Physical Conformation of the Australians—Their Low State of Civilisation1—Their Superstitions—Their Wars—Singing and Dancing—The Corribory—Division of the Nation into Great Families—Rules regulating the Property of Land and the Distribution of Food—Skill in Hunting the Kangaroo and the Opossum—Feasting on a Whale—Moral Qualities and Intelligence of the Australians.
On turning from the Malayan Archipelago and New Guinea, to the wilds of northern Australia, new aspects of savage3 life rise before our view. With new plants and new animals, a new variety of the human race makes its appearance, differing in figure, in physiognomy, in language, and in many of its customs and manners both from the Malay and the Papuan: a race which, though occupying one of the lowest grades in the scale of humanity, still offers many points of interest to the observer, and claims our attention both by its qualities and its defects.
The figure of the Australians is remarkable5 for spareness and lankness6 about the lower extremities7, the hips8 and thighs10 as well as the calves11 of the legs, observable in the females as well as in the men. Their heads are in general large, with very projecting eyebrows12 and deep-set eyes, the nose broad, the mouth wide; and there is very often a ferocious13 look which is not in accordance with the character of the individual. The hair is often matted and twisted with filth14 and grease into different fashions; when clean, however, it is frequently as fine and glossy15 as that of the European. Its colour is in some of the children of a sunburnt brown, but invariably black among the adults. In their skins they vary from a dark chocolate-brown to an almost perfect black. Their hands and feet are467 usually small and well-shaped; the shoulders and chests of the men broad, and sufficiently16 muscular. Such is the physical character of the race from one end of the continent to the other, and though there are deviations17 from the usual slim and under-fed condition of the body, and from the usual straight character of the hair, the face, figure, and expression of an Australian is so peculiar18 as to distinguish him at once from the inhabitants even of the immediately adjacent islands.
In all the industrial arts these people are extremely deficient19. They are utterly20 destitute21 of agriculture, and of all manufacture of any kind of material, or tool, or implement22, beyond their few weapons and a rude stone hammer, and some simple nets and baskets. Over the largest part of the coast they were utterly ignorant of any kind of canoe until they were visited by Europeans; and where most advanced in navigation, knew no other method of crossing the water than in rude boats formed of a sheet of bark tied at the ends, or on rafts consisting of bundles of rushes or sticks. They have no huts worthy23 of the name, nor permanent habitations of any kind. Men and women are alike naked, except that in the southern parts of Australia they wear a kind of rug of opossum skins over their shoulders during the cold weather. Many tribes strike out one or two front teeth, and raise great scars and cicatrices on the skin. They also paint themselves with various colours, like most other savages24, and sometimes also ornament25 themselves with beads26 and shells, but make no use of the beautiful feathers procurable28 from the birds of the country.
Their languages, although showing evident traces of a common origin, yet vary so much and so frequently that a native of one tribe can rarely understand the tongue of another fifty miles distant. Their religious notions are limited to a feeling of vague superstition2. They are in great dread29 of an evil being whom they describe as going about under the form of a black man, of superhuman stature30 and strength. He prowls at night through the woods around the encampments of the natives, seeking to entrap31 some unwary wanderer, whom he will seize upon, and having dragged him to his fire, will there roast and devour32 him. He may, however, be frightened away, by throwing fire at him, and no native will go out at night without a firebrand to protect him from this demon33.
468 They have also a superstitious34 horror of approaching the graves of the dead, of whom they never like to speak, and when induced to do so, always whisper.
The supposed powers of the Boylyas, or native sorcerers, have a mighty35 influence upon their minds and actions. It is supposed that these privileged personages can transport themselves through the air at pleasure, and render themselves invisible to all but other Boylyas. If they have a dislike to a native, they can kill him by stealing on him at night and consuming his flesh. Another Boylya has, however, the power of drawing them out, and curing the affected37 person by certain processes of disenchantment.
