An animal learns by association. Though it is a common belief, fear is not the reason for his obedience1 to the trainer’s commands. Habit and ignorance are what cause the animal to become an apt pupil in the hands of the trainer. The animal becomes accustomed to the same way of doing the same things at much the same time, and ignorance of his own power keeps him in this state of subjection.
TEACHING A LION TO RIDE A TRICYCLE
This habit is developed in the animal by a laborious2 and patient process, and it requires an intimate knowledge of animal nature to perfect it. The easiest animal to train is one that is born in his native haunts and new to captivity3. The reason is obvious. The one bred in captivity has nothing to fear from123 man, and knows his own strength and the fear he inspires. Accustomed from earliest infancy4 to the greatest care and coddling, he arrives one day at the stage of growth where he realizes the value of his own claws, for the use of them has shown him that human beings do not like to be scratched. Some attendant, who has, perhaps, been playing with him day by day, admiring his pretty, innocent-looking little face, soft furry5 body, and velvety6 paws while he is still a mere7 cub8, drops him suddenly one day when he feels the deep prick9 of the claws hidden in those paws. The next time some one comes along, the cub may not be in the mood for handling; he remembers his past experience, that scratching means “let go,” and he puts this into practice. His liberty is promptly10 secured, and he lies in peace in his cage.
The next man who comes may get a deeper scratch, and he lets the cub alone even more severely11, a fact that the cub notes and remembers the next time, for he is gradually acquiring a deeper disrespect for man and his puerile12 ways; he is beginning to know the124 value of the little knives he carries sheathed13 in those paws, and he is very soon autocratic in his independence. He accepts his food as tribute and his care as homage14 due, and regards man simply as another and much weaker animal.
Such an animal is difficult to train. The only method that may be pursued at all is severe letting alone for several years. All that time he holds himself more and more aloof15. He is, in a way, congratulating himself on his success, and man in time becomes a shadowy being who periodically brings his food, and who, in some inexplicable16 way, keeps him in that oblong box for people to stare at.
He does not mind the people, nor does he mind the cage very much, for he has never known anything else; but deep in him—so deep that he barely realizes its existence—slumbers a desire for freedom and an unutterable longing17 for the blue sky and the free air. Man, in some way, is to blame for that intangible “something” that he wants, and scarcely knows that he wants; and man has shown him that he is afraid of his claws, and, therefore,125 the animal hates and despises man and all belonging to him.
The cub grows insolent18 in his haughtiness19; then his undefined desire for freedom decreases somewhat, becomes more and more vague, and his existence is finally comprised in just two sensations: eating and sleeping. The disturbance20 of either is an insult, and any one who disturbs either an enemy. Man allows both to continue, and so the cub in his arrogance21 tolerates him.
The cub passes beyond his days of cubhood, and acquires almost the years and stature22 of a full-grown lion. He has few of the qualities of the newly captured animal. He does not fear man; he knows his own power. He regards man, as an inferior, with an attitude of disdain23 and silent hauteur24.
When it is considered that his memory of the days when scratching insured independence has faded, his training is begun. He meets it with a reserved majesty25 and silent indifference26, as though he had a dumb realization27 of his wrongs.
He has probably been in a large cage. This126 is changed to a smaller one that has movable bars. The bars are fitted in this way for a definite purpose. Until now the lion has kept in the rear of his cage, as far as possible from the man who feeds him, grabbing his meat and retreating with a sullen28 growl29. It is desired to bring him into closer relationship with his would-be trainer.
The bars are moved day by day. Soon the cage is small enough to permit a fairly long stick to reach from the front to the back. Such a stick, in the hands of a man, is introduced and allowed to remain several hours. The lion may take no notice of it; he may growl and he may grab it. Whatever he does, the stick is kept there and replaced if destroyed. When he has grown accustomed to the stick, it is gently rubbed along his neck and back. Though he snaps at it at first, when once he finds that the stroking is a pleasure, he soon allows it to be done without any protest.
