by his wife and four children, set sail from the port of Bergen on May 12, 1721, and reached Greenland on July 3, after a long and tedious passage. The winds had driven him to the western coast, in latitude52 64°, and here he resolved at once to begin his evangelical labors53 with the Esquimaux. A wooden chapel54 was speedily erected55, which formed the first nucleus56 of the still existing settlement of Godthaab.
But if the life of worthy57 Egede had for many a year been full of trouble before he went to Greenland, trials still more severe awaited him during his apostolical career. He had not merely the suspicions of the Esquimaux, the enmity of their medicine-men, the severity of the climate, and not seldom even famine to contend with. His own countrymen, disappointed in their hopes of carrying on a lucrative59 trade with the Greenlanders, resolved to abandon it altogether, and, after ten laborious60 years, the Government not only withdrew all further assistance from the mission, but even ordered the colony to be broken up. All his companions, with the exception of a few volunteers who engaged to share his fortunes, now returned to Denmark; but Egede, though his health had been so shattered by almost superhuman exertions61 that he had long since been obliged to leave all active duties to his son, resolved, like a faithful soldier, to die at his post. In 1733 his perseverance was at length rewarded by the grateful news that the king, at the entreaty62 of Count Zinzendorf, the founder63 of Herrenhuth, had consented to bestow64 an annual grant of 2000 dollars on the Greenland mission, and that three Moravian brothers had arrived to assist him in his work. Thus he could at length (1735) return with a quiet heart to his native country, where he died, universally regretted, in 1758, at the age of seventy-two.
It may easily be supposed that, during his long stay in Greenland, he anxiously sought the traces of his lost countrymen, for the desire to help them had first led him to that Arctic country. Nothing in the physiognomy of the Esquimaux or in their language pointed58 in any way to a European origin, and385 even their traditions said not a word of the old Norse settlers who had once inhabited the land. The ruins of some churches, and other buildings scattered65 here and there along the west coast, alone attested66 their existence, and formed a link between the past and the present. Thus if Greenland still had inhabitants of Scandinavian origin, they must necessarily be confined to the eastern coast beyond Cape Farewell. But Egede was as little able as his predecessors67 to penetrate68 through the ice-belt which, both by land and sea, completely separated it from the rest of the world.
For many years after his death it remained unknown and inaccessible; and Löwenorn, who was sent out in 1786–87 to renew the attempts of Heineson and Lindenow, had no better success. No doubt many a whaler may have admired its distant mountain peaks glowing in the evening sun, or may have been driven by the storm against its shores, but the Scoresbys were the first to determine accurately69 the position of part of its well-fenced coast. In the year 1817, Captain Scoresby the elder, deviating70 from the usual course of the whalers, steered71 through the western ice, and reached the east coast of Greenland beyond 70°. He could easily have landed; the coast which had so frequently baffled the attempts of previous navigators lay invitingly72 before him, but he could not sacrifice his duty as the commander of a whaler to curiosity or renown73. And thus, without having set his foot on shore, he sailed back into the open sea. On a later visit, however, he landed in the sound which bears his name. In the year 1822 Scoresby the younger succeeded in more closely examining the land. Leaving the usual track of the whalers, he had steered to the west, and threaded his way through the drift-ice until, between 70° 33´ and 71° 12´ N. lat., the coast of Greenland lay before him. No coast that he had ever seen before had so majestic74 a character. The mountains, on which he bestowed75 the name of Roscoe, consisted of numberless jagged stones or pyramids, rising in individual peaks to a height of 3000 feet, and a chaos76 of sharp needles covered their rough declivities.