The absurd idea that no adult person dies a natural death reigns38 among the Australians as it does among many of the American, Malayan, and Negro tribes, and leads to the same baneful39 consequences. If a man perishes of disease his death is generally supposed to have been caused by some sorcerer of another tribe, and must be avenged40 on his murderer, or on some near relation of his.
This senseless belief, inspired by the demon of discord41, is of course the source of frequent wars, and one of the causes which serve to maintain the native Australians in their state of barbarism. The aggrieved42 party, anxious for revenge, assembles its neighbours, to consult with them concerning the proper course to be pursued. The general opinion having been declared for war, a messenger is sent to announce their intention to the opposite party. These immediately assemble their friends and neighbours, and all prepare for the approaching battle. The two armies (usually from fifty to two hundred each) meet, and after a great deal of mutual43 vituperation, the combat commences. From their singular dexterity44 in avoiding or parrying the missiles of their adversaries45, the engagement usually continues a long time without any fatal result. When a man is killed (and sometimes before) a cessation takes place; another scene of recrimination, abuse, and explanation ensues, and the affair commonly terminates. All hostility46 is now at an end, the two parties mix amicably47 together, bury the dead, and join in a general dance, for, like all other savage races, the Australians are very fond of singing and saltatorial displays. Their songs are short, containing generally only one or two469 ideas repeated over and over again. Is a native in a towering passion, he sings to himself some such words as
‘I’ll spear his liver, I’ll spear his lights, I’ll spear his heart,’ &c., &c.
while he sharpens the weapon intended to execute his menace, and waxing more and more excited as he sings, quivers his spear in the air, and, furiously gesticulating, imitates the various incidents of a fight. His wives chime in from time to time with a line or two expressive48 of their contempt for the offender49:
‘The bone-rumped, Long-shinned, Thin-thighed fellow.’
the bystanders applaud, and the savage, having fairly sung the wrath50 out of himself, assists in getting up a dance. Is a native afraid, he sings himself full of courage; is he hungry, he sings; if he is full (provided he is not so full as to be in a state of stupor), he sings more lustily than ever; in fact, under all circumstances he finds aid and comfort from singing. The Australian songs are therefore naturally varied51 in their forms, but their concision52 conveys in the simplest manner the impulsive53 idea. By a song or wild chant the women irritate the men to acts of vengeance54, and four or five mischievously-inclined old women can soon stir up forty or fifty men to any deed of blood by means of their chants, which are accompanied by tears and groans55, until the men are worked into a perfect state of frenzy56.
Among the native dances, the Corribory is the most remarkable. It is always performed at night, by the light of blazing boughs57, to time beaten on a stretched skin. The dancers are all painted white, and in such remarkably58 varied ways that not two are alike. Darkness seems essential to the performance of a corribory, and the white figures coming forward in mystic order from an obscure background, while the singers and the beaters of drums are invisible, produce a highly theatrical59 effect. At first, two persons make their appearance, slowly moving their arms and legs; then others one by one join in, each imperceptibly warming into the truly savage attitude of470 the corribory jump; the legs then stride to the utmost, the head is turned over one shoulder, the eyes glare and are fixed60 with savage energy all in one direction, the arms also are raised and inclined towards the head, and the hands usually grasp the boomerang or some other warlike weapon. The jump now keeps time with each beat, the dancers at every movement taking six inches to one side, all being in a connected line led by the first. The line is sometimes doubled and trebled, according to the space and to the number of the performers, and this produces a great effect, for when the front line jumps to the left the second jumps to the right, and thus this strange savage dance goes on with increasing intensity61, until it suddenly and instantaneously stops, having attained62 the highest pitch of vivacity63.
One of the most remarkable facts connected with the Australians is their division into certain great families, such as the Ballaroke, the Tolondarup, the Ngotock, &c., all the members of which bear the same names. These family names are perpetuated64 and spread through the country by the operation of two remarkable laws—that a man cannot marry a woman of his own family name, and that children of either sex always take the family name of their mother.