POLAR BEAR USED AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION FOR DRAWING CHILDREN’S CARRIAGE
Sometimes a piece of meat is put at the end of the stick by the trainer, and this is found to act as an inducement to allow the stick to come129 close to the animal. Very often the lion will crunch30 the stick to splinters, and this the trainer allows, as he wishes to prove to the animal that he has nothing to fear from the stick itself. In a very short time he takes the meat quietly, without even growling31 at the stick; and when this stage of the proceedings32 is reached the stick is made shorter each day, until finally it is not much longer than the hand.
As a rule, when once the stick trick has been accomplished33 with an animal, it is comparatively easy to get on a little farther, for by that time the animal not only has no objection to the presence of the trainer, but appears to look for him and expect him. His objections, suspicions, and resentment34 disappear, and very soon the fingers replace the stick in the stroking process, and, being softer and more soothing35 than the stick, seem to give greater pleasure than the wood. This is a great step taken, for one of the most difficult things is to get any wild animal to allow himself to be touched with the human hand.
With a lion which comes straight from130 Africa or Asia, the case is different. Lions are usually trained when between two and three years of age. A two-year-old of fine physique and restless nature has been brought straight from his native haunts. There he has been actually the monarch36 of the jungle. His life has been free and fearless.
Suddenly, in the midst of his regal existence, he falls into a hidden pit or is snared37 in the woods. His desperate struggles, his rage and gnashing of teeth, all the force of his tremendous strength, are ineffectual in breaking the bonds of his captivity.
After his first supreme38 efforts are over and he has thoroughly39 exhausted40 himself, he proves himself a very king of beasts in his haughty41 disdain. He apparently42 realizes his helplessness and submits to everything in sullen, dignified43 silence.
The lion comes to the trainer from the jungle, after having been subjected to abuse and gross indignities44. From the time of his capture by natives who have neither feeling nor consideration for the poor animal, until he reaches his final quarters, his treatment, as131 a rule, is such as to terrify him and render him nervous in the extreme.
He has been kept in cramped45 quarters, cruelly joggled and crushed in a narrow box, while on his way to the coast from the interior, his bedding left unchanged, and the poor food with which he has been provided thrown carelessly into the refuse and offal which surround him. Clean and fastidious, as the lion always is about his food and person, he often refuses to eat, and this, added sometimes to seasickness46, makes his suffering terrible.
The finest health and strength will not stand such a strain for long, and by the time the journey is ended the lion is disgusted with man and his ways. In many cases he arrives in Europe or America sick and weak, and appears only too ready to die and get rid of his troubles. The only passion he has in this state is a genuine hate for man, and this hate seems to be the only thing which arouses him at all.
It frequently happens that wild animals kill themselves in frenzies47 of fear during transportation.132 Everything in their surroundings is new and strange to them. They have lost their freedom and the fresh air; they are cramped and half stifled48 in close quarters, surrounded by dirt and unwholesomeness, and cannot even keep their bodies still for two seconds, owing to the perpetual motion which goes on, and which, perhaps, terrifies them more than anything else. Therefore, when a wild animal is first turned over to the trainer, he is practically mad with his experiences and terrors.
Then begins the training. One man, and one man only, has him in care, and it is always essential in these cases to choose a quiet trainer. This is one of the reasons why Captain Bonavita has made such a success in training lions. He is always quiet and self-possessed, even in times of extreme peril49; and this quietness has more effect on wild animals, particularly lions, than anything else. In some way it seems to communicate itself to them and allays50 their fears. Often a lion rushing round and round a cage will be133 calmed down by a gentle “Whoa, whoa,” spoken in a soothing manner.