On July 24 he landed on a rocky promontory77, which he named Cape Lister (70° 30´), and, climbing its summit, continued his excursion along its back, which was between three and four hundred feet high. Here and there between the stones, which were either naked or thinly clothed with lichens78, bloomed Andromeda tetragona, a Saxifraga oppositifolia, a Papaver nudicanle, or a Ranunculus nivalis. At Cape Swainson he again descended79 to the shore, which here formed a flat strand80 about 600 feet broad. Some deserted81 Esquimaux huts soon arrested his attention. Charred82 drift-wood and a quantity of ashes lay scattered about the hearths83, and proved that these dwellings84 had not been long forsaken85. Scarcely a bird was to be seen on land, but countless86 auks and divers87 animated88 the waters. A great number of winged insects—butterflies, bees, mosquitoes—flew or buzzed about, particularly on the hillocks between the stones. On July 25 he once more landed on Cape Hope, where he again found traces of inhabitants. Bones of hares and fragments of reindeer horns lay scattered about on the ground. The skull89 of a dog was planted on a small mound90 of earth, for it is a belief of the Greenland Esquimaux that the dog, who finds his way everywhere, must necessarily be the best guide of the innocent children to the386 land of souls. The heat, which soon put an end to this excursion, was so great that many of the plants had shed their seeds, and some were already completely dried up and shrivelled.
The part of the coast of East Greenland discovered by Scoresby, and that which was visited the year after by Clavering, lay, however, too far to the north to afford any clue about the extinct Scandinavian settlements, even supposing them, as was then still believed, to have been partly situated91 to the east of Cape Farewell. At length in the year 1829, Captain Graah, who had been sent out by King Frederick VI. of Denmark, succeeded in exploring the south-eastern coast of Greenland, from its southern extremity92 to the latitude of 65° 18´, beyond which no colony could ever have existed; and as he nowhere found either the most insignificant93 ruins or the least traces of an ancient Christian settlement in the language and customs of the natives, it was now fully94 proved that the east bygd of the old chroniclers was, in reality, situated on the south-western coast of Greenland, in the present districts of Julianshaab and Lichtenau, a coast which, in comparison with the more northern colonies of Frederikshaab and Fiskernäs, distinctly trends to the east.
The present Danish settlements, which are confined to the more sheltered fjords of its western coast, are divided into a north and south inspectorate, the former extending from lat. 67° to 72°, and comprising the districts of Upernavik, Omenak, Jakobshavn, Christianshaab, Egedesminde, and Godhavn, on Disco Island; while the latter contains the districts of Holsteensborg, Sukkertoppen, Godthaab, Fiskernasset, Frederikshaab, and Julianshaab.
In the year 1855 the population of the South Inspectorate consisted of 6128 aboriginal95 Greenlanders, or Esquimaux, and 120 Europeans; that of the North Inspectorate, of 3516 of the former, and 128 of the latter; a very small number if we consider that it is scattered over a space of 12° of latitude. In a country like this, such towns as Godhavn, with 150 inhabitants, or Godthaab, the most populous96 of all, with 330, pass for considerable cities.
But, in spite of its scanty97 population, Greenland is a valuable possession of the Danish crown, or rather of the Danish company, which entirely monopolizes98 the trade, and manages its affairs so well that the Greenlander receives for his produce only about the sixth part of its price at Copenhagen. According to the average of six years (1850–1855), the total value of the exports from Greenland amounted to 378,588 rix-dollars; that of the importations from Denmark, to 164,215; but in the latter sum was included not only the price paid to the Greenlanders for their goods, but all the stores and provisions necessary for the agents and servants of the company, the missionaries, and the administration of the colony. The trifling99 amount which, after all deductions100 and charges, the poor Greenlander receives for his seal-skins or his blubber, he generally spends in tobacco, candy-sugar, coffee, and sea-biscuits, for his real wants are amply supplied by his own country, and he has not yet learned to invest his gains more profitably. Like all other Esquimaux, he depends chiefly upon the sea for his subsistence. Of the various species of Phocæ found in the Greenland waters the most valuable is the hispid seal (Phoca hispida), both from its numbers and from its frequenting the fjords during the whole387 year; while the larger Greenland seal (Phoca grœnlandica) is not stationary101 like the former, but leaves the coast from March to May, and from July to September. The Cystophora cristata, or hooded102 seal, remarkable for a globular sac, capable of inflation, on the head of the male, appears in the fjords only from April till June. It is the most pugnacious103 of all the seals. In the southern districts, where the seal-hunting must be chiefly carried on in open water, the Greenlander relies upon his boat, the kayak. When the animal is struck, the barbed point of the harpoon104 detaches itself, by an ingenious mechanism105, from the shaft106, which otherwise would be broken by its violent contortions107; and as the line is attached to a bladder, it can easily be recovered.
