1
I must go back a little way with my story. In the previous book I have described the kind of education that happens to a man of my class nowadays, and it has been convenient to leap a phase in my experience that I must now set out at length. I want to tell in this second hook how I came to marry, and to do that I must give something of the atmosphere in which I first met my wife and some intimations of the forces that went to her making. I met her in Staffordshire while I was staying with that uncle of whom I have already spoken, the uncle who sold my father's houses and settled my mother in Penge. Margaret was twenty then and I was twenty-two.
It was just before the walking tour in Switzerland that opened up so much of the world to me. I saw her once, for an afternoon, and circumstances so threw her up in relief that I formed a very vivid memory of her. She was in the sharpest contrast with the industrial world about her; she impressed me as a dainty blue flower might do, come upon suddenly on a clinker heap. She remained in my mind at once a perplexing interrogation and a symbol....
But first I must tell of my Staffordshire cousins and the world that served as a foil for her.
2
I first went to stay with my cousins when I was an awkward youth of sixteen, wearing deep mourning for my mother. My uncle wanted to talk things over with me, he said, and if he could, to persuade me to go into business instead of going up to Cambridge.
I remember that visit on account of all sorts of novel things, but chiefly, I think, because it was the first time I encountered anything that deserves to be spoken of as wealth. For the first time in my life I had to do with people who seemed to have endless supplies of money, unlimited3 good clothes, numerous servants; whose daily life was made up of things that I had hitherto considered to be treats or exceptional extravagances. My cousins of eighteen and nineteen took cabs, for instance, with the utmost freedom, and travelled first-class in the local trains that run up and down the district of the Five Towns with an entire unconsciousness of the magnificence, as it seemed to me, of such a proceeding4.
The family occupied a large villa5 in Newcastle, with big lawns before it and behind, a shrubbery with quite a lot of shrubs6, a coach house and stable, and subordinate dwelling-places for the gardener and the coachman. Every bedroom contained a gas heater and a canopied7 brass8 bedstead, and had a little bathroom attached equipped with the porcelain9 baths and fittings my uncle manufactured, bright and sanitary10 and stamped with his name, and the house was furnished throughout with chairs and tables in bright shining wood, soft and prevalently red Turkish carpets, cosy11 corners, curtained archways, gold-framed landscapes, overmantels, a dining-room sideboard like a palace with a large Tantalus, and electric light fittings of a gay and expensive quality. There was a fine billiard-room on the ground floor with three comfortable sofas and a rotating bookcase containing an excellent collection of the English and American humorists from THREE MEN IN A BOAT to the penultimate Mark Twain. There was also a conservatory12 opening out of the dining-room, to which the gardener brought potted flowers in their season....
My aunt was a little woman with a scared look and a cap that would get over one eye, not very like my mother, and nearly eight years her junior; she was very much concerned with keeping everything nice, and unmercifully bullied14 by my two cousins, who took after their father and followed the imaginations of their own hearts. They were tall, dark, warmly flushed girls handsome rather than pretty. Gertrude, the eldest15 and tallest, had eyes that were almost black; Sibyl was of a stouter16 build, and her eyes, of which she was shamelessly proud, were dark blue. Sibyl's hair waved, and Gertrude's was severely17 straight. They treated me on my first visit with all the contempt of the adolescent girl for a boy a little younger and infinitely18 less expert in the business of life than herself. They were very busy with the writings of notes and certain mysterious goings and comings of their own, and left me very much to my own devices. Their speech in my presence was full of unfathomable allusions20. They were the sort of girls who will talk over and through an uninitiated stranger with the pleasantest sense of superiority.
I met them at breakfast and at lunch and at the half-past six o'clock high tea that formed the third chief meal of the day. I heard them rattling21 off the compositions of Chaminade and Moskowski, with great decision and effect, and hovered22 on the edge of tennis foursomes where it was manifest to the dullest intelligence that my presence was unnecessary. Then I went off to find some readable book in the place, but apart from miscellaneous popular novels, some veterinary works, a number of comic books, old bound volumes of THE ILLUSTRATED23 LONDON NEWS and a large, popular illustrated History of England, there was very little to be found. My aunt talked to me in a casual feeble way, chiefly about my mother's last illness. The two had seen very little of each other for many years; she made no secret of it that the ineligible25 qualities of my father were the cause of the estrangement26. The only other society in the house during the day was an old and rather decayed Skye terrier in constant conflict with what were no doubt imaginary fleas27. I took myself off for a series of walks, and acquired a considerable knowledge of the scenery and topography of the Potteries28.
It puzzled my aunt that I did not go westward29, where it was country-side and often quite pretty, with hedgerows and fields and copses and flowers. But always I went eastward30, where in a long valley industrialism smokes and sprawls31. That was the stuff to which I turned by nature, to the human effort, and the accumulation and jar of men's activities. And in such a country as that valley social and economic relations were simple and manifest. Instead of the limitless confusion of London's population, in which no man can trace any but the most slender correlation32 between rich and poor, in which everyone seems disconnected and adrift from everyone, you can see here the works, the potbank or the ironworks or what not, and here close at hand the congested, meanly-housed workers, and at a little distance a small middle-class quarter, and again remoter, the big house of the employer. It was like a very simplified diagram--after the untraceable confusion of London.
I prowled alone, curious and interested, through shabby back streets of mean little homes; I followed canals, sometimes canals of mysteriously heated waters with ghostly wisps of steam rising against blackened walls or a distant prospect33 of dustbin-fed vegetable gardens, I saw the women pouring out from the potbanks, heard the hooters summoning the toilers to work, lost my way upon slag35 heaps as big as the hills of the south country, dodged36 trains at manifestly dangerous level crossings, and surveyed across dark intervening spaces, the flaming uproar37, the gnome-like activities of iron foundries. I heard talk of strikes and rumours38 of strikes, and learnt from the columns of some obscure labour paper I bought one day, of the horrors of the lead poisoning that was in those days one of the normal risks of certain sorts of pottery39 workers. Then back I came, by the ugly groaning40 and clanging steam train of that period, to my uncle's house and lavish41 abundance of money and more or less furtive42 flirtations and the tinkle43 of Moskowski and Chaminade. It was, I say, diagrammatic. One saw the expropriator and the expropriated--as if Marx had arranged the picture. It was as jumbled44 and far more dingy45 and disastrous46 than any of the confusions of building and development that had surrounded my youth at Bromstead and Penge, but it had a novel quality of being explicable. I found great virtue47 in the word "exploitation."
There stuck in my mind as if it was symbolical48 of the whole thing the twisted figure of a man, whose face had been horribly scalded--I can't describe how, except that one eye was just expressionless white--and he ground at an organ bearing a card which told in weak and bitterly satirical phrasing that he had been scalded by the hot water from the tuyeres of the blast furnace of Lord Pandram's works. He had been scalded and quite inadequately49 compensated50 and dismissed. And Lord Pandram was worth half a million.
That upturned sightless white eye of his took possession of my imagination. I don't think that even then I was swayed by any crude melodramatic conception of injustice51. I was quite prepared to believe the card wasn't a punctiliously52 accurate statement of fact, and that a case could be made out for Lord Pandram. Still there in the muddy gutter53, painfully and dreadfully, was the man, and he was smashed and scalded and wretched, and he ground his dismal55 hurdygurdy with a weary arm, calling upon Heaven and the passer-by for help, for help and some sort of righting--one could not imagine quite what. There he was as a fact, as a by-product56 of the system that heaped my cousins with trinkets and provided the comic novels and the abundant cigars and spacious57 billiard-room of my uncle's house. I couldn't disconnect him and them.