The first thing which is done is to attend to the animal’s bodily comfort. In place of dirt and unwholesomeness is cleanliness; in place of the filthy51, reeking52 bed is a fresh, sweet one of dry straw; and fresh food and water are brought to him, always by the same trainer, who invariably speaks a few soothing words in a quiet voice when Leo begins to race wildly round the cage in the vain effort to get out. A very large cage is never given at first, but the one provided is a great improvement on his old cramped quarters. Were it too large, the animal would destroy or seriously injure himself in trying to escape. It is generally just large enough for him to turn round in comfortably, but not high enough to spring about in too much.
The feeding of the animal is the first step in his training. The trainer takes him about six pounds of fresh beef or mutton, with a piece of bone, once a day, and fresh, clear water three times a day. No one but the134 trainer is permitted to go near him or to look at him. He must become acquainted with the trainer’s personality, and must be made to realize that his food and drink come from the trainer only. He must also be made clearly to understand that the trainer means him no harm, but does everything for his comfort.
The meat is usually put upon the end of a long iron fork, and passed to him through the bars. He has to come a little way forward to take the meat, and gradually, without thinking about it, he comes close to the trainer. At first the water-pan is tied to the edge of the cage, because in trying to draw the pan toward him the animal would upset it and make the cage wet and uncomfortable. There would also be the difficulty of getting it out again with a stick, which might arouse the animal’s anger.
When the lion and his trainer have once become acquainted, he is transferred to another cage; and here again, for two weeks, he is fed, watered, and taken care of by the same trainer, until the animal not only gets accustomed to him, but looks forward to his135 presence, because it invariably means something pleasant to himself. In about six weeks’ time a loose collar is slipped around the lion’s neck when he is asleep. Attached to this collar is a chain, long enough for the animal to move about, but just short enough to keep him from reaching the end of the cage.
The next step is for the trainer to put a chair inside the cage. Instantly the lion springs for it, but, being kept in check by the chain, finds he cannot reach it, and retires to a corner, growling sulkily at the intruder. After casting vindictive53 glances at it, with occasional growls54, he becomes accustomed to its presence and takes no further notice of it. Then the trainer, after opening the door of the cage once or twice and looking in, finally walks calmly in himself and sits on the chair. He is just out of reach of the lion, and when the animal has growled55 and resented it as he did the chair, he again subsides56 into indifference.
Then comes the time when the lion is released from the chain, when the trainer takes his life in his hands, and when he knows that136 the moment of extreme danger has arrived. No matter how quiet and docile57 the lion may have appeared to be when chained, he is likely to develop suddenly a ferocious58 savagery59 when released.
At this stage Captain Bonavita always carries two stout60 oak sticks, one in the right hand and one in the left. The one in the right he keeps for immediate61 use, and when once punished with this stick, the lion, not knowing the purpose of the stick in the left hand, comes to fear that also and backs away from it. If possible, the sticks are used to stroke the lion, if he will permit it; for the condition of a wild animal is one of receptivity—he is willing to welcome anything that will give him pleasure. But it is rarely, indeed, at this stage of the proceedings that he will allow this.
In the first place, the lion is generally a little frightened or nervous himself, and alarm begets62 wrath63. It is feline64 nature to dissemble that wrath until the moment of action. Leo does not growl or lash65 his tail. It is not the growling lion that is to be feared139 most, nor does the lashing66 tail, as so many suppose, indicate danger. Not anger, but good humor, comes from such indications. It is when the tail stands out straight and rigid67 that the trainer begins to think of retreat.
ELEPHANTS AND TRAINER
When the tail becomes stiff in this manner, it is generally a pretty sure indication that the animal is going to spring. When the trainer sees that tail become like an iron bar, he tries to slip out at the door; sometimes he knows he will never have the opportunity. Before the lion springs he glances aside carelessly, growling quietly, and the next instant, with open mouth and all four paws distended68, he is sailing through the air, straight for the throat of the man, his tense body rigid with passion, and his five hundred pounds of sinew and muscle ready to descend69 on the intruder.