Each family adopts some animal or plant as its Kobong, or badge, and none of its members will kill an animal or pluck any plant of the species to which its Kobong belongs, except under particular circumstances.
The ceremony of marriage, which among most nations is considered so important and interesting, is with this people one of the least regarded. The woman is looked upon as an article of property, and is sold or given away by her relatives without the slightest consideration of her own pleasure. When a native dies, his brother inherits his wives and children, but his brother must be of the same family name as himself.
The old men manage to keep the females a good deal among themselves, giving their daughters to one another; and the more female children they have, the greater is their chance of getting another wife by this sort of exchange.
A most remarkable law is that which obliges families connected by blood upon the female side to join for the purpose of avenging66 crimes, and as the father marries several wives, and471 very often all of different families, his children are all repeatedly divided among themselves, no common bond of union exists between them, and this custom alone would suffice to perpetuate65 their savage state.
Though they in no instance cultivate the soil, but subsist67 entirely68 by hunting and fishing, and on the wild roots they find in certain localities, with occasionally a little wild honey, every tribe has its own district, beyond whose well-defined limits it seldom passes except for purposes of war or festivity; and within that district all the wild animals are considered the property of the tribe inhabiting or rather ranging on its whole extent. Should any other tribe venture to intrude69 upon that district this is at once resisted as a violation70 of the rights of property, and is, indeed, a frequent cause of the wars which decimate the population, for the Australian aboriginal71 is as jealous of his rights and as pugnacious72 in their defence as any European can be.
But particular districts are not merely the property of particular tribes, particular sections or portions of these districts are universally recognised by the natives as belonging to individual members of these tribes; and as in England a man disposes of his property by will, thus among these savages a ‘lord of the manor’ divides his land during his lifetime, fairly apportioning73 it among his several sons, and at as early an age as fourteen or fifteen they can point out the portion which they are eventually to inherit. The punishment of ‘trespass74 for the purpose of hunting’ is invariably death if taken in the fact, and at the very least an obstinate75 contest ensues. If the trespasser76 is not taken in the fact, but is recognised from his footmarks, or from any other circumstance, and is ever caught in a defenceless state, he is probably killed; but frequently he appears, attended by his friends, and atones77 for his trespass by quietly holding out his leg for the injured party to thrust his spear through the thigh9. Sometimes he undergoes the ordeal78 of having spears thrown at him.
At the appointed time, young and old repair to the place appointed for the trial, and the wild beauty of the scenery, the fantastically-painted forms of the natives, the savage yells and shouts of exultation80 which are raised as the culprit dexterously81 parries or by rapid leaps and contortions82 of his body avoids the472 clouds of spears which are hurled83 at him, all combine to form a scene full of dramatic interest. If the criminal is wounded in a degree judged sufficient for the crime he has committed, his guilt84 is wiped away, or if none of the spears thrown at him (only a limited number being allowed to each) take effect, he is equally pardoned.
There are other laws intended for the preservation85 and distribution of food, such as that which forbids all vegetable productions used as such by the natives, to be plucked or gathered when bearing seed, and the restriction86 of youth to certain articles of diet. They are not allowed to eat fish or eggs, or the emu, or any of the finer kinds of opossum or kangaroo. In short, their fare is required to be of the coarsest and most meagre description. As they grow older the restrictions87 are removed one after another; but it is not till they have passed the period of middle age that they are entirely unrestrained in the choice of food. The result of this regulation is to prevent the young men from possessing themselves by their superior strength and agility88 of all the more desirable articles of food, and leaving only the refuse to the elders, to whom another rule requires them to pay implicit89 obedience90.
Thus, while among most other savage nations old age is a period of privation and neglect, aged91 men are always treated by the Australians with great respect, and as they rarely take part in any fray92, and seldom appear to suffer much from the infirmities and diseases to which the aged are generally subject amongst us, it is probably the happiest time of their life.