My uncle on his part did nothing to conceal58 the state of war that existed between himself and his workers, and the mingled59 contempt and animosity he felt from them.
3
Prosperity had overtaken my uncle. So quite naturally he believed that every man who was not as prosperous as he was had only himself to blame. He was rich and he had left school and gone into his father's business at fifteen, and that seemed to him the proper age at which everyone's education should terminate. He was very anxious to dissuade60 me from going up to Cambridge, and we argued intermittently61 through all my visit.
I had remembered him as a big and buoyant man, striding destructively about the nursery floor of my childhood, and saluting62 my existence by slaps, loud laughter, and questions about half herrings and half eggs subtly framed to puzzle and confuse my mind. I didn't see him for some years until my father's death, and then he seemed rather smaller, though still a fair size, yellow instead of red and much less radiantly aggressive. This altered effect was due not so much to my own changed perspectives, I fancy, as to the facts that he was suffering for continuous cigar smoking, and being taken in hand by his adolescent daughters who had just returned from school.
During my first visit there was a perpetual series of--the only word is rows, between them and him. Up to the age of fifteen or thereabouts, he had maintained his ascendancy63 over them by simple old-fashioned physical chastisement64. Then after an interlude of a year it had dawned upon them that power had mysteriously departed from him. He had tried stopping their pocket money, but they found their mother financially amenable65; besides which it was fundamental to my uncle's attitude that he should give them money freely. Not to do so would seem like admitting a difficulty in making it. So that after he had stopped their allowances for the fourth time Sybil and Gertrude were prepared to face beggary without a qualm. It had been his pride to give them the largest allowance of any girls at the school, not even excepting the granddaughter of Fladden the Borax King, and his soul recoiled66 from this discipline as it had never recoiled from the ruder method of the earlier phase. Both girls had developed to a high pitch in their mutual67 recriminations a gift for damaging retort, and he found it an altogether deadlier thing than the power of the raised voice that had always cowed my aunt. Whenever he became heated with them, they frowned as if involuntarily, drew in their breath sharply, said: "Daddy, you really must not say--" and corrected his pronunciation. Then, at a great advantage, they resumed the discussion....
My uncle's views about Cambridge, however, were perfectly68 clear and definite. It was waste of time and money. It was all damned foolery. Did they make a man a better business man? Not a bit of it. He gave instances. It spoilt a man for business by giving him "false ideas." Some men said that at college a man formed useful friendships. What use were friendships to a business man? He might get to know lords, but, as my uncle pointed69 out, a lord's requirements in his line of faience were little greater than a common man's. If college introduced him to hotel proprietors70 there might be something in it. Perhaps it helped a man into Parliament, Parliament still being a confused retrogressive corner in the world where lawyers and suchlike sheltered themselves from the onslaughts of common-sense behind a fog of Latin and Greek and twaddle and tosh; but I wasn't the sort to go into Parliament, unless I meant to be a lawyer. Did I mean to be a lawyer? It cost no end of money, and was full of uncertainties71, and there were no judges nor great solicitors73 among my relations. "Young chaps think they get on by themselves," said my uncle. "It isn't so. Not unless they take their coats off. I took mine off before I was your age by nigh a year."
We were at cross purposes from the outset, because I did not think men lived to make money; and I was obtuse74 to the hints he was throwing out at the possibilities of his own potbank, not willfully obtuse, but just failing to penetrate76 his meaning. Whatever City Merchants had or had not done for me, Flack, Topham and old Gates had certainly barred my mistaking the profitable production and sale of lavatory77 basins and bathroom fittings for the highest good. It was only upon reflection that it dawned upon me that the splendid chance for a young fellow with my uncle, "me, having no son of my own," was anything but an illustration for comparison with my own chosen career.
I still remember very distinctly my uncle's talk,--he loved to speak "reet Staffordshire"--his rather flabby face with the mottled complexion78 that told of crude ill-regulated appetites, his clumsy gestures--he kept emphasising his points by prodding79 at me with his finger--the ill-worn, costly80, grey tweed clothes, the watch chain of plain solid gold, and soft felt hat thrust back from his head. He tackled me first in the garden after lunch, and then tried to raise me to enthusiasm by taking me to his potbank and showing me its organisation81, from the dusty grinding mills in which whitened men worked and coughed, through the highly ventilated glazing82 room in which strangely masked girls looked ashamed of themselves,--"They'll risk death, the fools, to show their faces to a man," said my uncle, quite audibly--to the firing kilns83 and the glazing kilns, and so round the whole place to the railway siding and the gratifying spectacle of three trucks laden84 with executed orders.
Then we went up a creaking outside staircase to his little office, and he showed off before me for a while, with one or two subordinates and the telephone.
"None of your Gas," he said, "all this. It's Real every bit of it. Hard cash and hard glaze85."
"Yes," I said, with memories of a carelessly read pamphlet in my mind, and without any satirical intention, "I suppose you MUST use lead in your glazes86?"
Whereupon I found I had tapped the ruling grievance87 of my uncle's life. He hated leadless glazes more than he hated anything, except the benevolent88 people who had organised the agitation90 for their use. "Leadless glazes ain't only fit for buns," he said. "Let me tell you, my boy--"
He began in a voice of bland91 persuasiveness92 that presently warmed to anger, to explain the whole matter. I hadn't the rights of the matter at all. Firstly, there was practically no such thing as lead poisoning. Secondly93, not everyone was liable to lead poisoning, and it would be quite easy to pick out the susceptible94 types--as soon as they had it--and put them to other work. Thirdly, the evil effects of lead poisoning were much exaggerated. Fourthly, and this was in a particularly confidential95 undertone, many of the people liked to get lead poisoning, especially the women, because it caused abortion97. I might not believe it, but he knew it for a fact. Fifthly, the work-people simply would not learn the gravity of the danger, and would eat with unwashed hands, and incur98 all sorts of risks, so that as my uncle put it: "the fools deserve what they get." Sixthly, he and several associated firms had organised a simple and generous insurance scheme against lead-poisoning risks. Seventhly, he never wearied in rational (as distinguished99 from excessive, futile100 and expensive) precautions against the disease. Eighthly, in the ill-equipped shops of his minor101 competitors lead poisoning was a frequent and virulent102 evil, and people had generalised from these exceptional cases. The small shops, he hazarded, looking out of the cracked and dirty window at distant chimneys, might be advantageously closed....
"But what's the good of talking?" said my uncle, getting off the table on which he had been sitting. "Seems to me there'll come a time when a master will get fined if he don't run round the works blowing his girls noses for them. That's about what it'll come to."
He walked to the black mantelpiece and stood on the threadbare rug, and urged me not to be misled by the stories of prejudiced and interested enemies of our national industries.
"They'll get a strike one of these days, of employers, and then we'll see a bit," he said. "They'll drive Capital abroad and then they'll whistle to get it back again."...
He led the way down the shaky wooden steps and cheered up to tell me of his way of checking his coal consumption. He exchanged a ferocious103 greeting with one or two workpeople, and so we came out of the factory gates into the ugly narrow streets, paved with a peculiarly hard diapered brick of an unpleasing inky-blue colour, and bordered with the mean and squalid homes of his workers. Doors stood open and showed grimy interiors, and dirty ill-clad children played in the kennel104.
