It must be understood, of course, that I offer you only the best of my subject. A people counts for what it does well. Also I instance men of standing1 in the loose Indian body politic2. A traveller can easily discover the reverse of the medal. These have their shirks, their do-nothings, their men of small account, just as do other races. I have no thought of glorifying3 the noble red man, nor of claiming for him a freedom from human imperfection--even where his natural quality and training count the most--greater than enlightenment has been able to reach.
In my experience the honesty of the Woods Indian is of a very high order. The sense of _mine_ and _thine_ is strongly forced by the exigencies4 of the North Woods life. A man is always on the move; he is always exploring the unknown countries. Manifestly it is impossible for him to transport the entire sum of his worldly effects. The implements5 of winter are a burden in summer. Also the return journey from distant shores must be provided for by food-stations, to be relied on. The solution of these needs is the cache.
And the cache is not a literal term at all. It _conceals_ nothing. Rather does it hold aloft in long-legged prominence6, for the inspection7 of all who pass, what the owner has seen fit to leave behind. A heavy platform high enough from the ground to frustrate8 the investigations9 of animals is all that is required. Visual concealment10 is unnecessary, because in the North Country a cache is sacred. On it may depend the life of a man. He who leaves provisions must find them on his return, for he may reach them starving, and the length of his out-journey may depend on his certainty of relief at this point on his in-journey. So men passing touch not his hoard11, for some day they may be in the same fix, and a precedent12 is a bad thing.
Thus in parts of the wildest countries of northern Canada I have unexpectedly come upon a birch canoe in capsized suspension between two trees; or a whole bunch of snow-shoes depending fruit-like beneath the fans of a spruce; or a tangle13 of steel traps thrust into the crevice14 of a tree-root; or a supply of pork and flour, swathed like an Egyptian mummy, occupying stately a high bier. These things we have passed by reverently15, as symbols of a people's trust in its kind.
The same sort of honesty holds in regard to smaller things. I have never hesitated to leave in my camp firearms, fishing-rods, utensils17 valuable from a woods point of view, even a watch or money. Not only have I never lost anything in that manner, but once an Indian lad followed me some miles after the morning's start to restore to me a half-dozen trout18 flies I had accidentally left behind.
It might be readily inferred that this quality carries over into the subtleties19, as indeed is the case. Mr. MacDonald of Brunswick House once discussed with me the system of credits carried on by the Hudson's Bay Company with the trappers. Each family is advanced goods to the value of two hundred dollars, with the understanding that the debt is to be paid from the season's catch.
"I should think you would lose a good deal," I ventured. "Nothing could be easier than for an Indian to take his two hundred dollars' worth and disappear in the woods. You'd never be able to find him."
Mr. MacDonald's reply struck me, for the man had twenty years' trading experience.
"I have never," said he, "in a long woods life known but one Indian liar20."
This my own limited woods-wandering has proved to be true to a sometimes almost ridiculous extent. The most trivial statement of fact can be relied on, provided it is given outside of trade or enmity or absolute indifference21. The Indian loves to fool the tenderfoot. But a sober, measured statement you can conclude is accurate. And if an Indian promises a thing, he will accomplish it. He expects you to do the same. Watch your lightest words carefully and you would retain the respect of your red associates.
On our way to the Hudson Bay we rashly asked Peter, towards the last, when we should reach Moose Factory. He deliberated.
"T'ursday," said he.
Things went wrong; Thursday supplied a head wind. We had absolutely no interest in reaching Moose Factory next day; the next week would have done as well. But Peter, deaf to expostulation, entreaty22, and command, kept us travelling from six in the morning until after twelve at night. We couldn't get him to stop. Finally he drew the canoes ashore23.
"Moose-amik quarter hour," said he.
He had kept his word.
The Ojibway possesses a great pride which the unthinking can ruffle24 quite unconsciously in many ways. Consequently the Woods Indian is variously described as a good guide or a bad one. The difference lies in whether you suggest or command.
"Peter, you've got to make Chicawgun to-night. Get a move on you!" will bring you sullen25 service, and probably breed kicks on the grub supply, which is the immediate26 precursor27 of mutiny.
"Peter, it's a long way to Chicawgun. Do you think we make him to-night?" on the other hand, will earn you at least a serious consideration of the question. And if Peter says you can, you will.
For the proper man the Ojibway takes a great pride in his woodcraft, the neatness of his camps, the savoury quality of his cookery, the expedition of his travel, the size of his packs, the patience of his endurance. On the other hand, he can be as sullen, inefficient28, stupid, and vindictive29 as any man of any race on earth. I suppose the faculty30 of getting along with men is largely inherent. Certainly it is blended of many subtleties. To be friendly, to retain respect, to praise, to preserve authority, to direct and yet to leave detail, to exact what is due, and yet to deserve it--these be the qualities of a leader, and cannot be taught.