It is commonly supposed that the natives of Australia are about as badly off for food as the African Bushmen or the Fuegoans, but according to Captain Grey, this is a great mistake, for every native knows exactly what his district produces, the proper time at which the several articles are in season, and the readiest means of procuring93 them. Besides, he is pre-eminently omnivorous94, including frogs, mice, grubs, and lizards95 in his bill of fare, and making the roots of the earth, the fishes of the water, the birds of the air, and the animals of the bush contribute to his support. In order to obtain all the different articles of food, he displays a wonderful ingenuity96, and never appears to greater advantage than while busily engaged in the pursuits of the chase. When hunting the kangaroo, he473 rivals in energy and perseverance97, in skill and keenness of eye, the Red Indian tracking the wild animals of the Brazilian forest. The moment he commences his day’s hunting, his whole manner and appearance undergo a remarkable change; his eyes, before heavy and listless, are now full of animation98; his movements are rapid but noiseless, all his soul is intent upon detecting signs of game. His glance roves from side to side in a vigilant99, uneasy manner; no circumstance, however insignificant100, escapes his attention—suddenly, he checks his pace, and stands immovable, like one transfixed, whilst all his faculties101 are concentrated in the sense of sight and hearing. His wives, who are at some distance behind him, the moment they see him assume this attitude, know that a kangaroo is near, and fall to the ground as if they had been shot, their children cowering103 by them and their little faces expressing an earnestness and anxiousness far beyond their years.
‘Looking about a hundred yards to the right of the native, you will see a kangaroo erect104 upon its hind102 legs and supported by its tail; it is reared to its utmost height, so that its head is between five and six feet above the ground; its short fore4-paws hang by its side, its ears are pointed79: it is listening as carefully as the native, and you see a little head peering out from its pouch105, to inquire what has alarmed its mother; but the native moves not, you cannot tell whether it is a human being or the charred106 trunk of a burnt tree which is before you, and for several minutes the whole group preserve their relative position; at length the kangaroo becomes reassured107, drops upon its fore paws, gives an awkward leap or two, and goes on feeding. Meantime the native moves not until the kangaroo having two or three times resumed the attitude of listening, at length once more abandons itself in perfect security to its feed, and playfully smells and rubs its little one. Now the watchful108 savage, keeping his body unmoved, fixes the spear first in the throwing-stick and then raises his arms in the attitude of throwing, from which they are never again moved until the kangaroo dies or runs away; his spear being properly secured he advances slowly and stealthily towards his prey109, no part moving but his legs; whenever the kangaroo looks round, he stands motionless, in the position he is in when it first raises its head, until the animal, again assured of its safety,474 gives a skip or two and goes on feeding again; the native advances, and this scene is repeated many times, until the whistling spear penetrates110 the devoted111 animal; then the wood rings with shouts, women and children all join pell-mell in the chase; the kangaroo, weak from the loss of blood, and embarrassed by the long spear, which catches in the brush wood as it flies, at length turns on its pursuers, and to secure its rear, places its back against a tree, preparing at the same time to rend36 open the breast and entrails of its pursuer, by seizing him in its fore-paws and kicking with its hind legs and claws; but the wily native keeps clear of so murderous an embrace, and from the distance of a few yards throws spears into its breast, until the exhausted112 animal drops down.’
There are several other modes of taking kangaroos, such as catching113 them in nets or pit-falls, or lying in wait near their watering places until they come to drink; or else a party surrounds and incloses them in a narrowing circle; but the mode of tracking a kangaroo until it is wearied out is the one which pre-eminently requires every qualification prized by savages,—skill in tracking, endurance of hunger and thirst, unwearied bodily exertion114, and lasting115 perseverance. To perform this feat27, a native starts upon the track of a kangaroo, which he follows until he sights it, when it flies timidly before him; again he pursues the track, and again the animal bounds from him, and this is repeated until nightfall, when the native lights his fire, and sleeps upon the track; with the first light of day the hunt is resumed, and towards the close of the second day, or in the course of the third, the kangaroo falls a victim to its pursuer. None but a skilful116 huntsman, in the pride of youth and vigour117, can execute this feat, which beyond all others excites the admiration118 of the natives.