The man who will not have foreseen that terrific onslaught, holding himself in readiness for it, has no business with wild animals, and will, in all probability, never again attempt any dealings with them, because he will never have the chance. The agility70 which is one of the requisite71 qualities for a trainer140 must come into play, and upon it depends his life.
It is here that the chair, which plays no small part in an animal’s education, comes into use again. That chair was not brought into the cage merely for comfort. It is the best defense72 possible against the lion’s spring. Swift and apparently unpremeditated as the spring has been, the man has seen the tenseness of the muscles that preceded it, and before the animal has reached him, the stout legs of the chair are bristling73 between them.
Here is another problem for the lion. This unknown thing has suddenly assumed an unexpected and possibly a deadly significance. Snarling74, he drops on his haunches and claws at the barrier; perhaps he has plumped into it and has felt the blows from its dull prongs. Then out from behind it springs a stick—the same stick of his pleasant memories, but turned to base uses now, for it flicks75 him smartly on the tip of his nose, just where a lion keeps all his most sensitive feelings.
Again it lands, and the chances are ten to one that two blows on that tender spot are141 enough. Howling with rage and discomfiture76, the lion ceases to claw the chair and retires to his corner, very crestfallen77 and extremely puzzled and bewildered. By the time he has had leisure to consider the strange performance, the trainer is out of the cage, leaving the chair behind him.
Now the lion may do any one or all of several things, according to the depth of his emotions. He may glower78 and sulk in his corner; he may rant79 and tear about his cage, giving vent80 to his outraged81 feelings in loud roars; he may go for the chair and dismember it (not without scars to his own hide, probably); or he may settle down to think matters over calmly, possibly coming to the conclusion that it is unwise to attack any strange thing before finding out whether it can hurt in return.
Generally, after this chair incident, when the lion has got the worst of it, he calms down fairly soon, and on the reappearance of his trainer some time afterward82 has evidently forgotten the unpleasantness of it all, and remembers only that it is the trainer who brings him all he wants. In some cases he greets him142 with a gentle rubbing against the bars of his cage and a soft purr, for he is only a big cat, after all. The meat is taken with a slightly subdued83 air, he allows himself to be stroked and patted,—outside the bars,—and so another great step in his education has been taken and accomplished successfully.
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1
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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furry
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| adj.毛皮的；似毛皮的；毛皮制的 | |
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velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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cub
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| n.幼兽，年轻无经验的人 | |
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prick
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| v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔；n.刺伤，刺痛 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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sheathed
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| adj.雕塑像下半身包在鞘中的；覆盖的；铠装的；装鞘了的v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的过去式和过去分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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haughtiness
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| n.傲慢；傲气 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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hauteur
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| n.傲慢 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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growl
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| v.（狗等）嗥叫，（炮等）轰鸣；n.嗥叫，轰鸣 | |
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crunch
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| n.关键时刻；艰难局面；v.发出碎裂声 | |
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growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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snared
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| v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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seasickness
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| n.晕船 | |
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frenzies
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| 狂乱( frenzy的名词复数 )； 极度的激动 | |
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stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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allays
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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growls
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的第三人称单数 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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subsides
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的第三人称单数 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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savagery
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| n.野性 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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begets
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| v.为…之生父( beget的第三人称单数 )；产生，引起 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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feline
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| adj.猫科的 | |
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lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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lashing
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| n.鞭打；痛斥；大量；许多v.鞭打( lash的现在分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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distended
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| v.（使）膨胀，肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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70
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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71
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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72
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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snarling
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| v.（指狗）吠，嗥叫， （人）咆哮( snarl的现在分词 )；咆哮着说，厉声地说 | |
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flicks
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| （尤指用手指或手快速地）轻击( flick的第三人称单数 )； （用…）轻挥； （快速地）按开关； 向…笑了一下（或瞥了一眼等） | |
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discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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crestfallen
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| adj. 挫败的，失望的，沮丧的 | |
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glower
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| v.怒目而视 | |
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rant
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| v.咆哮；怒吼；n.大话；粗野的话 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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