We passed a sickly-looking girl with a sallow face, who dragged her limbs and peered at us dimly with painful eyes. She stood back, as partly blinded people will do, to allow us to pass, although there was plenty of room for us.
I glanced back at her.
"THAT'S ploombism," said my uncle casually105.
"What?" said I.
"Ploombism. And the other day I saw a fool of a girl, and what d'you think? She'd got a basin that hadn't been fired, a cracked piece of biscuit it was, up on the shelf over her head, just all over glaze, killing106 glaze, man, and she was putting up her hand if you please, and eating her dinner out of it. Got her dinner in it!
"Eating her dinner out of it," he repeated in loud and bitter tones, and punched me hard in the ribs107.
"And then they comes to THAT--and grumbles108. And the fools up in Westminster want you to put in fans here and fans there--the Longton fools have.... And then eating their dinners out of it all the time!"...
At high tea that night--my uncle was still holding out against evening dinner--Sibyl and Gertrude made what was evidently a concerted demand for a motor-car.
"You've got your mother's brougham," he said, "that's good enough for you." But he seemed shaken by the fact that some Burslem rival was launching out with the new invention. "He spoils his girls," he remarked. "He's a fool," and became thoughtful.
Afterwards he asked me to come to him into his study; it was a room with a writing-desk and full of pieces of earthenware109 and suchlike litter, and we had our great row about Cambridge.
"Have you thought things over, Dick?" he said.
"I think I'll go to Trinity, Uncle," I said firmly. "I want to go to Trinity. It is a great college."
He was manifestly chagrined111. "You're a fool," he said.
I made no answer.
"You're a damned fool," he said. "But I suppose you've got to do it. You could have come here--That don't matter, though, now... You'll have your time and spend your money, and be a poor half-starved clergyman, mucking about with the women all the day and afraid to have one of your own ever, or you'll be a schoolmaster or some such fool for the rest of your life. Or some newspaper chap. That's what you'll get from Cambridge. I'm half a mind not to let you. Eh? More than half a mind...."
"You've got to do the thing you can," he said, after a pause, "and likely it's what you're fitted for."
4
I paid several short visits to Staffordshire during my Cambridge days, and always these relations of mine produced the same effect of hardness. My uncle's thoughts had neither atmosphere nor mystery. He lived in a different universe from the dreams of scientific construction that filled my mind. He could as easily have understood Chinese poetry. His motives112 were made up of intense rivalries113 with other men of his class and kind, a few vindictive114 hates springing from real and fancied slights, a habit of acquisition that had become a second nature, a keen love both of efficiency and display in his own affairs. He seemed to me to have no sense of the state, no sense and much less any love of beauty, no charity and no sort of religious feeling whatever. He had strong bodily appetites, he ate and drank freely, smoked a great deal, and occasionally was carried off by his passions for a "bit of a spree" to Birmingham or Liverpool or Manchester. The indulgences of these occasions were usually followed by a period of reaction, when he was urgent for the suppression of nudity in the local Art Gallery and a harsh and forcible elevation115 of the superficial morals of the valley. And he spoke1 of the ladies who ministered to the delights of his jolly-dog period, when he spoke of them at all, by the unprintable feminine equivalent. My aunt he treated with a kindly116 contempt and considerable financial generosity117, but his daughters tore his heart; he was so proud of them, so glad to find them money to spend, so resolved to own them, so instinctively118 jealous of every man who came near them.
My uncle has been the clue to a great number of men for me. He was an illuminating120 extreme. I have learnt what not to expect from them through him, and to comprehend resentments122 and dangerous sudden antagonisms124 I should have found incomprehensible in their more complex forms, if I had not first seen them in him in their feral state.
With his soft felt hat at the back of his head, his rather heavy, rather mottled face, his rationally thick boots and slouching tweed-clad form, a little round-shouldered and very obstinate125 looking, he strolls through all my speculations126 sucking his teeth audibly, and occasionally throwing out a shrewd aphorism127, the intractable unavoidable ore of the new civilisation128.
Essentially129 he was simple. Generally speaking, he hated and despised in equal measure whatever seemed to suggest that he personally was not the most perfect human being conceivable. He hated all education after fifteen because he had had no education after fifteen, he hated all people who did not have high tea until he himself under duress130 gave up high tea, he hated every game except football, which he had played and could judge, he hated all people who spoke foreign languages because he knew no language but Staffordshire, he hated all foreigners because he was English, and all foreign ways because they were not his ways. Also he hated particularly, and in this order, Londoner's, Yorkshiremen, Scotch131, Welch and Irish, because they were not "reet Staffordshire," and he hated all other Staffordshire men as insufficiently132 "reet." He wanted to have all his own women inviolate134, and to fancy he had a call upon every other woman in the world. He wanted to have the best cigars and the best brandy in the world to consume or give away magnificently, and every one else to have inferior ones. (His billiard table was an extra large size, specially96 made and very inconvenient135.) And he hated Trade Unions because they interfered136 with his autocratic direction of his works, and his workpeople because they were not obedient and untiring mechanisms137 to do his bidding. He was, in fact, a very naive138, vigorous human being. He was about as much civilised, about as much tamed to the ideas of collective action and mutual consideration as a Central African negro.
There are hordes139 of such men as he throughout all the modern industrial world. You will find the same type with the slightest modifications140 in the Pas de Calais or Rhenish Prussia or New Jersey141 or North Italy. No doubt you would find it in New Japan. These men have raised themselves up from the general mass of untrained, uncultured, poorish people in a hard industrious142 selfish struggle. To drive others they have had first to drive themselves. They have never yet had occasion nor leisure to think of the state or social life as a whole, and as for dreams or beauty, it was a condition of survival that they should ignore such cravings. All the distinctive143 qualities of my uncle can be thought of as dictated144 by his conditions; his success and harshness, the extravagances that expressed his pride in making money, the uncongenial luxury that sprang from rivalry145, and his self-reliance, his contempt for broad views, his contempt for everything that he could not understand.
His daughters were the inevitable146 children of his life. Queer girls they were! Curiously147 "spirited" as people phrase it, and curiously limited. During my Cambridge days I went down to Staffordshire several times. My uncle, though he still resented my refusal to go into his business, was also in his odd way proud of me. I was his nephew and poor relation, and yet there I was, a young gentleman learning all sorts of unremunerative things in the grandest manner, "Latin and mook," while the sons of his neighhours, not nephews merely, but sons, stayed unpolished in their native town. Every time I went down I found extensive changes and altered relations, and before I had settled down to them off I went again. I don't think I was one person to them; I was a series of visitors. There is a gulf148 of ages between a gaunt schoolboy of sixteen in unbecoming mourning and two vividly149 self-conscious girls of eighteen and nineteen, but a Cambridge "man" of two and twenty with a first and good tennis and a growing social experience, is a fair contemporary for two girls of twenty-three and twenty-four.
A motor-car appeared, I think in my second visit, a bottle-green affair that opened behind, had dark purple cushions, and was controlled mysteriously by a man in shiny black costume and a flat cap. The high tea had been shifted to seven and rechristened dinner, but my uncle would not dress nor consent to have wine; and after one painful experiment, I gathered, and a scene, he put his foot down and prohibited any but high-necked dresses.
"Daddy's perfectly impossible," Sybil told me.
