To those who are the least timid or not accustomed to it, an animal show at night has a gruesome and somewhat terrifying aspect.
The general impression is, that when the trainer has made his final bow and the band has given a gentle suggestion to those departing by playing “Say ‘Au revoir,’ and not good-by,” everything is over and finished for the day.
But to the chief trainers, the day—or night—is only just beginning. For it is at night, when the majority of people are in bed and asleep, that the principal work of animal training begins. There are various reasons for this.
All carnivora are nocturnal animals, and167 although after many years in captivity1 they get into the habit of sleeping part of the night, they are generally more or less alert and wakeful. During the day they are lazy, sleepy, and somewhat stupid, but as night draws near they begin to be restless, and it has been found far less difficult to attract their attention in the night time than either in the early morning or during the day.
Also, there are no workers or loiterers round the place to take off their attention when being taught new tricks,—the least thing will attract an animal’s attention,—and there are also more time and opportunity for arranging the hoists2, or cranes, with which some animals are taught to understand what is wanted of them. These are used chiefly for teaching elephants to stand on their hind3 legs, to lift up a fore4 leg and walk on the remaining three, or to lie down.
In teaching him to stand up on his hind legs, the ropes are attached to each of his fore legs, and at certain words of command they are gently hoisted5 into the air, leaving the elephant supporting himself on his hind legs.168 This has to be done sometimes as often as fifteen or sixteen times before he understands what he is wanted to do, but after a while, simply from force of habit, he begins to raise himself at the signal, and although the ropes are still kept round his legs, he will gradually get into the way of doing the whole thing himself, seemingly unconsciously.
Much the same sort of thing is done in teaching him to lie down, only in this case a rope with a slip noose6 is passed round his body at the small of his back, one hind foot and one fore foot are tied and moved out from under him, and then the ropes are pulled gently but firmly until he lies down. When this has been done six or eight times, the elephant generally lies down of his own accord.
Not only does it take some time to arrange the cranes, but, as it needs sometimes eight or ten men to help, these men are told off for certain nights for an hour or so’s work, and are able then to give their undivided attention to what they are doing. For elephants, although most intelligent animals when trained, are sometimes extremely difficult to teach,171 while their great bulk and strength make them formidable creatures to annoy.
“DOC” BALANCING HIMSELF ON A BALL PLACED ON A SEE-SAW
One of the first things an elephant is taught to do is to walk round the arena7 without running away. Some elephants show in the earliest stage of training that they can never be persuaded not to bolt at every opportunity, and this is another reason why so much of the training takes place at night. Should an elephant take it into his head to stop suddenly and go out, he would follow out his intention at the risk of danger and death to those not only inside the show, but outside.
Were he to do this in the daytime, the chances are that he would cause a panic, but at night the darkness and quiet have a soothing8 effect upon him, and even supposing he should get out,—which rarely occurs, as great precautions are taken,—there are few people abroad for him to injure. Even a well-trained elephant will sometimes stop his tricks abruptly9 and calmly walk out of the arena. In this case, however, there is no danger whatever, as he simply wants to go back to his house and eat peanuts and biscuits, as he172 was doing when interrupted for the performance.
To make an elephant stand on a barrel or cylinder10 is simply a matter of inducing him to remain there. Ten chances to one he will bolt in the middle of it; but there is no need to teach him to balance himself—he will attend to that himself. The same applies to see-sawing: he begins with a plank11, and gradually gets accustomed to the movement. These methods are simple, but many months, expended12 in short and frequent lessons delivered with great patience, must be consumed in instruction in order to make a success of it.
Quiet and brevity are important considerations in the lessons. What is to us no appreciable13 exertion14 requires an effort on the part of an animal which soon wearies it, and, if care is not taken, disgusts it, and this makes it incapable15 of further instruction until it has rested. There is also the danger that if too much instruction is given at a time, or if strangers are present, the animal will not only be irritated but rebellious16, and finally refuse to do anything at all. There is then nothing173 to be done but to give up the idea of ever making a performer of the animal, and let him be a mere17 figure in the show.
It will thus be seen how essential it is to do the chief part of the training by night. There is only one runway behind the cages, and no one is ever allowed in the training-school or in the runway during a performance; and as no performance is given after eleven, the trainers can rest assured that there is no danger of an accidental meeting. In this way all risk of two trainers and their animals meeting in the runway is avoided.
Therefore, as soon as the public has disappeared after the evening performance, a busy time begins in the animal-show. Most of the lights are turned out. The bolts, bars, and doors of each cage are looked at; certain men go round the show at stated intervals18 to make sure that there is no danger of fire, and the trainers equip themselves for their dangerous experiments, and begin to turn their animals out for their lessons.
By this time most of the animals have partly settled down for the night, with the174 exception of some few who, unable to forget their natural feelings, are restlessly pacing up and down their cages. But however quiet it may happen to be at the time of closing, the minute a trainer makes his animals come out of their various cages and go into the arena, peace is at an end. To get the animals out of their cages and into the arena is most difficult and dangerous. Sometimes they come out with a rush at the trainer and his assistants, and sometimes they remain in a corner and refuse to move in spite of persuasions19, coaxings, or threats. In this case there is nothing for the trainer to do but to go into the cage and drive the animal out.