Unfortunately, my limits do not allow me to describe their dexterity in fishing, or in entrapping119 the various kinds of wild fowl120 with which the rivers and lagoons121 of Australia abound122, but the skill and acuteness of perception they display in hunting the opossum are too interesting to be passed over in silence. The savage carelessly walks up to some narrow trunk which he thinks bears a suspicious appearance; his hands are placed thoughtlessly behind his back, whilst his dark eye glances over the bark; suddenly it is for one moment stationary123, and he475 looks eagerly at the tree, for he has detected the holes made by the nails of the opossum in its ascent124; he now seeks for one of these footmarks which has a little sand attached to it, and gently blows the sand. If this is still damp, and holds together, it is a sign that the animal has climbed the tree the same morning, for otherwise the sand, dried by the heat of the sun, would have been readily swept away before his breath. Having, by this examination of signs which an unskilled European would vainly strive to detect, convinced himself that the opossum is in some hole of the tree, the native pulls his hatchet125 from his girdle, and cutting a small notch126 in the bark about four feet from the ground, he places the great toe of his right foot in it, throws his right arm round the tree, and with his left hand sticks the point handle of the hatchet into the bark, as high up as he can reach, and thus forms a stay to drag himself up with; having made good this step, he cuts another for his left foot, and thus proceeds until he has ascended127 to the hole where the opossum is hid, which is then compelled by smoke, or by being poked128 out, to quit its hiding-place, when the native catching hold of its tail, dashes it down on the ground, and quietly descends129 to pick it up.
The stranding130 of a whale is a great event in an Australian’s life, for here without any trouble on his part the bountiful sea presents him with a whole mountain of flesh. It is impossible for civilised man to enter into the feelings of the savage under these circumstances, for he has never been similarly situated131, he never has had such a prodigal132 repast placed at once before him. On finding a whale cast ashore133 upon his property, the native ‘lord of the manor,’ seeing the impossibility of his own family consuming this enormous mass of food, whatever zeal134 it may bring to the task, feels his breast glow with unwonted hospitality, and anxious to see his friends about him, falls to work with his wives, and kindles135 large fires to give notice of the joyful136 event. This duty being performed, he rubs himself all over with the blubber, then anoints his favourite wives, and thus prepared, begins cutting his way through the blubber into the flesh, the grain of which is about as firm as a goose-quill. By-and-by other natives come gaily137 trooping in from all quarters; by night they dance and sing, by day they eat and sleep, and continue gormandising and merry-making until476 they at last fairly eat their way into the whale. Thus they remain by the carcase for many days, rubbed from head to foot with stinking138 blubber, gorged139 to repletion140 with putrid141 meat, out of temper from indigestion, and therefore constantly quarrelling, suffering from a cutaneous disorder142 by high feeding, and presenting altogether a most disgusting spectacle. A native girl stepping out of the carcase of a putrid whale is indeed a sight very different from that of a sea-born Venus emerging from her shell. When they at last quit their feast, they carry off as much as they can stagger under, to eat upon the way, and to take as a rare treat to their distant friends.
Though in many respects so utterly barbarous, the Australians are not guilty of the cannibalism143 so prevalent among the islanders of the Papuan race and in many parts of the Indian Archipelago, where, by a strange anomaly, we find it practised by nations standing144 much higher in the scale of civilisation.
The inventions of the throwing-stick for darting145 the spear, and of the well-known weapon called the boomerang; the sound policy of many of their laws and regulations, and the fact that Australian children educated in England have shown the same aptitude146 in learning as white children of the same age, sufficiently prove that these savages are by no means deficient in intelligence.