The foot had descended150 vehemently151! "My own daughters!" he had said, "dressed up like--"--and had arrested himself and fumbled152 and decided153 to say--"actresses, and showin' their fat arms for every fool to stare at!" Nor would he have any people invited to dinner. He didn't, he had explained, want strangers poking154 about in his house when he came home tired. So such calling as occurred went on during his absence in the afternoon.
One of the peculiarities155 of the life of these ascendant families of the industrial class to which wealth has come, is its tremendous insulations. There were no customs of intercourse156 in the Five Towns. All the isolated157 prosperities of the district sprang from economising, hard driven homes, in which there was neither time nor means for hospitality. Social intercourse centred very largely upon the church or chapel158, and the chapels159 were better at bringing people together than the Establishment to which my cousins belonged. Their chief outlet160 to the wider world lay therefore through the acquaintances they had formed at school, and through two much less prosperous families of relations who lived at Longton and Hanley. A number of gossiping friendships with old school mates were "kept up," and my cousins would "spend the afternoon" or even spend the day with these; such occasions led to other encounters and interlaced with the furtive correspondences and snatched meetings that formed the emotional thread of their lives. When the billiard table had been new, my uncle had taken to asking in a few approved friends for an occasional game, but mostly the billiard-room was for glory and the girls. Both of them played very well. They never, so far as I know, dined out, and when at last after bitter domestic conflicts they began to go to dances, they went with the quavering connivance161 of my aunt, and changed into ball frocks at friends' houses on the way. There was a tennis club that formed a convenient afternoon rendezvous162, and I recall that in the period of my earlier visits the young bloods of the district found much satisfaction in taking girls for drives in dog-carts and suchlike high-wheeled vehicles, a disposition163 that died in tangled164 tandems165 at the apparition166 of motor-car's.
My aunt and uncle had conceived no plans in life for their daughters at all. In the undifferentiated industrial community from which they had sprung, girls got married somehow, and it did not occur to them that the concentration of property that had made them wealthy, had cut their children off from the general social sea in which their own awkward meeting had occurred, without necessarily opening any other world in exchange. My uncle was too much occupied with the works and his business affairs and his private vices19 to philosophise about his girls; he wanted them just to keep girls, preferably about sixteen, and to be a sort of animated167 flowers and make home bright and be given things. He was irritated that they would not remain at this, and still more irritated that they failed to suppress altogether their natural interest in young men. The tandems would be steered168 by weird169 and devious170 routes to evade171 the bare chance of his bloodshot eye. My aunt seemed to have no ideas whatever about what was likely to happen to her children. She had indeed no ideas about anything; she took her husband and the days as they came.
I can see now the pathetic difficulty of my cousins' position in life; the absence of any guidance or instruction or provision for their development. They supplemented the silences of home by the conversation of schoolfellows and the suggestions of popular fiction. They had to make what they could out of life with such hints as these. The church was far too modest to offer them any advice. It was obtruded172 upon my mind upon my first visit that they were both carrying on correspondences and having little furtive passings and seeings and meetings with the mysterious owners of certain initials, S. and L. K., and, if I remember rightly, "the R. N." brothers and cousins, I suppose, of their friends. The same thing was going on, with a certain intensification173, at my next visit, excepting only that the initials were different. But when I came again their methods were maturer or I was no longer a negligible quantity, and the notes and the initials were no longer flaunted174 quite so openly in my face.
My cousins had worked it out from the indications of their universe that the end of life is to have a "good time." They used the phrase. That and the drives in dog-carts were only the first of endless points of resemblance between them and the commoner sort of American girl. When some years ago I paid my first and only visit to America I seemed to recover my cousins' atmosphere as soon as I entered the train at Euston. There were three girls in my compartment175 supplied with huge decorated cases of sweets, and being seen off by a company of friends, noisily arch and eager about the "steamer letters" they would get at Liverpool; they were the very soul-sisters of my cousins. The chief elements of a good time, as my cousins judged it, as these countless176 thousands of rich young women judge it, are a petty eventfulness, laughter, and to feel that you are looking well and attracting attention. Shopping is one of its leading joys. You buy things, clothes and trinkets for yourself and presents for your friends. Presents always seemed to be flying about in that circle; flowers and boxes of sweets were common currency. My cousins were always getting and giving, my uncle caressed177 them with parcels and cheques. They kissed him and he exuded178 sovereigns as a stroked APHIS exudes179 honey. It was like the new language of the Academy of Lagado to me, and I never learnt how to express myself in it, for nature and training make me feel encumbered180 to receive presents and embarrassed in giving them. But then, like my father, I hate and distrust possessions.
Of the quality of their private imagination I never learnt anything; I suppose it followed the lines of the fiction they read and was romantic and sentimental181. So far as marriage went, the married state seemed at once very attractive and dreadfully serious to them, composed in equal measure of becoming important and becoming old. I don't know what they thought about children. I doubt if they thought about them at all. It was very secret if they did.
As for the poor and dingy people all about them, my cousins were always ready to take part in a Charitable Bazaar182. They were unaware183 of any economic correlation of their own prosperity and that circumambient poverty, and they knew of Trade Unions simply as disagreeable external things that upset my uncle's temper. They knew of nothing wrong in social life at all except that there were "Agitators184." It surprised them a little, I think, that Agitators were not more drastically put down. But they had a sort of instinctive119 dread54 of social discussion as of something that might breach185 the happiness of their ignorance....
5
My cousins did more than illustrate24 Marx for me; they also undertook a stage of my emotional education. Their method in that as in everything else was extremely simple, but it took my inexperience by surprise.
It must have been on my third visit that Sybil took me in hand. Hitherto I seemed to have seen her only in profile, but now she became almost completely full face, manifestly regarded me with those violet eyes of hers. She passed me things I needed at breakfast--it was the first morning of my visit--before I asked for them.
When young men are looked at by pretty cousins, they become intensely aware of those cousins. It seemed to me that I had always admired Sybil's eyes very greatly, and that there was something in her temperament186 congenial to mine. It was odd I had not noted187 it on my previous visits.
We walked round the garden somewhen that morning, and talked about Cambridge. She asked quite a lot of questions about my work and my ambitions. She said she had always felt sure I was clever.
The conversation languished188 a little, and we picked some flowers for the house. Then she asked if I could run. I conceded her various starts and we raced up and down the middle garden path. Then, a little breathless, we went into the new twenty-five guinea summer-house at the end of the herbaceous border.
We sat side by side, pleasantly hidden from the house, and she became anxious about her hair, which was slightly and prettily189 disarranged, and asked me to help her with the adjustment of a hairpin190. I had never in my life been so near the soft curly hair and the dainty eyebrow191 and eyelid192 and warm soft cheek of a girl, and I was stirred--
It stirs me now to recall it.
I became a battleground of impulses and inhibitions.
"Thank you," said my cousin, and moved a little away from me.
She began to talk about friendship, and lost her thread and forgot the little electric stress between us in a rather meandering193 analysis of her principal girl friends.
But afterwards she resumed her purpose.
I went to bed that night with one proposition overshadowing everything else in my mind, namely, that kissing my cousin Sybil was a difficult, but not impossible, achievement. I do not recall any shadow of a doubt whether on the whole it was worth doing. The thing had come into my existence, disturbing and interrupting its flow exactly as a fever does. Sybil had infected me with herself.