In general the Woods Indian is sober. He cannot get whisky regularly, to be sure, but I have often seen the better class of Ojibways refuse a drink, saying that they did not care for it. He starves well, and keeps going on nothing long after hope is vanished. He is patient--yea, very patient--under toil32, and so accomplishes great journeys, overcomes great difficulties, and does great deeds by means of this handmaiden of genius. According to his own standards is he clean. To be sure his baths are not numerous, nor his laundry-days many, but he never cooks until he has washed his hands and arms to the very shoulders. Other details would but corroborate33 the impression of this instance--that his ideas differ from ours, as is his right, but that he lives up to his ideas. Also is he hospitable34, expecting nothing in return. After your canoe is afloat and your paddle in the river, two or three of his youngsters will splash in after you to toss silver fish to your necessities. And so always he will wait until this last moment of departure, in order that you will not feel called on to give him something in return. Which is true tact35 and kindliness36, and worthy37 of high praise.
Perhaps I have not strongly enough insisted that the Indian nations differ as widely from one another as do unallied races. We found this to be true even in the comparatively brief journey from Chapleau to Moose. After pushing through a trackless wilderness38 without having laid eyes on a human being, excepting the single instance of three French _voyageurs_ going Heaven knows where, we were anticipating pleasurably our encounter with the traders at the Factory, and naturally supposed that Peter and Jacob would be equally pleased at the chance of visiting with their own kind. Not at all. When we reached Moose our Ojibways wrapped themselves in a mantle39 of dignity, and stalked scornful amidst obsequious40 clans41. For the Ojibway is great among Indians, verily much greater than the Moose River Crees. Had it been a question of Rupert's River Crees with their fierce blood-laws, their conjuring-lodges, and their pagan customs, the affair might have been different.
For, mark you, the Moose River Cree is little among hunters, and he conducts the chase miscellaneously over his district without thought to the preservation42 of the beaver43, and he works in the hay marshes44 during the summer, and is short, squab, and dirty, and generally _ka-win-ni-shi-shin_. The old sacred tribal45 laws, which are better than a religion because they are practically adapted to northern life, have among them been allowed to lapse46. Travellers they are none, nor do their trappers get far from the Company's pork-barrels. So they inbreed ignobly47 for lack of outside favour, and are dying from the face of the land through dire31 diseases, just as their reputations have already died from men's respect.
The great unwritten law of the forest is that, save as provision during legitimate48 travel, one may not hunt in his neighbour's district. Each trapper has assigned him, or gets by inheritance or purchase, certain territorial49 power. In his land he alone may trap. He knows the beaver-dams, how many animals each harbours, how large a catch each will stand without diminution50 of the supply. So the fur is made to last. In the southern district this division is tacitly agreed upon. It is not etiquette51 to poach. What would happen to a poacher no one knows, simply because the necessity for finding out has not arisen. Tawabinisay controls from Batchawanung to Agawa. There old Waboos takes charge. And so on. But in the Far North the control is more often disputed, and there the blood-law still holds. An illegal trapper baits his snares52 with his life. If discovered, he is summarily shot. So is the game preserved.
The Woods Indian never kills waste-fully. The mere53 presence of game does not breed in him a lust54 to slaughter55 something. Moderation you learn of him first of all. Later, provided you are with him long enough and your mind is open to mystic influence, you will feel the strong impress of his idea--that the animals of the forest are not lower than man, but only different. Man is an animal living the life of the forest; the beasts are also a body politic speaking a different language and with different view-points. Amik, the beaver, has certain ideas as to the conduct of life, certain habits of body, and certain bias56 of thought. His scheme of things is totally at variance57 with that held by Me-en-gan, the wolf, but even to us whites the two are on a parity58. Man has still another system. One is no better than another. They are merely different. And just as Me-en-gan preys59 on Amik, so does Man kill for his own uses.
Thence are curious customs. A Rupert River Cree will not kill a bear unless he, the hunter, is in gala attire60, and then not until he has made a short speech in which he assures his victim that the affair is not one of personal enmity, but of expedience61, and that anyway he, the bear, will be better off in the Hereafter. And then the skull62 is cleaned and set on a pole near running water, there to remain during twelve moons. Also at the tail-root of a newly-deceased beaver is tied a thong63 braided of red wool and deerskin. And many other curious habitudes which would be of slight interest here. Likewise do they conjure64 up by means of racket and fasting the familiar spirits of distant friends or enemies, and on these spirits fasten a blessing65 or a curse.
