Of British universities, Cambridge has the most illustrious names on its list. At the present day, too, it has the advantage of Oxford1, counting in its alumni a greater number of distinguished2 scholars. I regret that I had but a single day wherein to see King’s College Chapel3, the beautiful lawns and gardens of the colleges, and a few of its gownsmen.
But I availed myself of some repeated invitations to Oxford, where I had introductions to Dr. Daubeny, Professor of Botany, and to the Regius Professor of Divinity, as well as to a valued friend, a Fellow of Oriel, and went thither5 on the last day of March, 1848. I was the guest of my friend in Oriel, was housed close upon that college, and I lived on college hospitalities.
My new friends showed me their cloisters6, the Bodleian Library, the Randolph Gallery, Merton Hall, and the rest. I saw several faithful, high-minded young men, some of them in the mood of making sacrifices for peace of mind, — a topic, of course, on which I had no counsel to offer. Their affectionate and gregarious7 ways reminded me at once of the habits of our Cambridge men, though I imputed8 to these English an advantage in their secure and polished manners. The halls are rich with oaken wainscoting and ceiling. The pictures of the founders9 hang from the walls; the tables glitter with plate. A youth came forward to the upper table, and pronounced the ancient form of grace before meals, which, I suppose, has been in use here for ages, Benedictus benedicat; benedicitur, benedicatur.
It is a curious proof of the English use and wont10, or of their good nature, that these young men are locked up every night at nine o’clock, and the porter at each hall is required to give the name of any belated student who is admitted after that hour. Still more descriptive is the fact, that out of twelve hundred young men, comprising the most spirited of the aristocracy, a duel11 has never occurred.
Oxford is old, even in England, and conservative. Its foundations date from Alfred, and even from Arthur, if, as is alleged12, the Pheryllt of the Druids had a seminary here. In the reign13 of Edward I., it is pretended, here were thirty thousand students; and nineteen most noble foundations were then established. Chaucer found it as firm as if it had always stood; and it is, in British story, rich with great names, the school of the island, and the link of England to the learned of Europe. Hither came Erasmus, with delight, in 1497. Albericus Gentilis, in 1580, was relieved and maintained by the university. Albert Alaskie, a noble Polonian, Prince of Sirad, who visited England to admire the wisdom of Queen Elizabeth, was entertained with stage-plays in the Refectory of Christchurch, in 1583. Isaac Casaubon, coming from Henri Quatre of France, by invitation of James I., was admitted to Christ’s College, in July, 1613. I saw the Ashmolean Museum, whither Elias Ashmole, in 1682, sent twelve cart-loads of rarities. Here indeed was the Olympia of all Antony Wood’s and Aubrey’s games and heroes, and every inch of ground has its lustre14. For Wood’s Athenae Oxonienses, or calendar of the writers of Oxford for two hundred years, is a lively record of English manners and merits, and as much a national monument as Purchas’s Pilgrims or Hansard’s Register. On every side, Oxford is redolent of age and authority. Its gates shut of themselves against modern innovation. It is still governed by the statutes15 of Archbishop Laud16. The books in Merton Library are still chained to the wall. Here, on August 27, 1660, John Milton’s Pro4 Populo Anglicano Defensio, and Iconoclastes were committed to the flames. I saw the school-court or quadrangle, where, in 1683, the Convocation caused the Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes to be publicly burnt. I do not know whether this learned body have yet heard of the Declaration of American Independence, or whether the Ptolemaic astronomy does not still hold its ground against the novelties of Copernicus.
As many sons, almost so many benefactors17. It is usual for a nobleman, or indeed for almost every wealthy student, on quitting college, to leave behind him some article of plate; and gifts of all values, from a hall, or a fellowship, or a library, down to a picture or a spoon, are continually accruing18, in the course of a century. My friend Doctor J., gave me the following anecdote19. In Sir Thomas Lawrence’s collection at London, were the cartoons of Raphael and Michel Angelo. This inestimable prize was offered to Oxford University for seven thousand pounds. The offer was accepted, and the committee charged with the affair had collected three thousand pounds, when among other friends, they called on Lord Eldon. Instead of a hundred pounds, he surprised them by putting down his name for three thousand pounds. They told him, they should now very easily raise the remainder. “No,” he said, “your men have probably already contributed all they can spare; I can as well give the rest”: and he withdrew his cheque for three thousand, and wrote four thousand pounds. I saw the whole collection in April, 1848.
