Size of the Ostrich—Its astonishing Swiftness—Ostrich Hunting—Stratagem3 of the Ostrich for protecting its Young—Points of Resemblance with the Camel—Its Voracity—Ostrich Feathers—Domestication of the Ostrich in Algeria—Poetical4 Legend of the Arabs—The American Rheas—The Cassowary—The Australian Emu.
In the African plains and wildernesses5, where the lion seeks his prey6, where the pachyderms make the earth tremble under their weighty strides, where the giraffe plucks the high branches of the acacia, and the herds8 of the antelope9 bound along: there also dwells the Ostrich, the king of birds, if size alone gives right to so proud a title; for neither the condor10 nor the albatross can be compared in this respect to the ostrich, who raises his head seven or eight feet above the ground, and attains11 a weight of from two to three hundred pounds. His small and weak wings are incapable12 of carrying him through the air, but their flapping materially assists the action of his legs, and serves to increase his swiftness when, flying over the plain, he ‘scorns the horse and its rider.’ His feet appear hardly to touch the ground, and the length between each stride385 is not unfrequently from twelve to fourteen feet, so that for a time he might even outstrip13 a locomotive rushing along at full speed.
In Senegal, Adanson saw a couple of ostriches14 so tame that two negro boys could sit upon the largest of them. ‘Scarce had he felt the weight,’ says the venerable naturalist15, ‘when he began to run with all his might, and thus they rode upon him several times round the village. I was so much amused with the sight, that I wished to see it repeated; and in order to ascertain16 how far the strength of the birds would reach, I ordered two full-grown negroes to mount upon the smallest of them and two others upon the strongest. At first they ran in a short gallop17 with very small strides, but after a short time they extended their wings like sails, and scampered18 away with such an amazing velocity19 that they scarcely seemed to touch the ground. Whoever has seen a partridge run knows that no man is able to keep up with him, and were he able to make greater strides his rapidity would undoubtedly20 be still greater. The ostrich, who runs like a partridge, possesses this advantage, and I am convinced that these two birds would have distanced the best English horses. To be sure they would not have been able to run for so long a time, but in running a race to a moderate distance they would certainly have gained the prize.’
Not only by his speed is the ostrich able to baffle many an enemy, the strength of his legs also serves him as an excellent means of defence; and many a panther or wild dog coming within reach of his foot has had reason to repent21 of its temerity22. But in spite of the rapidity of his flight, during which he frequently flings large stones backwards23 with his foot, and in spite of his strength, he is frequently obliged to succumb24 to man, who knows how to hunt him in various ways.
Unsuspicious of evil, a troop of ostriches wanders through the plain, the monotony of which is only relieved here and there by a clump25 of palms, a patch of candelabra-shaped tree-euphorbias, or a vast and solitary27 baobab. Some leisurely28 feed on the sprouts29 of the acacias, or the hard leaves of the mimosas, others agitate30 their wings and ventilate the delicate plumage, the possession of which is soon to prove so fatal to them. No other bird is seen in their company—for no other bird leads a life like theirs; but the zebra and the antelope are fond of386 associating with the ostrich, desirous perhaps of benefiting by the sharpness of his eye, which is capable of discerning danger at the utmost verge31 of the horizon. But in spite of its vigilance, misfortunes are already gathering32 round the troop, for the Bedouin has spied them out, and encircles them with a ring of his fleetest coursers. In vain the ostrich seeks to escape. One rider drives him along to the next, the circle gradually grows narrower and narrower, and, finally, the exhausted33 bird sinks upon the ground, and receives the death-blow with stoical resignation.
To surprise the cautious seal the northern Eskimo puts on a skin of the animal, and imitating its motions mixes among the unsuspicious herd7; and, in South Africa, we find the Bushman resort to a similar stratagem to outwit the ostrich. He forms a kind of saddle-shaped cushion, and covers it over with feathers, so as to resemble the bird. The head and neck of an ostrich are stuffed, and a small rod introduced. Preparing for the chase, he whitens his black legs with any substance he can procure34, places the saddle on his shoulders, takes the bottom part of the neck in his right hand, and his bow and poisoned arrows in his left. Under this mask he mimics35 the ostrich to perfection, picks away at the verdure, turns his head as if keeping a sharp look out, shakes his feathers, now walks, and then trots36, till he gets within bow-shot, and when the flock runs, from one receiving an arrow, he runs too. Sometimes, however, it happens that some wary2 old bird suspects the cheat, and endeavours to get near the intruder, who then tries to get out of the way, and to prevent the bird from catching37 his scent38, which would at once break the spell.