From this it may be deduced that missionary66 work has not been as thorough as might be hoped. That is true. The Woods Indian loves to sing, and possesses quaint67 melodies, or rather intonations68, of his own. But especially does he delight in the long-drawn wail69 of some of our old-fashioned hymns70. The church oftenest reaches him through them. I know nothing stranger than the sight of a little half-lit church filled with Indians swaying unctuously71 to and fro in the rhythm of a cadence72 old Watts73 would have recognized with difficulty. The religious feeling of the performance is not remarkable74, but perhaps it does as a starting-point.
Exactly how valuable the average missionary work is I have been puzzled to decide. Perhaps the church needs more intelligence in the men it sends out. The evangelist is usually filled with narrow, preconceived notions as to the proper physical life. He squeezes his savage75 into log houses, boiled shirts, and boots. When he has succeeded in getting his tuberculosis76 crop well started, he offers as compensation a doctrinal religion admirably adapted to us, who have within reach of century-trained perceptions a thousand of the subtler associations a savage can know nothing about. If there is enough glitter and tin steeple and high-sounding office and gilt77 good-behaviour card to it, the red man's pagan heart is tickled78 in its vanity, and he dies in the odour of sanctity--and of a filth79 his out-of-door life has never taught him how to avoid. The Indian is like a raccoon: in his proper surroundings he is clean morally and physically80 because he knows how to be so; but in a cage he is filthy81 because he does not know how to be otherwise.
I must not be understood as condemning82 missionary work; only the stupid missionary work one most often sees in the North. Surely Christianity should be adaptable84 enough in its little things to fit any people with its great. It seems hard for some men to believe that it is not essential for a real Christian83 to wear a plug-hat. One God, love, kindness, charity, honesty, right living, may thrive as well in the wigwam as in a foursquare house--provided you let them wear moccasins and a _capote_ wherewith to keep themselves warm and vital.
Tawabinisay must have had his religious training at the hands of a good man. He had lost none of his aboriginal85 virtue86 and skill, as may be gathered from what I have before said of him, and had gained in addition certain of the gentle qualities. I have never been able to gauge87 exactly the extent of his religious _understanding_, for Tawabinisay is a silent individual, and possesses very little English; but I do know that his religious _feeling_ was deep and reverent16. He never swore in English; he did not drink; he never travelled or hunted or fished on Sunday when he could possibly help it. These virtues88 he wore modestly and unassumingly as an accustomed garment. Yet he was the most gloriously natural man I have ever met.
The main reliance of his formalism when he was off in the woods seemed to be a little tattered89 volume, which he perused90 diligently91 all Sunday, and wrapped carefully in a strip of oiled paper during the rest of the week. One day I had a chance to look at this book while its owner was away after spring water. Every alternate page was in the phonetic92 Indian symbols, of which more hereafter. The rest was in French, and evidently a translation. Although the volume was of Roman Catholic origin, creed93 was conspicuously94 subordinated to the needs of the class it aimed to reach. A confession95 of faith, quite simple, in one God, a Saviour96, a Mother of Heaven; a number of Biblical extracts rich in imagery and applicability to the experience of a woods-dweller; a dozen simple prayers of the kind the natural man would oftenest find occasion to express--a prayer for sickness, for bounty97, for fair weather, for ease of travel, for the smiling face of Providence98; and then some hymns. To me the selection seemed most judicious99. It answered the needs of Tawabinisay's habitual100 experiences, and so the red man was a good and consistent convert. Irresistibly101 I was led to contemplate102 the idea of any one trying to get Tawabinisay to live in a house, to cut cordwood with an axe103, to roost on a hard bench under a tin steeple, to wear stiff shoes, and to quit forest roaming.
The written language mentioned above you will see often in the Northland. Whenever an Indian band camps, it blazes a tree and leaves, as record for those who may follow, a message written in the phonetic character. I do not understand exactly the philosophy of it, but I gather that each sound has a symbol of its own, like shorthand, and that therefore even totally different languages--such as Ojibway, the Wood Cree, or the Hudson Bay Eskimos--may all be written in the same character. It was invented nearly a hundred years ago by a priest. So simple is it, and so needed a method of intercommunication, that its use is now practically universal. Even the youngsters understand it, for they are early instructed in its mysteries during the long winter evenings. On the preceding page is a message I copied from a spruce tree two hundred miles from anywhere on the Mattagami River.
Besides this are numberless formal symbols in constant use. Forerunners104 on a trail stick a twig105 in the ground whose point indicates exactly the position of the sun. Those who follow are able to estimate, by noting how far beyond the spot the twig points to the sun has travelled, how long a period of time has elapsed. A stick pointed106 in any given direction tells the route, of course. Another planted upright across the first shows by its position how long a journey is contemplated107. A little sack suspended at the end of the pointer conveys information as to the state of the larder108, lean or fat according as the little sack contains more or less gravel109 or sand. A shred110 of rabbit-skin means starvation. And so on in variety useless in any but an ethnological work.