In the Bodleian Library, Dr. Bandinel showed me the manuscript Plato, of the date of A. D. 896, brought by Dr. Clarke from Egypt; a manuscript Virgil, of the same century; the first Bible printed at Mentz, (I believe in 1450); and a duplicate of the same, which had been deficient20 in about twenty leaves at the end. But, one day, being in Venice, he bought a room full of books and manuscripts, — every scrap21 and fragment, — for four thousand louis d’ors, and had the doors locked and sealed by the consul22. On proceeding23, afterwards, to examine his purchase, he found the twenty deficient pages of his Mentz Bible, in perfect order; brought them to Oxford, with the rest of his purchase, and placed them in the volume; but has too much awe24 for the Providence25 that appears in bibliography26 also, to suffer the reunited parts to be re-bound. The oldest building here is two hundred years younger than the frail27 manuscript brought by Dr. Clarke from Egypt. No candle or fire is ever lighted in the Bodleian. Its catalogue is the standard catalogue on the desk of every library in Oxford. In each several college, they underscore in red ink on this catalogue the titles of books contained in the library of that college, — the theory being that the Bodleian has all books. This rich library spent during the last year (1847) for the purchase of books 1668 pounds.
The logical English train a scholar as they train an engineer. Oxford is a Greek factory, as Wilton mills weave carpet, and Sheffield grinds steel. They know the use of a tutor, as they know the use of a horse; and they draw the greatest amount of benefit out of both. The reading men are kept by hard walking, hard riding, and measured eating and drinking, at the top of their condition, and two days before the examination, do not work, but lounge, ride, or run, to be fresh on the college doomsday. Seven years’ residence is the theoretic period for a master’s degree. In point of fact, it has long been three years’ residence, and four years more of standing29. This “three years” is about twenty-one months in all. 17
17 Huber, ii. p. 304.
“The whole expense,” says Professor Sewel, “of ordinary college tuition at Oxford, is about sixteen guineas a year.” But this plausible30 statement may deceive a reader unacquainted with the fact, that the principal teaching relied on is private tuition. And the expenses of private tuition are reckoned at from 50 to 70 pounds a year, or, $1000 for the whole course of three years and a half. At Cambridge $750 a year is economical, and $1500 not extravagant31. 18
18 Bristed. Five Years at an English University.
The number of students and of residents, the dignity of the authorities, the value of the foundations, the history and the architecture, the known sympathy of entire Britain in what is done there, justify32 a dedication33 to study in the undergraduate, such as cannot easily be in America, where his college is half suspected by the Freshman34 to be insignificant35 in the scale beside trade and politics. Oxford is a little aristocracy in itself, numerous and dignified36 enough to rank with other estates in the realm; and where fame and secular37 promotion38 are to be had for study, and in a direction which has the unanimous respect of all cultivated nations.
This aristocracy, of course, repairs its own losses; fills places, as they fall vacant, from the body of students. The number of fellowships at Oxford is 540, averaging 200 pounds a year, with lodging39 and diet at the college. If a young American, loving learning, and hindered by poverty, were offered a home, a table, the walks, and the library, in one of these academical palaces, and a thousand dollars a year as long as he chose to remain a bachelor, he would dance for joy. Yet these young men thus happily placed, and paid to read, are impatient of their few checks, and many of them preparing to resign their fellowships. They shuddered40 at the prospect41 of dying a Fellow, and they pointed42 out to me a paralytic43 old man, who was assisted into the hall. As the number of undergraduates at Oxford is only about 1200 or 1300, and many of these are never competitors, the chance of a fellowship is very great. The income of the nineteen colleges is conjectured44 at 150,000 pounds a year.