The ostrich generally passes for a very stupid animal, yet to protect its young it has recourse to the same stratagems39 which we admire in the plover40, the oyster-catcher,35 and several other strand-birds. Thus Professor Thunberg relates that riding past a place where a hen-ostrich sat on her nest, the bird sprang up and pursued him, in order to draw off his attention from her young ones or her eggs. Every time the traveller turned his horse toward her, she retreated ten or twelve paces, but as soon as he rode on, pursued him again.
387 The instinct of the ostrich in providing food for its young is no less remarkable41, for it is now proved that this bird, far from leaving its eggs, like a cold-blooded reptile42, to be vivified by the sun, as was formerly43 supposed, not only hatches them with the greatest care, but even reserves a certain portion of eggs to provide the young with nourishment44 when they first burst into life: a wonderful provision, when we consider how difficult it would be for the brood to find any other adequate food in its sterile45 haunts. In Senegal, where the heat is extreme, the ostrich, it is said, sits at night only upon those eggs which are to be rendered fertile, but in extratropical Africa, where the sun has less power, the mother remains46 constant in her attentions to the eggs both day and night.
The number of eggs which the ostrich usually sits upon is ten; but the Hottentots, who are very fond of them, upon discovering a nest, seize fitting opportunities to remove one or two at a time; this induces the bird to deposit more, and in this manner she has been known, like the domestic hen, to lay between forty and fifty in a season.
Almost as soon as the chicks of the ostrich (which are about the size of pullets) have escaped from the shell, they are able to walk about and to follow the mother, on whom they are dependent for a long time. And here again we find a wonderful provision of nature in providing the young of the ostrich with a colour and a covering admirably suited to the localities they frequent. The colour is a kind of pepper and salt, agreeing well with the sand and gravel47 of the plains, which they are in the habit of traversing, so that you have the greatest difficulty in discerning the chicks even when crouching48 under your very eyes. The covering is neither down nor feathers, but a kind of prickly stubble, which no doubt is an excellent protection against injury from the gravel and the stunted49 vegetation amongst which they dwell.
The ostrich resembles in many respects the quadrupeds, and particularly the camel, so that it may almost be said to fill up the chasm50 which separates the mammalia from the birds, and to form a connecting link between them. Both the ostrich and the dromedary have warty51 excrescences on the breast upon which they lean whilst reposing52, an almost similarly formed foot, the same muscular neck; and when we consider that they both388 feed upon the most stunted herbage, and are capable of supporting thirst for an incredibly long time, being, in fact, both equally well formed for living on the arid53 plains, it is certainly not to be wondered at that the ancients gave the ostrich a name betokening54 this similitude (Struthio camelus), and that the fancy of the Arabs ascribes its original parentage to a bird and to a dromedary.
It is difficult to ascertain what the tastes of the ostrich may be while roaming the desert, but when in captivity55 no other bird or animal shows less nicety in the choice of its food, as it swallows with avidity stones, pieces of wood and iron, spoons, knives, and other articles of equally light digestion56 that may be presented to it. ‘Nothing,’ says Methuen, speaking of a domesticated57 ostrich, ‘disturbed its digestion—dyspepsia (happy thing) was undreamt of in its philosophy. One day a Muscovy-duck brought a promising58 race of ducklings into the world, and with maternal59 pride conducted them forth60 into the yard. Up with solemn and measured stride walked the ostrich, and, wearing the most mild and benignant cast of face, swallowed them all, one after the other, like so many oysters61, regarding the indignant hissings and bristling62 plumage of the hapless mother with stoical indifference63.’