The animal generally gives in, and finally leaves the cage and sulkily betakes himself to the arena; but he always relieves his feelings by growls20 or roars, and these resentful protests are promptly22 answered by nearly all the other animals in the building.
This is specially23 the case when a strange animal is led out, for animals are peculiarly quick in recognizing and resenting the presence of a stranger. The natural instinct is175 to get at the intruder and have a fight, in order to prove which is the superior of the two, and, failing in this, their only form of relief lies in roaring at the top of their voices. When one starts, another follows, and then another, until at last scarcely an animal in the building is silent.
The lion generally starts with three big roars, ending up with the curious, short, gasping25 barks so characteristic of him. The other lions follow in chorus; the tigers roar in concert; the jaguars26, leopards27, and panthers give their peculiar24 coughing growls; the peccary sends forth28 his choking cry, so like a desperate appeal for help; and the bears growl21 a surly accompaniment.
Occasionally, should an elephant be receiving his first lessons, he will introduce a few notes of shrill29 trumpeting30 as a relief to the roars and growls, and a hyena31 will suddenly burst out in fiendish, hysterical32 laughter, while the wolves and coyotes keep up a low, monotonous33 howling, which to some people is worse than all the other cries, screams, and roars put together.
176 Added to all these weird34 sounds, the cages, with the exception of the arena, are in darkness, and the soft, stealthy tread of footsteps and an occasional gleam of green and yellow eyes from all corners, make it necessary that trainers should not only have strong muscles and nerves, but plenty of cool courage and self-control. For many of the strongest men are totally unnerved by surroundings of this kind.
There is, of course, always the chance that an animal may get out, and if a man once begins to dwell on these things and becomes nervous, imagining he hears various noises, his training is absolutely worthless. He must give his whole, undivided attention to what he is doing, both for his own sake and that of the animal he is training.
Of course, accidents occur while training as well as when performing in public, but comparatively few accidents ever take place at night. This may possibly be because there is nothing likely to startle the animals, or because they themselves feel the effect of the dim lights and the silence.
177 A curious thing once happened which might have proved disastrous35. A trainer had been through his performance with his animals, had seen them safely back into their cages, and was just going through the building on his way to his rooms, which were overhead, when he thought he heard a movement. It sounded like the scuttling36 of a rat, and, being unable to see what it was, he struck a match and lighted a small lantern he carried in his hand.
He was shutting the little door of the lantern leisurely37 (for the greatest precautions have to be observed in case of fire), when something rubbed against him softly. Thinking it was his dog come to look for him, he put his hand down to stroke him, and then found he was stroking the back of a lion! The animal appeared to be dazed by the sudden flash of the lantern thrown in his eyes, and the trainer speaking quietly to the other men who were settling matters up for the night, the king of beasts was persuaded to return to his cage close by before he had time to recover from his astonishment38.
178 It was entirely39 due to the prompt presence of mind of this trainer that no harm came from this incident; for as soon as the door was closed on the lion, he appeared to realize that he had lost a good opportunity, and did his best to get out again, but it was too late. It was found that a bolt had loosened in its socket40, and when the animal had rubbed against the door, it had fallen out and freed him.
In using the arena at night for training, the trainers generally arrange among themselves as to what time, and for how long, each man shall have it. In this way, all the trainers get a certain time without clashing with one another, and it can be readily seen that where there are several trainers, the training sometimes goes on all night long.
Whether this happens or not, the animals, one and all, indulge in a general chorus at daybreak. This is, perhaps, even more weird than the combined noises in the night, for the dim morning light makes the building full of shadows, and each cage is full of restless animals pacing to and fro. As the light gets181 stronger they settle down again, though first one large head and then another will be lifted at the sound of the men who first come in to clean up either whistling or speaking to one another.
JAGUARS, LEOPARDS, AND PANTHERS
After this they are fairly still, until they are roused while their cages are cleaned and washed out; then each trainer goes round and attends to his own animals, and after that comes feeding-time. The carnivora are given their pieces of meat; the other animals have what is best suited to them; and many other things are done until the public once more appears to witness another performance.
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1
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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hoists
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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noose
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| n.绳套，绞索（刑）；v.用套索捉；使落入圈套；处以绞刑 | |
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7
arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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8
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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12
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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20
growls
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的第三人称单数 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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21
growl
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| v.（狗等）嗥叫，（炮等）轰鸣；n.嗥叫，轰鸣 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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26
jaguars
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| n.（中、南美洲的）美洲虎( jaguar的名词复数 ) | |
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27
leopards
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| n.豹( leopard的名词复数 )；本性难移 | |
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28
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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30
trumpeting
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| 大声说出或宣告（trumpet的现在分词形式） | |
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31
hyena
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| n.土狼，鬣狗 | |
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32
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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33
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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34
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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35
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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36
scuttling
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| n.船底穿孔，打开通海阀（沉船用）v.使船沉没( scuttle的现在分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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37
leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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38
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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39
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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40
socket
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| n.窝，穴，孔，插座，插口 | |
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