The next day matters came to a crisis in the little upstairs sitting-room194 which had been assigned me as a study during my visit. I was working up there, or rather trying to work in spite of the outrageous195 capering197 of some very primitive198 elements in my brain, when she came up to me, under a transparent199 pretext200 of looking for a book.
I turned round and then got up at the sight of her. I quite forget what our conversation was about, but I know she led me to believe I might kiss her. Then when I attempted to do so she averted201 her face.
"How COULD you?" she said; "I didn't mean that!"
That remained the state of our relations for two days. I developed a growing irritation202 with and resentment121 against cousin Sybil, combined with an intense desire to get that kiss for which I hungered and thirsted. Cousin Sybil went about in the happy persuasion203 that I was madly in love with her, and her game, so far as she was concerned, was played and won. It wasn't until I had fretted204 for two days that I realised that I was being used for the commonest form of excitement possible to a commonplace girl; that dozens perhaps of young men had played the part of Tantalus at cousin Sybil's lips. I walked about my room at nights, damning her and calling her by terms which on the whole she rather deserved, while Sybil went to sleep pitying "poor old Dick!"
"Damn it!" I said, "I WILL be equal with you."
But I never did equalise the disadvantage, and perhaps it's as well, for I fancy that sort of revenge cuts both people too much for a rational man to seek it....
"Why are men so silly?" said cousin Sybil next morning, wriggling205 back with down-bent206 head to release herself from what should have been a compelling embrace.
"Confound it!" I said with a flash of clear vision. "You STARTED this game."
"Oh!"
She stood back against a hedge of roses, a little flushed and excited and interested, and ready for the delightful207 defensive208 if I should renew my attack.
"Beastly hot for scuffling," I said, white with anger. "I don't know whether I'm so keen on kissing you, Sybil, after all. I just thought you wanted me to."
I could have whipped her, and my voice stung more than my words.
Our eyes met; a real hatred209 in hers leaping up to meet mine.
"Let's play tennis," I said, after a moment's pause.
"No," she answered shortly, "I'm going indoors."
"Very well."
And that ended the affair with Sybil.
I was still in the full glare of this disillusionment when Gertrude awoke from some preoccupation to an interest in my existence. She developed a disposition to touch my hand by accident, and let her fingers rest in contact with it for a moment,--she had pleasant soft hands;--she began to drift into summer houses with me, to let her arm rest trustfully against mine, to ask questions about Cambridge. They were much the same questions that Sybil had asked. But I controlled myself and maintained a profile of intelligent and entirely210 civil indifference211 to her blandishments.
What Gertrude made of it came out one evening in some talk--I forget about what--with Sybil.
"Oh, Dick!" said Gertrude a little impatiently, "Dick's Pi."
And I never disillusioned212 her by any subsequent levity213 from this theory of my innate214 and virginal piety215.
6
It was against this harsh and crude Staffordshire background that I think I must have seen Margaret for the first time. I say I think because it is quite possible that we had passed each other in the streets of Cambridge, no doubt with that affectation of mutual disregard which was once customary between undergraduates and Newnham girls. But if that was so I had noted nothing of the slender graciousness that shone out so pleasingly against the bleaker216 midland surroundings.
She was a younger schoolfellow of my cousins', and the step-daughter of Seddon, a prominent solicitor72 of Burslem. She was not only not in my cousins' generation but not in their set, she was one of a small hardworking group who kept immaculate note-books, and did as much as is humanly possible of that insensate pile of written work that the Girls' Public School movement has inflicted217 upon school-girls. She really learnt French and German admirably and thoroughly218, she got as far in mathematics as an unflinching industry can carry any one with no great natural aptitude219, and she went up to Bennett Hall, Newnham, after the usual conflict with her family, to work for the History Tripos.
There in her third year she made herself thoroughly ill through overwork, so ill that she had to give up Newnham altogether and go abroad with her stepmother. She made herself ill, as so many girls do in those university colleges, through the badness of her home and school training. She thought study must needs be a hard straining of the mind. She worried her work, she gave herself no leisure to see it as a whole, she felt herself not making headway and she cut her games and exercise in order to increase her hours of toil34, and worked into the night. She carried a knack220 of laborious221 thoroughness into the blind alleys222 and inessentials of her subject. It didn't need the badness of the food for which Bennett Hall is celebrated223 and the remarkable224 dietary of nocturnal cocoa, cakes and soft biscuits with which the girls have supplemented it, to ensure her collapse225. Her mother brought her home, fretting227 and distressed228, and then finding her hopelessly unhappy at home, took her and her half-brother, a rather ailing75 youngster of ten who died three years later, for a journey to Italy.
Italy did much to assuage229 Margaret's chagrin110. I think all three of them had a very good time there. At home Mr. Seddon, her step-father, played the part of a well-meaning blight230 by reason of the moods that arose from nervous dyspepsia. They went to Florence, equipped with various introductions and much sound advice from sympathetic Cambridge friends, and having acquired an ease in Italy there, went on to Siena, Orvieto, and at last Rome. They returned, if I remember rightly, by Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Paris. Six months or more they had had abroad, and now Margaret was back in Burslem, in health again and consciously a very civilised person.
New ideas were abroad, it was Maytime and a spring of abundant flowers--daffodils were particularly good that year--and Mrs. Seddon celebrated her return by giving an afternoon reception at short notice, with the clear intention of letting every one out into the garden if the weather held.
The Seddons had a big old farmhouse231 modified to modern ideas of comfort on the road out towards Misterton, with an orchard232 that had been rather pleasantly subdued233 from use to ornament234. It had rich blossoming cherry and apple trees. Large patches of grass full of nodding yellow trumpets235 had been left amidst the not too precisely236 mown grass, which was as it were grass path with an occasional lapse226 into lawn or glade237. And Margaret, hatless, with the fair hair above her thin, delicately pink face very simply done, came to meet our rather too consciously dressed party,--we had come in the motor four strong, with my aunt in grey silk. Margaret wore a soft flowing flowered blue dress of diaphanous238 material, all unconnected with the fashion and tied with pretty ribbons, like a slenderer, unbountiful Primavera.
It was one of those May days that ape the light and heat of summer, and I remember disconnectedly quite a number of brightly lit figures and groups walking about, and a white gate between orchard and garden and a large lawn with an oak tree and a red Georgian house with a verandah and open French windows, through which the tea drinking had come out upon the moss-edged flagstones even as Mrs. Seddon had planned.
The party was almost entirely feminine except for a little curate with a large head, a good voice and a radiant manner, who was obviously attracted by Margaret, and two or three young husbands still sufficiently133 addicted239 to their wives to accompany them. One of them I recall as a quite romantic figure with abundant blond curly hair on which was poised240 a grey felt hat encircled by a refined black band. He wore, moreover, a loose rich shot silk tie of red and purple, a long frock coat, grey trousers and brown shoes, and presently he removed his hat and carried it in one hand. There were two tennis-playing youths besides myself. There was also one father with three daughters in anxious control, a father of the old school scarcely half broken in, reluctant, rebellious241 and consciously and conscientiously242 "reet Staffordshire." The daughters were all alert to suppress the possible plungings, the undesirable243 humorous impulses of this almost feral guest. They nipped his very gestures in the bud. The rest of the people were mainly mothers with daughters--daughters of all ages, and a scattering244 of aunts, and there was a tendency to clotting245, parties kept together and regarded parties suspiciously. Mr. Seddon was in hiding, I think, all the time, though not formally absent.