The costly64 white plumes65 of the ostrich, which are chiefly obtained from the wings, have been prized in all ages for the elegance66 of their long, waving, loose, and flexible barbs67. From seventy to ninety feathers go to the pound; but a single bird seldom furnishes more than a dozen, as many of them are spoilt by trailing or some other accident. The vagrant68 tribes of the Sahara sell their ostrich plumes to the caravans69 which annually70 cross the desert, and convey them to the ports of the Mediterranean71. Here they were purchased as far back as the twelfth or thirteenth century, by the Pisanese or Genoese merchants, through whose agency they ultimately crossed the Alps to decorate the stately Burggräfinnen of the Rhine, or the wives of the opulent traders of Augsburg or Nuremberg. At a still more remote period the Phœnicians brought ostrich-feathers from Ophir to Tyre, whence they were distributed among the princes of the Eastern world.
In Algeria, the ostrich is often domesticated, particularly on account of its eggs, which weigh three pounds, and are equivalent389 to twenty-four of the common fowl’s eggs. According to Andersson they afford an excellent repast; while Dr. Livingstone tells us they have a strong disagreeable flavour, which only the keen appetite of the desert can reconcile one to. The flesh of the ostrich is decidedly coarse, but as there is no accounting73 for tastes, the Romans seem to have prized it; and Firmus, one of their pseudo-emperors, most likely desirous of emulating74 the gormandising powers of the bird on which he fed, is said to have devoured75 a whole ostrich at one meal.
A legend of the Arabs gives the following poetical account of the origin of the crippled wings and ruffled76 coat of the ostrich. ‘About a thousand years ago,’ say the wandering tribes of Kordofan, ‘the ostrich still resembled the Hubahra or Arabian bustard, and both together inhabited the grassy77 plains. Then also he flew remarkably78 well, nor was he so shy as at present, when he avoids the approach of man with gigantic strides, but lived in friendship and confidence both with him and the other animals of the desert. One day the Hubahra thus addressed him: “Dear brother! if thou art inclined we will, inschalla! (with God’s permission) fly to-morrow to the river, bathe, drink, and then return to our young!” “Well,” replied the ostrich; “we will do so:” but he did not add—“inschalla!” for he was arrogant79, and did not bow before the might of the all-merciful and eternal God, “whose praise the angels in heaven proclaim, and whose glory the thunder in the clouds celebrates,”36 as hitherto he only had known His inexhaustible goodness, and prided himself upon his own strength and his strong wings. On the following morning they prepared for their journey, but the Hubahra before starting said, “Be issm lillahi!” (in the name of Allah) while the ostrich remained mute, and then they both flew towards the eye of God (the sun). And the ostrich rose higher and higher, and striking the air with his mighty80 wings left the Hubahra far behind. His heart was full of arrogance81; he forgot the blessings82 of Him who is the fountain of all blessings, and relied only upon himself. But the measure of God’s mercy was filled to overflowing84, and the anger of Allah was roused against the offender85. Higher and higher he rose, as if he wanted to reach the sun. But now the avenging86 angel390 of the Lord approached, and withdrew the veil which separated him from the flaming orb26. In an instant his wings were burnt, and he fell miserably87 down upon the earth. Even now he cannot fly; even now thou seest his singed88 feathers; even now he fears God’s vengeance89, and endeavours to escape it with gigantic strides. Therefore, O man! let the bird of the desert serve thee as a warning example: humble90 thyself before the power of the Almighty91, and never undertake anything without saying beforehand “inschalla!” that the blessing83 of God may attend thy work.’ There is evidently a great resemblance between this legend and the story of Icarus, but the Arab tale gives an excellent moral lesson, and is imbued92 with a deep religious feeling, of which we find no traces in the Greek.
The Rheas, from their size and similar habits, have been styled the ostriches of the New World, though differing in many essential characters. One species, the Rhea Darwinii, inhabits Patagonia, while the Emu or Nandu (Rhea Americana) is found throughout the whole eastern part of South America, from Buenos Ayres to the Orinoco, wherever open plains or savannas93 invite it to take up its residence. The nandu is not near so tall as the true ostrich, scarcely rising above four feet, and is of a uniform grey colour except on the back, which has a brown tint94. The back and rump are furnished with long feathers, but not of the same rich and costly kind as those which adorn95 the African ostrich. Its feeble wings merely serve to accelerate its flight, serving it as oars72 or sails, particularly when running with the wind. ‘It is not easily caught,’ says the Prince of Neu Wied, ‘as it not only runs very fast, but in zigzag96 lines, so that the horse, rendered giddy by so many evolutions, at length drops down with its rider.’