Among the cetaceans, the white dolphin (Delphinopterus leucas) and the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) are the most valuable to the Greenlanders of the North Inspectorate, from 500 to 600 of these huge animals being annually108 caught. The former makes its appearance a short time after the breaking up of the ice, and again in autumn; in summer it seeks the open sea. Sometimes large herds109 of the white dolphins are cut off from the sea by the closing in of the ice in the neighborhood of the land, so that several hundred may be killed in the course of a few days. The narwhal is caught only in the Omenak fjord, which it visits regularly in November. As its chase is both difficult and dangerous, the Greenlanders generally hunt it in company, so that after a narwhal has been struck with the first harpoon or lance, others are ready to follow up the advantage. The larger whales are now seldom caught, but the dead body of a fin-back is not seldom cast ashore110, and affords a rich harvest to the neighborhood. Sometimes masses of oil, evidently proceeding111 from dead whales, are found floating in the fjords. In 1854 ninety-five tons of this matter were collected near Holsteinburg.
The fishes likewise amply contribute to supply the Greenlander’s wants. The shark-fishery (Scymnus microcephalus) is of considerable importance. The entrails of seals and other offal are placed in the openings of the ice to attract these sharks to the spot, where they are caught in various ways, particularly by torch-light, which brings them to the surface. The fishermen, watching the moment, strike them with a sharp hook, and then drag them upon the ice. They are also caught with strong iron angles attached to chains. They are captured for the sake of their livers, which yield a good deal of oil. It has very recently been ascertained112 that a valuable substance resembling spermaceti may be expressed from the carcass which was formerly113 wasted, and for this purpose powerful screw presses are now employed. About 30,000 of these gluttonous114 animals are caught every year, and the fishery may be greatly extended, as the bottom of the ice-fjords absolutely swarms115 with them. Their capture is attended with far less trouble and danger than in Iceland, where they are pursued in boats, and in a capricious and tempestuous116 sea. Improving upon the old Esquimaux methods of fishing or hunting, the Danish residents set nets for the white whale or the seal; for the former, they are attached to the shore, and extend off at right angles, so as to intercept117 them in their autumnal southern migration118, when they swim close along the rocks to avoid the grampus. When the white whale is stopped by the net, it often appears388 at first to be unconscious of the fact, and continues to swim against it, and then allows the boat to approach it from behind. If entangled119 in the net, it is soon drowned, as, like all the whale tribe, it is obliged to come to the surface to breathe.
A large quantity of cod120 are caught in various parts of the South Inspectorate, particularly at Fiskernasset, which, being less subject to fogs and more exposed to the sea-wind, offers peculiar121 advantages for the drying of the fish. The capelin (Mallotus villosus), which in May and June visits the coasts of Greenland in great numbers, is eaten both fresh or laid upon the rocks to dry for the winter. The sea-wolf, the lump-fish, the bull-head, the Norway haddock, the salmon-trout, are likewise important articles of food. The halibut grows to a huge size, and a smaller species (Hippoglossus pinguis) is fished for at the depth of 180 or even 380 fathoms122. The banks frequented by this fish are most valuable to the neighboring Greenlanders. Many are no doubt still undiscovered, others may be known by the dead fish floating on the surface, or by the seals diving out of the water with a flat fish in their mouth. Long-tailed crabs123 are easily caught in many parts, and the common mussel may be gathered almost everywhere at ebb124 tide.
Crowds of birds nestle during the summer on the rocky shores, particularly at Upernavik, where the largest breeding-places are found. They are generally killed with small blunted arrows. In the ice-fjord of Jacobshavn the gulls125 are caught ingeniously by floating traps on which something brilliant or resembling a fish is fixed126. The eggs of the sea-birds are gathered in vast numbers, and the feathers and skins of the eider-duck and auk are both exported and used for the lining127 of boots.