Matters centred upon the tea in the long room of the French windows, where four trim maids went to and fro busily between the house and the clumps246 of people seated or standing247 before it; and tennis and croquet were intermittently visible and audible beyond a bank of rockwork rich with the spikes248 and cups and bells of high spring.
Mrs. Seddon presided at the tea urn2, and Margaret partly assisted and partly talked to me and my cousin Sibyl--Gertrude had found a disused and faded initial and was partnering him at tennis in a state of gentle revival--while their mother exercised a divided chaperonage from a seat near Mrs. Seddon. The little curate, stirring a partially249 empty cup of tea, mingled with our party, and preluded250, I remember, every observation he made by a vigorous resumption of stirring.
We talked of Cambridge, and Margaret kept us to it. The curate was a Selwyn man and had taken a pass degree in theology, but Margaret had come to Gaylord's lecturers in Trinity for a term before her breakdown251, and understood these differences. She had the eagerness of an exile to hear the old familiar names of places and personalities252. We capped familiar anecdotes253 and were enthusiastic about Kings' Chapel and the Backs, and the curate, addressing himself more particularly to Sibyl, told a long confused story illustrative of his disposition to reckless devilry (of a pure-minded kindly sort) about upsetting two canoes quite needlessly on the way to Grantchester.
I can still see Margaret as I saw her that afternoon, see her fresh fair face, with the little obliquity256 of the upper lip, and her brow always slightly knitted, and her manner as of one breathlessly shy but determined257. She had rather open blue eyes, and she spoke in an even musical voice with the gentlest of stresses and the ghost of a lisp. And it was true, she gathered, that Cambridge still existed. "I went to Grantchester," she said, "last year, and had tea under the apple-blossom. I didn't think then I should have to come down." (It was that started the curate upon his anecdote254.)
"I've seen a lot of pictures, and learnt a lot about them--at the Pitti and the Brera,--the Brera is wonderful--wonderful places,--but it isn't like real study," she was saying presently.... "We bought bales of photographs," she said.
I thought the bales a little out of keeping.
But fair-haired and quite simply and yet graciously and fancifully dressed, talking of art and beautiful things and a beautiful land, and with so much manifest regret for learning denied, she seemed a different kind of being altogether from my smart, hard, high-coloured, black-haired and resolutely258 hatted cousin; she seemed translucent259 beside Gertrude. Even the little twist and droop260 of her slender body was a grace to me.
I liked her from the moment I saw her, and set myself to interest and please her as well as I knew how.
We recalled a case of ragging that had rustled261 the shrubs of Newnham, and then Chris Robinson's visit--he had given a talk to Bennett Hall also--and our impression of him.
"He disappointed me, too," said Margaret.
I was moved to tell Margaret something of my own views in the matter of social progress, and she listened--oh! with a kind of urged attention, and her brow a little more knitted, very earnestly. The little curate desisted from the appendices and refuse heaps and general debris262 of his story, and made himself look very alert and intelligent.
"We did a lot of that when I was up in the eighties," he said. "I'm glad Imperialism263 hasn't swamped you fellows altogether."
Gertrude, looking bright and confident, came to join our talk from the shrubbery; the initial, a little flushed and evidently in a state of refreshed relationship, came with her, and a cheerful lady in pink and more particularly distinguished by a pink bonnet264 joined our little group. Gertrude had been sipping265 admiration266 and was not disposed to play a passive part in the talk.
"Socialism!" she cried, catching267 the word. "It's well Pa isn't here. He has Fits when people talk of socialism. Fits!"
The initial laughed in a general kind of way.
The curate said there was socialism AND socialism, and looked at Margaret to gauge268 whether he had been too bold in this utterance269. But she was all, he perceived, for broad-mindness, and he stirred himself (and incidentally his tea) to still more liberality of expression. He said the state of the poor was appalling270, simply appalling; that there were times when he wanted to shatter the whole system, "only," he said, turning to me appealingly, "What have we got to put in its place?"
"The thing that exists is always the more evident alternative," I said.
The little curate looked at it for a moment. "Precisely," he said explosively, and turned stirring and with his head a little on one side, to hear what Margaret was saying.
Margaret was saying, with a swift blush and an effect of daring, that she had no doubt she was a socialist271.
"And wearing a gold chain!" said Gertrude, "And drinking out of eggshell! I like that!"
I came to Margaret's rescue. "It doesn't follow that because one's a socialist one ought to dress in sackcloth and ashes."
The initial coloured deeply, and having secured my attention by prodding me slightly with the wrist of the hand that held his teacup, cleared his throat and suggested that "one ought to be consistent."
I perceived we were embarked272 upon a discussion of the elements. We began an interesting little wrangle273 one of those crude discussions of general ideas that are dear to the heart of youth. I and Margaret supported one another as socialists274, Gertrude and Sybil and the initial maintained an anti-socialist position, the curate attempted a cross-bench position with an air of intending to come down upon us presently with a casting vote. He reminded us of a number of useful principles too often overlooked in argument, that in a big question like this there was much to be said on both sides, that if every one did his or her duty to every one about them there would be no difficulty with social problems at all, that over and above all enactments275 we needed moral changes in people themselves. My cousin Gertrude was a difficult controversialist to manage, being unconscious of inconsistency in statement and absolutely impervious276 to reply. Her standpoint was essentially materialistic277; she didn't see why she shouldn't have a good time because other people didn't; they would have a good time, she was sure, if she didn't. She said that if we did give up everything we had to other people, they wouldn't very likely know what to do with it. She asked if we were so fond of work-people, why we didn't go and live among them, and expressed the inflexible278 persuasion that if we HAD socialism, everything would be just the same again in ten years' time. She also threw upon us the imputation279 of ingratitude280 for a beautiful world by saying that so far as she was concerned she didn't want to upset everything. She was contented281 with things as they were, thank you.
The discussion led in some way that I don't in the least recall now, and possibly by abrupt282 transitions, to a croquet foursome in which Margaret involved the curate without involving herself, and then stood beside me on the edge of the lawn while the others played. We watched silently for a moment.
"I HATE that sort of view," she said suddenly in a confidential undertone, with her delicate pink flush returning.
"It's want of imagination," I said.
"To think we are just to enjoy ourselves," she went on; "just to go on dressing255 and playing and having meals and spending money!" She seemed to be referring not simply to my cousins, but to the whole world of industry and property about us. "But what is one to do?" she asked. "I do wish I had not had to come down. It's all so pointless here. There seems to be nothing going forward, no ideas, no dreams. No one here seems to feel quite what I feel, the sort of need there is for MEANING in things. I hate things without meaning."
"Don't you do--local work?"
"I suppose I shall. I suppose I must find something. Do you think--if one were to attempt some sort of propaganda?"
"Could you--?" I began a little doubtfully.
"I suppose I couldn't," she answered, after a thoughtful moment. "I suppose it would come to nothing. And yet I feel there is so much to be done for the world, so much one ought to be doing.... I want to do something for the world."
I can see her now as she stood there with her brows nearly frowning, her blue eyes looking before her, her mouth almost petulant283. "One feels that there are so many things going on--out of one's reach," she said.
I went back in the motor-car with my mind full of her, the quality of delicate discontent, the suggestion of exile. Even a kind of weakness in her was sympathetic. She told tremendously against her background. She was, I say, like a protesting blue flower upon a cinder284 heap. It is curious, too, how she connects and mingles285 with the furious quarrel I had with my uncle that very evening. That came absurdly. Indirectly286 Margaret was responsible. My mind was running on ideas she had revived and questions she had set clamouring, and quite inadvertently in my attempt to find solutions I talked so as to outrage196 his profoundest feelings....