The Indian Archipelago and New Holland have likewise their peculiar97 struthionidous birds.
The Galeated Cassowary (Casuarius galeatus), thus called from its head being surmounted98 by a kind of horny helmet, is a native of Java and the adjacent isles99. The skin of the head and upper part of the neck is naked, of a deep blue and fiery100 red tint, with pendant caruncles similar to those of the turkey-cock. It is much inferior in size to the ostrich, and its wings are reduced to so rudimentary a state, consisting merely of five long bristles101, without any plumes, that they are even unable to391 assist it in running. It is, however, very swift, and striking out alternately with one of its robust102 and powerful legs, projects its body violently forward with a bounding motion far surpassing the speed of the horse.
CASSOWARY.
EMU.
The Australian Emu (Dromaius Novæ Hollandiæ) is allied103 to the cassowary, though differing in many external characters. Both the helmet, and the long pens or quills104 observable in the wings of the latter, are here wanting; its neck and legs are longer, its feathers, for the most part grey and brown mixed, are not so filiform, and its beak105 also is differently shaped. In size it more nearly approaches the ostrich, rising to a height of seven feet, and from its great muscular power is able to run so quickly as to distance the swiftest greyhound. Incessant106 persecutions have driven it far away from the colonised parts of the country; but it has still a vast range in the wilds of the interior. It lives on fruits, eggs, and even small animals, which it swallows entire.
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1
ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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condor
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| n.秃鹰；秃鹰金币 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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outstrip
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| v.超过，跑过 | |
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ostriches
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| n.鸵鸟( ostrich的名词复数 )；逃避现实的人，不愿正视现实者 | |
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naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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scampered
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| v.蹦蹦跳跳地跑，惊惶奔跑( scamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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temerity
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| n.鲁莽，冒失 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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succumb
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| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
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clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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orb
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| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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sprouts
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| n.新芽，嫩枝( sprout的名词复数 )v.发芽( sprout的第三人称单数 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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agitate
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| vi.(for,against)煽动，鼓动；vt.搅动 | |
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verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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mimics
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| n.模仿名人言行的娱乐演员，滑稽剧演员( mimic的名词复数 )；善于模仿的人或物v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的第三人称单数 )；酷似 | |
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trots
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| 小跑，急走( trot的名词复数 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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stratagems
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| n.诡计，计谋( stratagem的名词复数 )；花招 | |
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plover
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| n.珩，珩科鸟，千鸟 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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reptile
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| n.爬行动物；两栖动物 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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chasm
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| n.深坑，断层，裂口，大分岐，利害冲突 | |
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warty
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| adj.有疣的，似疣的；瘤状 | |
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reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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betokening
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的现在分词 ) | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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barbs
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| n.（箭头、鱼钩等的）倒钩( barb的名词复数 )；带刺的话；毕露的锋芒；钩状毛 | |
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68
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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69
caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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70
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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72
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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73
accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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74
emulating
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| v.与…竞争( emulate的现在分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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75
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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76
ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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77
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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78
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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79
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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80
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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81
arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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82
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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83
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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84
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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85
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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86
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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87
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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88
singed
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| v.浅表烧焦( singe的过去式和过去分词 )；（毛发）燎，烧焦尖端[边儿] | |
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89
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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90
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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92
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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93
savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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94
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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95
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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96
zigzag
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| n.曲折，之字形；adj.曲折的，锯齿形的；adv.曲折地，成锯齿形地；vt.使曲折；vi.曲折前行 | |
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97
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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98
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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99
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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100
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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101
bristles
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| 短而硬的毛发，刷子毛( bristle的名词复数 ) | |
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102
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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103
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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104
quills
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| n.（刺猬或豪猪的）刺( quill的名词复数 )；羽毛管；翮；纡管 | |
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105
beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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106
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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