We were talking about the want of diversity in American life, the lack of salient characters. It was not at a club. It was a spontaneous talk of people who happened to be together, and who had fallen into an uncompelled habit of happening to be together. There might have been a club for the study of the Want of Diversity in American Life. The members would have been obliged to set apart a stated time for it, to attend as a duty, and to be in a mood to discuss this topic at a set hour in the future. They would have mortgaged another precious portion of the little time left us for individual life. It is a suggestive thought that at a given hour all over the United States innumerable clubs might be considering the Want of Diversity in American Life. Only in this way, according to our present methods, could one expect to accomplish anything in regard to this foreign-felt want. It seems illogical that we could produce diversity by all doing the same thing at the same time, but we know the value of congregate1 effort. It seems to superficial observers that all Americans are born busy. It is not so. They are born with a fear of not being busy; and if they are intelligent and in circumstances of leisure, they have such a sense of their responsibility that they hasten to allot2 all their time into portions, and leave no hour unprovided for. This is conscientiousness3 in women, and not restlessness. There is a day for music, a day for painting, a day for the display of tea-gowns, a day for Dante, a day for the Greek drama, a day for the Dumb Animals' Aid Society, a day for the Society for the Propagation of Indians, and so on. When the year is over, the amount that has been accomplished4 by this incessant5 activity can hardly be estimated. Individually it may not be much. But consider where Chaucer would be but for the work of the Chaucer clubs, and what an effect upon the universal progress of things is produced by the associate concentration upon the poet of so many minds.
A cynic says that clubs and circles are for the accumulation of superficial information and unloading it on others, without much individual absorption in anybody. This, like all cynicism, contains only a half-truth, and simply means that the general diffusion7 of half-digested information does not raise the general level of intelligence, which can only be raised to any purpose by thorough self-culture, by assimilation, digestion8, meditation9. The busy bee is a favorite simile10 with us, and we are apt to overlook the fact that the least important part of his example is buzzing around. If the hive simply got together and buzzed, or even brought unrefined treacle11 from some cyclopaedia, let us say, of treacle, there would be no honey added to the general store.
It occurred to some one in this talk at last to deny that there was this tiresome12 monotony in American life. And this put a new face on the discussion. Why should there be, with every race under the heavens represented here, and each one struggling to assert itself, and no homogeneity as yet established even between the people of the oldest States? The theory is that democracy levels, and that the anxious pursuit of a common object, money, tends to uniformity, and that facility of communication spreads all over the land the same fashion in dress; and repeats everywhere the same style of house, and that the public schools give all the children in the United States the same superficial smartness. And there is a more serious notion, that in a society without classes there is a sort of tyranny of public opinion which crushes out the play of individual peculiarities13, without which human intercourse14 is uninteresting. It is true that a democracy is intolerant of variations from the general level, and that a new society allows less latitude15 in eccentricities16 to its members than an old society.
But with all these allowances, it is also admitted that the difficulty the American novelist has is in hitting upon what is universally accepted as characteristic of American life, so various are the types in regions widely separated from each other, such different points of view are had even in conventionalities, and conscience operates so variously on moral problems in one community and another. It is as impossible for one section to impose upon another its rules of taste and propriety17 in conduct--and taste is often as strong to determine conduct as principle--as it is to make its literature acceptable to the other. If in the land of the sun and the jasmine and the alligator18 and the fig19, the literature of New England seems passionless and timid in face of the ruling emotions of life, ought we not to thank Heaven for the diversity of temperament20 as well as of climate which will in the long-run save us from that sameness into which we are supposed to be drifting?
When I think of this vast country with any attention to local developments I am more impressed with the unlikenesses than with the resemblances. And besides this, if one had the ability to draw to the life a single individual in the most homogeneous community, the product would be sufficiently21 startling. We cannot flatter ourselves, therefore, that under equal laws and opportunities we have rubbed out the saliencies of human nature. At a distance the mass of the Russian people seem as monotonous22 as their steppes and their commune villages, but the Russian novelists find characters in this mass perfectly23 individualized, and, indeed, give us the impression that all Russians are irregular polygons. Perhaps if our novelists looked at individuals as intently, they might give the world the impression that social life here is as unpleasant as it appears in the novels to be in Russia.
This is partly the substance of what was said one winter evening before the wood fire in the library of a house in Brandon, one of the lesser24 New England cities. Like hundreds of residences of its kind, it stood in the suburbs, amid forest-trees, commanding a view of city spires25 and towers on the one hand, and on the other of a broken country of clustering trees and cottages, rising towards a range of hills which showed purple and warm against the pale straw-color of the winter sunsets. The charm of the situation was that the house was one of many comfortable dwellings26, each isolated27, and yet near enough together to form a neighborhood; that is to say, a body of neighbors who respected each other's privacy, and yet flowed together, on occasion, without the least conventionality. And a real neighborhood, as our modern life is arranged, is becoming more and more rare.