The effect of this drill is the radical45 knowledge of Greek and Latin, and of mathematics, and the solidity and taste of English criticism. Whatever luck there may be in this or that award, an Eton captain can write Latin longs and shorts, can turn the Court-Guide into hexameters, and it is certain that a Senior Classic can quote correctly from the Corpus Poetarum, and is critically learned in all the humanities. Greek erudition exists on the Isis and Cam, whether the Maud man or the Brazen46 Nose man be properly ranked or not; the atmosphere is loaded with Greek learning; the whole river has reached a certain height, and kills all that growth of weeds, which this Castalian water kills. The English nature takes culture kindly47. So Milton thought. It refines the Norseman. Access to the Greek mind lifts his standard of taste. He has enough to think of, and, unless of an impulsive48 nature, is indisposed from writing or speaking, by the fulness of his mind, and the new severity of his taste. The great silent crowd of thorough-bred Grecians always known to be around him, the English writer cannot ignore. They prune49 his orations50, and point his pen. Hence, the style and tone of English journalism51. The men have learned accuracy and comprehension, logic28, and pace, or speed of working. They have bottom, endurance, wind. When born with good constitutions, they make those eupeptic studying-mills, the cast-iron men, the dura ilia, whose powers of performance compare with ours, as the steam-hammer with the music-box; — Cokes, Mansfields, Seldens, and Bentleys, and when it happens that a superior brain puts a rider on this admirable horse, we obtain those masters of the world who combine the highest energy in affairs, with a supreme52 culture.
It is contended by those who have been bred at Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Westminster, that the public sentiment within each of those schools is high-toned and manly53; that, in their playgrounds, courage is universally admired, meanness despised, manly feelings and generous conduct are encouraged: that an unwritten code of honor deals to the spoiled child of rank, and to the child of upstart wealth an even-handed justice, purges54 their nonsense out of both, and does all that can be done to make them gentlemen.
Again, at the universities, it is urged, that all goes to form what England values as the flower of its national life, — a well-educated gentleman. The German Huber, in describing to his countrymen the attributes of an English gentleman, frankly55 admits, that, “in Germany, we have nothing of the kind. A gentleman must possess a political character, an independent and public position, or, at least, the right of assuming it. He must have average opulence56, either of his own, or in his family. He should also have bodily activity and strength, unattainable by our sedentary life in public offices. The race of English gentlemen presents an appearance of manly vigor57 and form, not elsewhere to be found among an equal number of persons. No other nation produces the stock. And, in England, it has deteriorated58. The university is a decided59 presumption60 in any man’s favor. And so eminent61 are the members that a glance at the calendars will show that in all the world one cannot be in better company than on the books of one of the larger Oxford or Cambridge colleges.” 19
19 Huber: History of the English Universities. Newman’s Translation.
These seminaries are finishing schools for the upper classes, and not for the poor. The useful is exploded. The definition of a public school is “a school which excludes all that could fit a man for standing behind a counter.” 20
20 See Bristed. Five Years in an English University. New York. 1852.
No doubt, the foundations have been perverted62. Oxford, which equals in wealth several of the smaller European states, shuts up the lectureships which were made “public for all men thereunto to have concourse;” mis-spends the revenues bestowed63 for such youths “as should be most meet for towardness, poverty, and painfulness;” there is gross favoritism; many chairs and many fellowships are made beds of ease; and ‘tis likely that the university will know how to resist and make inoperative the terrors of parliamentary inquiry64; no doubt, their learning is grown obsolete65; — but Oxford also has its merits, and I found here also proof of the national fidelity66 and thoroughness. Such knowledge as they prize they possess and impart. Whether in course or by indirection, whether by a cramming67 tutor or by examiners with prizes and foundation scholarships, education according to the English notion of it is arrived at. I looked over the Examination Papers of the year 1848, for the various scholarships and fellowships, the Lusby, the Hertford, the Dean-Ireland, and the University, (copies of which were kindly given me by a Greek professor,) containing the tasks which many competitors had victoriously68 performed, and I believed they would prove too severe tests for the candidates for a Bachelor’s degree in Yale or Harvard. And, in general, here was proof of a more searching study in the appointed directions, and the knowledge pretended to be conveyed was conveyed. Oxford sends out yearly twenty or thirty very able men, and three or four hundred well-educated men.