As to their moral qualities, their apparent honesty results in a great measure from there being few European articles for which they have any use; articles of food, or a knife, or a hatchet are by no means safe where they can get at them. Their behaviour to their women is often very bad; they beat and even spear them on the most trifling147 occasions. Different tribes vary in the most extraordinary way in their friendliness148 or hostility to strangers. They appear to be very capricious, and always act on the whim149 or the impulse of the moment, so that the same people, who to-day may be kind assistants in the hour of need, will to-morrow be guilty of the grossest acts of treachery.
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1
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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lankness
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| n.空白，单调，空虚 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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thighs
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| n.股，大腿( thigh的名词复数 )；食用的鸡（等的）腿 | |
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calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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eyebrows
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| 眉毛( eyebrow的名词复数 ) | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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deviations
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| 背离，偏离( deviation的名词复数 )； 离经叛道的行为 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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implement
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| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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entrap
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| v.以网或陷阱捕捉，使陷入圈套 | |
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devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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rend
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| vt.把…撕开，割裂；把…揪下来，强行夺取 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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41
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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43
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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44
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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45
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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46
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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47
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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48
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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49
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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50
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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51
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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52
concision
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| n.简明，简洁 | |
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53
impulsive
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| adj.冲动的，刺激的；有推动力的 | |
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54
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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55
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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56
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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57
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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58
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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59
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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60
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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61
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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62
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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63
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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64
perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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65
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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66
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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67
subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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68
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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69
intrude
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| vi.闯入；侵入；打扰，侵扰 | |
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70
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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71
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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72
pugnacious
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| adj.好斗的 | |
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73
apportioning
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| vt.分摊，分配（apportion的现在分词形式） | |
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74
trespass
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| n./v.侵犯，闯入私人领地 | |
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75
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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76
trespasser
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| n.侵犯者；违反者 | |
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77
atones
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的第三人称单数 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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78
ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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79
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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80
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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81
dexterously
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| adv.巧妙地，敏捷地 | |
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82
contortions
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| n.扭歪，弯曲；扭曲，弄歪，歪曲( contortion的名词复数 ) | |
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83
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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84
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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85
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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86
restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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87
restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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88
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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89
implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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90
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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91
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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92
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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93
procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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94
omnivorous
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| adj.杂食的 | |
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95
lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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96
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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97
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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98
animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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99
vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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100
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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101
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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102
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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103
cowering
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的现在分词 ) | |
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104
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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105
pouch
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| n.小袋，小包，囊状袋；vt.装...入袋中，用袋运输；vi.用袋送信件 | |
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106
charred
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| v.把…烧成炭( char的过去式)；烧焦 | |
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107
reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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108
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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109
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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110
penetrates
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| v.穿过( penetrate的第三人称单数 )；刺入；了解；渗透 | |
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111
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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112
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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113
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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114
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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115
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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116
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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117
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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118
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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119
entrapping
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的现在分词 ) | |
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120
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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121
lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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122
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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123
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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124
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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125
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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126
notch
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| n.(V字形)槽口，缺口，等级 | |
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127
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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128
poked
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| v.伸出( poke的过去式和过去分词 )；戳出；拨弄；与（某人）性交 | |
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129
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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130
stranding
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| n.（船只）搁浅v.使滞留，使搁浅( strand的现在分词 ) | |
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131
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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132
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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133
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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134
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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135
kindles
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的第三人称单数 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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136
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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137
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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138
stinking
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| adj.臭的，烂醉的，讨厌的v.散发出恶臭( stink的现在分词 )；发臭味；名声臭；糟透 | |
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139
gorged
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| v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的过去式和过去分词 )；作呕 | |
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140
repletion
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| n.充满，吃饱 | |
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141
putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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142
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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143
cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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144
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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145
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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146
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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147
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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148
friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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149
whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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