I am not sure that the talkers in this conversation expressed their real, final sentiments, or that they should be held accountable for what they said. Nothing so surely kills the freedom of talk as to have some matter-of-fact person instantly bring you to book for some impulsive28 remark flashed out on the instant, instead of playing with it and tossing it about in a way that shall expose its absurdity29 or show its value. Freedom is lost with too much responsibility and seriousness, and the truth is more likely to be struck out in a lively play of assertion and retort than when all the words and sentiments are weighed. A person very likely cannot tell what he does think till his thoughts are exposed to the air, and it is the bright fallacies and impulsive, rash ventures in conversation that are often most fruitful to talker and listeners. The talk is always tame if no one dares anything. I have seen the most promising30 paradox31 come to grief by a simple "Do you think so?" Nobody, I sometimes think, should be held accountable for anything said in private conversation, the vivacity32 of which is in a tentative play about the subject. And this is a sufficient reason why one should repudiate33 any private conversation reported in the newspapers. It is bad enough to be held fast forever to what one writes and prints, but to shackle34 a man with all his flashing utterances35, which may be put into his mouth by some imp6 in the air, is intolerable slavery. A man had better be silent if he can only say today what he will stand by tomorrow, or if he may not launch into the general talk the whim36 and fancy of the moment. Racy, entertaining talk is only exposed thought, and no one would hold a man responsible for the thronging37 thoughts that contradict and displace each other in his mind. Probably no one ever actually makes up his mind until he either acts or puts out his conclusion beyond his recall. Why should one be debarred the privilege of pitching his crude ideas into a conversation where they may have a chance of being precipitated38?
I remember that Morgan said in this talk that there was too much diversity. "Almost every church has trouble with it--the different social conditions."
An Englishman who was present pricked-up his ears at this, as if he expected to obtain a note on the character of Dissenters39. "I thought all the churches here were organized on social affinities40?" he inquired.
"Oh, no; it is a good deal a matter of vicinage. When there is a real-estate extension, a necessary part of the plan is to build a church in the centre of it, in order to--"
"I declare, Page," said Mrs. Morgan, "you'll give Mr. Lyon a totally erroneous notion. Of course there must be a church convenient to the worshipers in every district."
"That is just what I was saying, my dear: As the settlement is not drawn41 together on religious grounds, but perhaps by purely42 worldly motives43, the elements that meet in the church are apt to be socially incongruous, such as cannot always be fused even by a church-kitchen and a church-parlor."
"Then it isn't the peculiarity44 of the church that has attracted to it worshipers who would naturally come together, but the church is a neighborhood necessity?" still further inquired Mr. Lyon.
"All is," I ventured to put in, "that churches grow up like schoolhouses, where they are wanted."
"I beg your pardon," said Mr. Morgan; "I'm talking about the kind of want that creates them. If it's the same that builds a music hall, or a gymnasium, or a railway waiting-room, I've nothing more to say."
"Is it your American idea, then, that a church ought to be formed only of people socially agreeable together?" asked the Englishman.
"I have no American idea. I am only commenting on facts; but one of them is that it is the most difficult thing in the world to reconcile religious association with the real or artificial claims of social life."
"I don't think you try much," said Mrs. Morgan, who carried along her traditional religious observance with grateful admiration45 of her husband.
Mr. Page Morgan had inherited money, and a certain advantageous46 position for observing life and criticising it, humorously sometimes, and without any serious intention of disturbing it. He had added to his fair fortune by marrying the daintily reared daughter of a cotton-spinner, and he had enough to do in attending meetings of directors and looking out for his investments to keep him from the operation of the State law regarding vagrants47, and give greater social weight to his opinions than if he had been compelled to work for his maintenance. The Page Morgans had been a good deal abroad, and were none the worse Americans for having come in contact with the knowledge that there are other peoples who are reasonably prosperous and happy without any of our advantages.
"It seems to me," said Mr. Lyon, who was always in the conversational48 attitude of wanting to know, "that you Americans are disturbed by the notion that religion ought to produce social equality."
Mr. Lyon had the air of conveying the impression that this question was settled in England, and that America was interesting on account of numerous experiments of this sort. This state of mind was not offensive to his interlocutors, because they were accustomed to it in transatlantic visitors. Indeed, there was nothing whatever offensive, and little defensive49, in Mr. John Lyon. What we liked in him, I think, was his simple acceptance of a position that required neither explanation nor apology--a social condition that banished50 a sense of his own personality, and left him perfectly free to be absolutely truthful51. Though an eldest52 son and next in succession to an earldom, he was still young. Fresh from Oxford53 and South Africa and Australia and British Columbia he had come to study the States with a view of perfecting himself for his duties as a legislator for the world when he should be called to the House of Peers. He did not treat himself like an earl, whatever consciousness he may have had that his prospective54 rank made it safe for him to flirt55 with the various forms of equality abroad in this generation.