The diet and rough exercise secure a certain amount of old Norse power. A fop will fight, and, in exigent circumstances, will play the manly part. In seeing these youths, I believed I saw already an advantage in vigor and color and general habit, over their contemporaries in the American colleges. No doubt much of the power and brilliancy of the reading-men is merely constitutional or hygienic. With a hardier69 habit and resolute70 gymnastics, with five miles more walking, or five ounces less eating, or with a saddle and gallop71 of twenty miles a day, with skating and rowing-matches, the American would arrive at as robust72 exegesis73, and cheery and hilarious74 tone. I should readily concede these advantages, which it would be easy to acquire, if I did not find also that they read better than we, and write better.
English wealth falling on their school and university training, makes a systematic75 reading of the best authors, and to the end of a knowledge how the things whereof they treat really stand: whilst pamphleteer or journalist reading for an argument for a party, or reading to write, or, at all events, for some by-end imposed on them, must read meanly and fragmentarily. Charles I. said, that he understood English law as well as a gentleman ought to understand it.
Then they have access to books; the rich libraries collected at every one of many thousands of houses, give an advantage not to be attained76 by a youth in this country, when one thinks how much more and better may be learned by a scholar, who, immediately on hearing of a book, can consult it, than by one who is on the quest, for years, and reads inferior books, because he cannot find the best.
Again, the great number of cultivated men keep each other up to a high standard. The habit of meeting well-read and knowing men teaches the art of omission77 and selection.
Universities are, of course, hostile to geniuses, which seeing and using ways of their own, discredit78 the routine: as churches and monasteries79 persecute80 youthful saints. Yet we all send our sons to college, and, though he be a genius, he must take his chance. The university must be retrospective. The gale81 that gives direction to the vanes on all its towers blows out of antiquity82. Oxford is a library, and the professors must be librarians. And I should as soon think of quarrelling with the janitor83 for not magnifying his office by hostile sallies into the street, like the Governor of Kertch or Kinburn, as of quarrelling with the professors for not admiring the young neologists who pluck the beards of Euclid and Aristotle, or for not attempting themselves to fill their vacant shelves as original writers.
It is easy to carp at colleges, and the college, if we will wait for it, will have its own turn. Genius exists there also, but will not answer a call of a committee of the House of Commons. It is rare, precarious84, eccentric, and darkling. England is the land of mixture and surprise, and when you have settled it that the universities are moribund85, out comes a poetic86 influence from the heart of Oxford, to mould the opinions of cities, to build their houses as simply as birds their nests, to give veracity87 to art, and charm mankind, as an appeal to moral order always must. But besides this restorative genius, the best poetry of England of this age, in the old forms, comes from two graduates of Cambridge.
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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pro
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| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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imputed
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| v.把（错误等）归咎于( impute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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accruing
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| v.增加( accrue的现在分词 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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anecdote
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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bibliography
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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dedication
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freshman
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| n.大学一年级学生(可兼指男女) | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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secular
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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shuddered
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| v.战栗( shudder的过去式和过去分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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paralytic
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| adj. 瘫痪的 n. 瘫痪病人 | |
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conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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radical
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brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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impulsive
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| adj.冲动的，刺激的；有推动力的 | |
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prune
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orations
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journalism
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| n.新闻工作，报业 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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purges
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| 清除异己( purge的名词复数 )； 整肃（行动）； 清洗； 泻药 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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opulence
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| n.财富，富裕 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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deteriorated
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| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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67
cramming
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| n.塞满，填鸭式的用功v.塞入( cram的现在分词 )；填塞；塞满；（为考试而）死记硬背功课 | |
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68
victoriously
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| adv.获胜地，胜利地 | |
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hardier
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| 能吃苦耐劳的，坚强的( hardy的比较级 )； （植物等）耐寒的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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exegesis
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| n.注释，解释 | |
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hilarious
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| adj.充满笑声的，欢闹的；[反]depressed | |
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systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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76
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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discredit
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| vt.使不可置信；n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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persecute
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| vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰 | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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83
janitor
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| n.看门人，管门人 | |
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84
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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moribund
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| adj.即将结束的，垂死的 | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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veracity
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| n.诚实 | |
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