Compared with the wealth of the seas, the land is very poor. The chase of the reindeer is, however, important, as its skin affords both a warmer and a softer clothing than that of the seal, and serves moreover as a bed-cover or a sledge128-carpet. Reindeer-hunting is a favorite summer occupation of the Greenlanders, who annually kill from 10,000 to 20,000, and export about one-half of the skins. Only a few cows, sheep, and goats are kept at Julianshaab. For want of hay they are fed with fish during the winter. In South Greenland the potato is cultivated by the European residents as a luxury. The plant never flowers, and even buds are rare. Turnips129, cabbages, salad, and spinach130 likewise grow in South Greenland, but barley131 sown in the gardens scarcely ever comes to ear. In summer the windows of the houses are gay with geraniums and fuchsias and other flowers of a more temperate132 zone.
Among the indigenous plants, the berries of the Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Vaccinium vitis idæa furnish the Greenlanders with their only vegetable food. While the coasts exposed to the bleak133 sea-winds afford scanty traces of vegetation, the valleys and hill slopes of the more sheltered fjords are green during the summer, and justify134 the name bestowed by Erick on the land of his adoption135. Forests are of course out of the question in Greenland, though in some places the birch attains136 a not inconsiderable size. Thus in a dell at the upper end of Lichtenau Fjord a thicket137 of these trees, fifteen feet high, surrounds a little lake fed by a waterfall, the largest389 hitherto known in Greenland. More generally, however, the trees, such as the beech138, the willow139, the elder, etc., merely creep along the ground, where the dense140 matting of their roots and branches, mingled141 with bushes of the empetrum, or with mosses142, lichens, and fallen leaves, forms a kind of turf which is used as fuel by the Danes.
In some measure the sea makes up for the want of timber by casting on the shore a quantity of drift-wood, the origin of which is still a matter of doubt, some tracing it to the North American rivers, others to those of Siberia. It consists mostly of the uprooted143 trunks of coniferous trees. Sometimes also large pieces of bark, such as those of which the Indians make their canoes, and sewn together with threads of hair, and drifted into the fjords.
The mineral kingdom, though it has within the last few years attracted the attention of speculators, will hardly ever realize their hopes. Several attempts to work the lead and copper144 ores at Nanursoak and in the Arksak fjord have miserably145 failed. The cost of transport is immense, and the difficulty of obtaining the necessary workmen presents an insuperable obstacle to all mining operations in Greenland.
Though the Greenlanders have now been for more than a century under the influence of Christian teachers, yet their mode of life is still much the same as that of their relatives the wild Esquimaux on the opposite continent of North America. Like them, they use the “kayak,” the “oomiak,” and the sledge; like them, they live in small winter huts of stone (the snow-house is unknown to them) or in summer tents hung with skins, and they are equally improvident146 in times of abundance. Their constant intercourse147 with Europeans has, however, taught them the use of many luxuries unknown to the wild Esquimaux, and they are now great consumers of coffee. They are fond of instruction, but the immense space over which the population is scattered, and their vagrant148 life during a great part of the year, are great hinderances to their improvement. They are also very good-natured, and live on the best terms with the Danes who reside among them. The latter, who, with the exception of the Moravian missionaries, are all in the service of the Company, soon get attached to the country, and leave it with regret; sometimes even returning to close their days in Greenland.