The Ojibways' tongue is soft, and full of decided111 lisping and sustained hissing112 sounds. It is spoken with somewhat of a sing-song drawl. We always had a fancy that somehow it was of forest growth, and that its syllables113 were intended in the scheme of things to blend with the woods noises, just as the feathers of the mother partridge blend with the woods colours. In general it is polysyllabic. That applies especially to concepts borrowed of the white men. On the other hand, the Ojibways describe in monosyllables many ideas we could express only in phrase. They have a single word for the notion, Place-where-an-animal-slept- last-night. Our "lair," "form," etc., do not mean exactly that. Its genius, moreover, inclines to a flexible verb-form, by which adjectives and substantives114 are often absorbed into the verb itself, so that one beautiful singing word will convey a whole paragraph of information. My little knowledge of it is so entirely115 empirical that it can possess small value.
In concluding these desultory116 remarks, I want to tell you of a very curious survival among the Ojibways and Ottawas of the Georgian Bay. It seems that some hundreds of years ago these ordinarily peaceful folk descended117 on the Iroquois in what is now New York, and massacred a village or so. Then, like small boys who have thrown only too accurately118 at the delivery wagon119, they scuttled120 back home again.
Since that time they have lived in deadly fear of retribution. The Iroquois have long since disappeared from the face of the earth, but even to-day the Georgian Bay Indians are subject to periodical spasms121 of terror. Some wild-eyed and imaginative youth sees at sunset a canoe far down the horizon. Immediately the villages are abandoned in haste, and the entire community moves up to the head-waters of streams, there to lurk122 until convinced that all danger is past. It does no good to tell these benighted123 savages124 that they are safe from vengeance125, at least in this world. The dreaded126 name of Iroquois is potent127, even across the centuries.
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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glorifying
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| 赞美( glorify的现在分词 )； 颂扬； 美化； 使光荣 | |
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exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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frustrate
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| v.使失望；使沮丧；使厌烦 | |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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crevice
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| n.(岩石、墙等)裂缝；缺口 | |
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reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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subtleties
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| 细微( subtlety的名词复数 )； 精细； 巧妙； 细微的差别等 | |
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liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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ruffle
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| v.弄皱，弄乱；激怒，扰乱；n.褶裥饰边 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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corroborate
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| v.支持，证实，确定 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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obsequious
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| adj.谄媚的，奉承的，顺从的 | |
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clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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ignobly
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| 卑贱地，下流地 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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52
snares
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| n.陷阱( snare的名词复数 )；圈套；诱人遭受失败（丢脸、损失等）的东西；诱惑物v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的第三人称单数 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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variance
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| n.矛盾，不同 | |
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parity
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| n.平价，等价，比价，对等 | |
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preys
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| v.掠食( prey的第三人称单数 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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61
expedience
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| n.方便，私利，权宜 | |
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62
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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thong
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| n.皮带；皮鞭；v.装皮带 | |
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conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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intonations
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| n.语调，说话的抑扬顿挫( intonation的名词复数 )；（演奏或唱歌中的）音准 | |
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wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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unctuously
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| adv.油腻地，油腔滑调地；假惺惺 | |
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cadence
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| n.（说话声调的）抑扬顿挫 | |
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73
watts
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| （电力计量单位）瓦，瓦特( watt的名词复数 ) | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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76
tuberculosis
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| n.结核病，肺结核 | |
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77
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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tickled
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| （使）发痒( tickle的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）愉快，逗乐 | |
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filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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81
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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condemning
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的现在分词 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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adaptable
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| adj.能适应的，适应性强的，可改编的 | |
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aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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perused
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| v.读（某篇文字）( peruse的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指）细阅；审阅；匆匆读或心不在焉地浏览（某篇文字） | |
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diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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phonetic
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| adj.语言的，语言上的，表示语音的 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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irresistibly
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| adv.无法抵抗地，不能自持地；极为诱惑人地 | |
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102
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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103
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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104
forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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105
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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106
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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107
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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108
larder
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| n.食物贮藏室，食品橱 | |
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109
gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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110
shred
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| v.撕成碎片，变成碎片；n.碎布条，细片，些少 | |
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111
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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112
hissing
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| n. 发嘶嘶声, 蔑视 动词hiss的现在分词形式 | |
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113
syllables
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| n.音节( syllable的名词复数 ) | |
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114
substantives
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| n.作名词用的词或词组（substantive的复数形式） | |
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115
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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116
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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117
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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118
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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119
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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120
scuttled
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| v.使船沉没( scuttle的过去式和过去分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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121
spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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122
lurk
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| n.潜伏，潜行；v.潜藏，潜伏，埋伏 | |
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123
benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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124
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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125
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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126
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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