7
What a preposterous287 shindy that was!
I sat with him in the smoking-room, propounding288 what I considered to be the most indisputable and non-contentious propositions conceivable--until, to my infinite amazement289, he exploded and called me a "damned young puppy."
"Tremendously interesting time," I said, "just in the beginning of making a civilisation."
"Ah!" he said, with an averted face, and nodded, leaning forward over his cigar.
I had not the remotest thought of annoying him.
"Monstrous291 muddle292 of things we have got," I said, "jumbled streets, ugly population, ugly factories--"
"You'd do a sight better if you had to do with it," said my uncle, regarding me askance.
"Not me. But a world that had a collective plan and knew where it meant to be going would do a sight better, anyhow. We're all swimming in a flood of ill-calculated chances--"
"You'll be making out I organised that business down there--by chance--next," said my uncle, his voice thick with challenge.
I went on as though I was back in Trinity.
"There's a lot of chance in the making of all great businesses," I said.
My uncle remarked that that showed how much I knew about businesses. If chance made businesses, why was it that he always succeeded and grew while those fools Ackroyd and Sons always took second place? He showed a disposition to tell the glorious history of how once Ackroyd's overshadowed him, and how now he could buy up Ackroyd's three times over. But I wanted to get out what was in my mind.
"Oh!" I said, "as between man and man and business and business, some of course get the pull by this quality or that--but it's forces quite outside the individual case that make the big part of any success under modern conditions. YOU never invented pottery, nor any process in pottery that matters a rap in your works; it wasn't YOUR foresight293 that joined all England up with railways and made it possible to organise89 production on an altogether different scale. You really at the utmost can't take credit for much more than being the sort of man who happened to fit what happened to be the requirements of the time, and who happened to be in a position to take advantage of them--"
It was then my uncle cried out and called me a damned young puppy, and became involved in some unexpected trouble of his own.
I woke up as it were from my analysis of the situation to discover him bent over a splendid spittoon, cursing incoherently, retching a little, and spitting out the end of his cigar which he had bitten off in his last attempt at self-control, and withal fully13 prepared as soon as he had cleared for action to give me just all that he considered to be the contents of his mind upon the condition of mine.
Well, why shouldn't I talk my mind to him? He'd never had an outside view of himself for years, and I resolved to stand up to him. We went at it hammer and tongs294! It became clear that he supposed me to be a Socialist, a zealous295, embittered296 hater of all ownership--and also an educated man of the vilest297, most pretentiously298 superior description. His principal grievance was that I thought I knew everything; to that he recurred299 again and again....
We had been maintaining an armed truce300 with each other since my resolve to go up to Cambridge, and now we had out all that had accumulated between us. There had been stupendous accumulations....
The particular things we said and did in that bawling301 encounter matter nothing at all in this story. I can't now estimate how near we came to fisticuffs. It ended with my saying, after a pungent302 reminder303 of benefits conferred and remembered, that I didn't want to stay another hour in his house. I went upstairs, in a state of puerile304 fury, to pack and go off to the Railway Hotel, while he, with ironical305 civility, telephoned for a cab.
"Good riddance!" shouted my uncle, seeing me off into the night.
On the face of it our row was preposterous, but the underlying306 reality of our quarrel was the essential antagonism123, it seemed to me, in all human affairs, the antagonism between ideas and the established method, that is to say, between ideas and the rule of thumb. The world I hate is the rule-of-thumb world, the thing I and my kind of people exist for primarily is to battle with that, to annoy it, disarrange it, reconstruct it. We question everything, disturb anything that cannot give a clear justification307 to our questioning, because we believe inherently that our sense of disorder308 implies the possibility of a better order. Of course we are detestable. My uncle was of that other vaster mass who accept everything for the thing it seems to be, hate enquiry and analysis as a tramp hates washing, dread and resist change, oppose experiment, despise science. The world is our battleground; and all history, all literature that matters, all science, deals with this conflict of the thing that is and the speculative309 "if" that will destroy it.
But that is why I did not see Margaret Seddon again for five years.
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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canopied
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| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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porcelain
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| n.瓷；adj.瓷的，瓷制的 | |
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sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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cosy
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| adj.温暖而舒适的，安逸的 | |
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conservatory
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| n.温室，音乐学院；adj.保存性的，有保存力的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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bullied
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| adj.被欺负了v.恐吓，威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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stouter
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| 粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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ineligible
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estrangement
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fleas
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| n.跳蚤( flea的名词复数 )；爱财如命；没好气地（拒绝某人的要求） | |
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potteries
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| n.陶器( pottery的名词复数 )；陶器厂；陶土；陶器制造（术） | |
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westward
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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sprawls
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| n.（城市）杂乱无序拓展的地区( sprawl的名词复数 )；随意扩展；蔓延物v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的第三人称单数 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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correlation
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| n.相互关系，相关，关连 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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slag
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dodged
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| v.闪躲( dodge的过去式和过去分词 )；回避 | |
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37
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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38
rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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39
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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40
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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41
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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42
furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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43
tinkle
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| vi.叮当作响；n.叮当声 | |
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44
jumbled
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| adj.混乱的；杂乱的 | |
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45
dingy
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| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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46
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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47
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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48
symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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49
inadequately
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| ad.不够地；不够好地 | |
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50
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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51
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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52
punctiliously
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53
gutter
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| n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟 | |
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54
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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55
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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56
by-product
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| n.副产品，附带产生的结果 | |
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57
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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58
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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59
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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60
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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61
intermittently
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| adv.间歇地；断断续续 | |
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62
saluting
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的现在分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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63
ascendancy
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| n.统治权，支配力量 | |
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64
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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65
amenable
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| adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的 | |
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66
recoiled
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| v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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67
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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68
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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69
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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70
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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71
uncertainties
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|
| 无把握( uncertainty的名词复数 )； 不确定； 变化不定； 无把握、不确定的事物 | |
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72
solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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73
solicitors
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| 初级律师( solicitor的名词复数 ) | |
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74
obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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75
ailing
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| v.生病 | |
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76
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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77
lavatory
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| n.盥洗室，厕所 | |
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78
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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79
prodding
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| v.刺，戳( prod的现在分词 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳 | |
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80
costly
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|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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81
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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82
glazing
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| n.玻璃装配业；玻璃窗；上釉；上光v.装玻璃( glaze的现在分词 )；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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83
kilns
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| n.窑( kiln的名词复数 )；烧窑工人 | |
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84
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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85
glaze
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| v.因疲倦、疲劳等指眼睛变得呆滞，毫无表情 | |
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86
glazes
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| n.上釉的表面( glaze的名词复数 )；釉料；（浇在糕点上增加光泽的）蛋浆v.装玻璃( glaze的第三人称单数 )；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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87
grievance
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|
| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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88
benevolent
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|
| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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89
organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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90
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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91
bland
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| adj.淡而无味的，温和的，无刺激性的 | |
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92
persuasiveness
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| 说服力 | |
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93
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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94
susceptible
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|
| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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95
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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96
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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97
abortion
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| n.流产，堕胎 | |
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98
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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99
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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100
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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101
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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102
virulent
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|
| adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的 | |
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103
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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104
kennel
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| n.狗舍，狗窝 | |
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105
casually
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|
| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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106
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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107
ribs
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|
| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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108
grumbles
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| 抱怨( grumble的第三人称单数 )； 发牢骚； 咕哝； 发哼声 | |
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109
earthenware
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| n.土器，陶器 | |
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110
chagrin
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| n.懊恼；气愤；委屈 | |
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111
chagrined
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|
| adj.懊恼的，苦恼的v.使懊恼，使懊丧，使悔恨( chagrin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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113
rivalries
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| n.敌对，竞争，对抗( rivalry的名词复数 ) | |
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114
vindictive
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|
| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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115
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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116
kindly
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|
| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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117
generosity
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|
| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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118
instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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119
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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120
illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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121
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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122
resentments
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| （因受虐待而）愤恨，不满，怨恨( resentment的名词复数 ) | |
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123
antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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124
antagonisms
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| 对抗，敌对( antagonism的名词复数 ) | |
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125
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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126
speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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127
aphorism
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| n.格言，警语 | |
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128
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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129
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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130
duress
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| n.胁迫 | |
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131
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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132
insufficiently
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| adv.不够地，不能胜任地 | |
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133
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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134
inviolate
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| adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的 | |
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135
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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136
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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137
mechanisms
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| n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用 | |
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138
naive
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|
| adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的 | |
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139
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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140
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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141
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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142
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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143
distinctive
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|
| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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144
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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145