The climate, though severe, is very healthy, and the lover of sport finds ample opportunities for gratifying his favorite passion. In September, or at the beginning of October, the last ships leave for Europe; and then, till the next April or May—when the first English whalers appear in the ports of Godhavn or Upernavik—all communication with the civilized149 world is totally cut off. Towards the end of January or the beginning of February, when the days begin rapidly to lengthen150, frequent sledge-parties keep up a constant interchange of visits between the various settlements. This mode of travelling over the lakes and inclosed fjords is very agreeable in May, as then the sun is pleasantly warm at noon; and though he hardly disappears below the horizon, the nights are sufficiently151 cold to convert the melted snow into ice hard enough to bear the weight of a sledge. This is the best time for visiting many interesting spots inaccessible at other seasons of the year, and for enjoying many a scene390 unsurpassed in Switzerland itself. Here, as on the Alps, the glacier14 and the snow-clad peak appear in all their grandeur152; here also, in the valleys, the summer brooks153 flow between well-clothed banks, and the Helvetian lakes are worthily154 rivalled by the magnificent fjords of Greenland.
In many parts, the waves, beating against the steep coasts of the islands and fjords, render access difficult, if not impossible during the summer, but in winter or spring they may easily be visited across the ice. The surf has worn many caves in these precipitous rock-walls, which are no less remarkable for their picturesque155 basaltic forms than for the huge masses of ice on their sides, which, in their tints156 and grouping, far surpass the stalactites of the most renowned157 European grottoes.
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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configuration
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| n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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mite
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| n.极小的东西；小铜币 | |
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tithes
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| n.（宗教捐税）什一税，什一的教区税，小部分( tithe的名词复数 ) | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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delusions
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| n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 )；谬见；错觉；妄想 | |
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34
recede
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| vi.退(去)，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进 | |
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fettered
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| v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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36
nostalgia
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| n.怀乡病，留恋过去，怀旧 | |
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37
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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38
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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40
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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41
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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42
regenerated
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| v.新生，再生( regenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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44
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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45
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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46
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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47
exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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48
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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49
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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50
stipend
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| n.薪贴；奖学金；养老金 | |
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51
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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52
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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53
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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54
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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55
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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56
nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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57
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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58
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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59
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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60
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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61
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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62
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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63
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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64
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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65
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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67
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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68
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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69
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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70
deviating
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| v.偏离，越轨( deviate的现在分词 ) | |
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71
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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72
invitingly
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| adv. 动人地 | |
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73
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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74
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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75
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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76
chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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77
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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78
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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79
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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80
strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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81
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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82
charred
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| v.把…烧成炭( char的过去式)；烧焦 | |
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83
hearths
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| 壁炉前的地板，炉床，壁炉边( hearth的名词复数 ) | |
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84
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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85
Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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86
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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87
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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88
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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89
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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90
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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91
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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92
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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93
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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94
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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95
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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96
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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97
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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98
monopolizes
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| n.垄断( monopolize的名词复数 )；独占；专卖；专营v.垄断( monopolize的第三人称单数 )；独占；专卖；专营 | |
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99
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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100
deductions
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| 扣除( deduction的名词复数 )； 结论； 扣除的量； 推演 | |
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101
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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102
hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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103
pugnacious
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| adj.好斗的 | |
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104
harpoon
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| n.鱼叉；vt.用鱼叉叉，用鱼叉捕获 | |
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105
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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106
shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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107
contortions
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| n.扭歪，弯曲；扭曲，弄歪，歪曲( contortion的名词复数 ) | |
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108
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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109
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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110
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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111
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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112
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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114
gluttonous
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| adj.贪吃的，贪婪的 | |
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115
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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116
tempestuous
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| adj.狂暴的 | |
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117
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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118
migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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119
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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121
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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122
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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123
crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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124
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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125
gulls
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| n.鸥( gull的名词复数 )v.欺骗某人( gull的第三人称单数 ) | |
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126
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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127
lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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128
sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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129
turnips
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| 芜青( turnip的名词复数 )； 芜菁块根； 芜菁甘蓝块根； 怀表 | |
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130
spinach
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| n.菠菜 | |
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131
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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132
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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133
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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134
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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135
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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136
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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137
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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138
beech
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| n.山毛榉；adj.山毛榉的 | |
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139
willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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140
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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141
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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142
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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143
uprooted
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| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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144
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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145
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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146
improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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147
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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148
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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149
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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150
lengthen
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| vt.使伸长，延长 | |
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151
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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152
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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153
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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154
worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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155
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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156
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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