"I don't know what Christianity is expected to produce," Mr. Morgan replied, in a meditative57 way; "but I have an idea that the early Christians58 in their assemblies all knew each other, having met elsewhere in social intercourse, or, if they were not acquainted, they lost sight of distinctions in one paramount59 interest. But then I don't suppose they were exactly civilized60."
"Were the Pilgrims and the Puritans?" asked Mrs. Fletcher, who now joined the talk, in which she had been a most animated61 and stimulating62 listener, her deep gray eyes dancing with intellectual pleasure.
"I should not like to answer 'no' to a descendant of the Mayflower. Yes, they were highly civilized. And if we had adhered to their methods, we should have avoided a good deal of confusion. The meeting-house, you remember, had a committee for seating people according to their quality. They were very shrewd, but it had not occurred to them to give the best pews to the sitters able to pay the most money for them. They escaped the perplexity of reconciling the mercantile and the religious ideas."
"At any rate," said Mrs. Fletcher, "they got all sorts of people inside the same meeting-house."
"Yes, and made them feel they were all sorts; but in those, days they were not much disturbed by that feeling."
"Do you mean to say," asked Mr. Lyon, "that in this country you have churches for the rich and other churches for the poor?"
"Not at all. We have in the cities rich churches and poor churches, with prices of pews according to the means of each sort, and the rich are always glad to have the poor come, and if they do not give them the best seats, they equalize it by taking up a collection for them."
"Mr. Lyon," Mrs. Morgan interrupted, "you are getting a travesty63 of the whole thing. I don't believe there is elsewhere in the world such a spirit of Christian56 charity as in our churches of all sects64."
"There is no doubt about the charity; but that doesn't seem to make the social machine run any more smoothly65 in the church associations. I'm not sure but we shall have to go back to the old idea of considering the churches places of worship, and not opportunities for sewing-societies, and the cultivation66 of social equality."
"I found the idea in Rome," said Mr. Lyon, "that the United States is now the most promising field for the spread and permanence of the Roman Catholic faith."
"How is that?" Mr. Fletcher asked, with a smile of Puritan incredulity.
"A high functionary67 at the Propaganda gave as a reason that the United States is the most democratic country and the Roman Catholic is the most democratic religion, having this one notion that all men, high or low, are equally sinners and equally in need of one thing only. And I must say that in this country I don't find the question of social equality interfering68 much with the work in their churches."
"That is because they are not trying to make this world any better, but only to prepare for another," said Mrs. Fletcher.
"Now, we think that the nearer we approach the kingdom-of-heaven idea on earth, the better off we shall be hereafter. Is that a modern idea?"
"It is an idea that is giving us a great deal of trouble. We've got into such a sophisticated state that it seems easier to take care of the future than of the present."
"And it isn't a very bad doctrine69 that if you take care of the present, the future will take care of itself," rejoined Mrs. Fletcher.
"Yes, I know," insisted Mr. Morgan; "it's the modern notion of accumulation and compensation--take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves--the gospel of Benjamin Franklin."
"Ah," I said, looking up at the entrance of a newcomer, "you are just in time, Margaret, to give the coup70 de grace, for it is evident by Mr. Morgan's reference, in his Bunker Hill position, to Franklin, that he is getting out of powder."
The girl stood a moment, her slight figure framed in the doorway71, while the company rose to greet her, with a half-hesitating, half-inquiring look in her bright face which I had seen in it a thousand times.
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congregate
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| v.(使)集合，聚集 | |
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allot
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| v.分配；拨给；n.部分；小块菜地 | |
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conscientiousness
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| 责任心 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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imp
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| n.顽童 | |
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diffusion
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| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
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digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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simile
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| n.直喻，明喻 | |
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treacle
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| n.糖蜜 | |
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tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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alligator
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| n.短吻鳄(一种鳄鱼) | |
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fig
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| n.无花果(树) | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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impulsive
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| adj.冲动的，刺激的；有推动力的 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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paradox
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| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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repudiate
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| v.拒绝，拒付，拒绝履行 | |
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shackle
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| n.桎梏，束缚物；v.加桎梏，加枷锁，束缚 | |
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utterances
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| n.发声( utterance的名词复数 )；说话方式；语调；言论 | |
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whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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thronging
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的现在分词 ) | |
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precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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dissenters
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| n.持异议者，持不同意见者( dissenter的名词复数 ) | |
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affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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vagrants
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| 流浪者( vagrant的名词复数 )； 无业游民； 乞丐； 无赖 | |
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conversational
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| adj.对话的，会话的 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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flirt
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| v.调情，挑逗，调戏；n.调情者，卖俏者 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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meditative
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| adj.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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travesty
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| n.歪曲，嘲弄，滑稽化 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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functionary
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| n.官员；公职人员 | |
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interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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