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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146
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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147
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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148
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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149
vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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150
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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151
vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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152
fumbled
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| （笨拙地）摸索或处理（某事物）( fumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 乱摸，笨拙地弄； 使落下 | |
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153
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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154
poking
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| n. 刺，戳，袋 vt. 拨开，刺，戳 vi. 戳，刺，捅，搜索，伸出，行动散慢 | |
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155
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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156
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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157
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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158
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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159
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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160
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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161
connivance
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| n.纵容；默许 | |
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162
rendezvous
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|
| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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163
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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164
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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165
tandems
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| n.串联式自行车( tandem的名词复数 ) | |
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166
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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167
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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168
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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169
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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170
devious
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| adj.不坦率的，狡猾的；迂回的，曲折的 | |
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171
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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172
obtruded
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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173
intensification
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| n.激烈化，增强明暗度；加厚 | |
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174
flaunted
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| v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的过去式和过去分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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175
compartment
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| n.卧车包房，隔间；分隔的空间 | |
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176
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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177
caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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178
exuded
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| v.缓慢流出，渗出，分泌出( exude的过去式和过去分词 )；流露出对（某物）的神态或感情 | |
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179
exudes
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| v.缓慢流出，渗出，分泌出( exude的第三人称单数 )；流露出对（某物）的神态或感情 | |
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180
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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181
sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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182
bazaar
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| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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183
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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184
agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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185
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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186
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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187
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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188
languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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189
prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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190
hairpin
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| n.簪,束发夹，夹发针 | |
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191
eyebrow
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| n.眉毛，眉 | |
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192
eyelid
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| n.眼睑，眼皮 | |
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193
meandering
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| 蜿蜒的河流，漫步，聊天 | |
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194
sitting-room
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| n.（BrE）客厅，起居室 | |
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195
outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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196
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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197
capering
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| v.跳跃，雀跃( caper的现在分词 )；蹦蹦跳跳 | |
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198
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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199
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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200
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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201
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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202
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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203
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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204
fretted
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| 焦躁的，附有弦马的，腐蚀的 | |
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205
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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206
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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207
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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208
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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209
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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210
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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211
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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212
disillusioned
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| a.不再抱幻想的，大失所望的，幻想破灭的 | |
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213
levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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214
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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215
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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216
bleaker
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| 阴冷的( bleak的比较级 )； （状况）无望的； 没有希望的； 光秃的 | |
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217
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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218
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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219
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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220
knack
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| n.诀窍，做事情的灵巧的，便利的方法 | |
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221
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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222
alleys
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| 胡同，小巷( alley的名词复数 )； 小径 | |
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223
celebrated
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|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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224
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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225
collapse
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|
| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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226
lapse
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|
| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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227
fretting
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|
| n. 微振磨损 adj. 烦躁的, 焦虑的 | |
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228
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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229
assuage
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| v.缓和，减轻，镇定 | |
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230
blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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231
farmhouse
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|
| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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232
orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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233
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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234
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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235
trumpets
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|
| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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236
precisely
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|
| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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237
glade
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|
| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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238
diaphanous
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| adj.(布)精致的，半透明的 | |
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239
addicted
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|
| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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240
poised
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| a.摆好姿势不动的 | |
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241
rebellious
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|
| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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242
conscientiously
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|
| adv.凭良心地；认真地，负责尽职地；老老实实 | |
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243
undesirable
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|
| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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244
scattering
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|
| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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245
clotting
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|
| v.凝固( clot的现在分词 )；烧结 | |
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246
clumps
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|
| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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247
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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248
spikes
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| n.穗( spike的名词复数 )；跑鞋；（防滑）鞋钉；尖状物v.加烈酒于( spike的第三人称单数 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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249
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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250
preluded
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| v.为…作序，开头（prelude的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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251
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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252
personalities
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| n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 ) | |
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253
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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254
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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255
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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256
obliquity
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| n.倾斜度 | |
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257
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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258
resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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259
translucent
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| adj.半透明的；透明的 | |
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260
droop
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| v.低垂，下垂；凋萎，萎靡 | |
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261
rustled
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| v.发出沙沙的声音( rustle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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262
debris
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| n.瓦砾堆，废墟，碎片 | |
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263
imperialism
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| n.帝国主义，帝国主义政策 | |
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264
bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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265
sipping
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| v.小口喝，呷，抿( sip的现在分词 ) | |
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266
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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267
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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268
gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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269
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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270
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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271
socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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272
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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273
wrangle
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| vi.争吵 | |
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274
socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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275
enactments
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| n.演出( enactment的名词复数 )；展现；规定；通过 | |
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276
impervious
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|
| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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277
materialistic
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| a.唯物主义的，物质享乐主义的 | |
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278
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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279
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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280
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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281
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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282
abrupt
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|
| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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283
petulant
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|
| adj.性急的，暴躁的 | |
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284
cinder
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| n.余烬，矿渣 | |
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285
mingles
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|
| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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286
indirectly
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|
| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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287
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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288
propounding
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|
| v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的现在分词 ) | |
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289
amazement
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|
| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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290
seismic
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| a.地震的，地震强度的 | |
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291
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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292
muddle
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| n.困惑，混浊状态；vt.使混乱，使糊涂，使惊呆；vi.胡乱应付，混乱 | |
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293
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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294
tongs
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| n.钳；夹子 | |
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295
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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296
embittered
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| v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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297
vilest
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| adj.卑鄙的( vile的最高级 )；可耻的；极坏的；非常讨厌的 | |
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298
pretentiously
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299
recurred
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| 再发生，复发( recur的过去式和过去分词 )； 治愈 | |
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300
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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301
bawling
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| v.大叫，大喊( bawl的现在分词 )；放声大哭；大声叫出；叫卖（货物） | |
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302
pungent
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| adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的 | |
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303
reminder
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| n.提醒物，纪念品；暗示，提示 | |
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304
puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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305
ironical
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| adj.讽刺的，冷嘲的 | |
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306
underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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307
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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308
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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309
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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