In the first place, by way of clearing the decks for action, I am going to start even by getting rid once for all (so far as we are here concerned) of that famous but misleading old distinction between genius and talent. It is really a distinction without a difference. I suppose there is probably no subject under heaven on which so much high-flown stuff and nonsense has been talked and written as upon this well-known and much-debated hair-splitting discrimination. It is just like that other great distinction between fancy and imagination, about which poets and essayists discoursed14 so fluently at the beginning of the present century, until at last one fine day the world at large woke up suddenly to the unpleasant consciousness that it had been wasting its time over a non-existent difference, and that fancy and imagination were after all absolutely identical. Now, I won't dogmatically assert that talent and genius are exactly one and the same thing; but I do assert that genius is simply talent raised to a slightly higher power; it differs from it not in kind but merely in degree: it is talent at its best. There is no drawing a hard-and-fast line of demarcation between the two. You might just as well try to classify all mankind into tall men and short men, and then endeavour to prove that a real distinction existed in nature between your two artificial classes. As a matter of fact, men differ in height and in ability by infinitesimal gradations: some men are very short, others rather short, others medium-sized, others tall, and yet others again of portentous16 stature17 like Mr. Chang and Jacob Omnium. So, too, some men are idiots, some are next door to a fool, some are stupid, some are worthy18 people, some are intelligent, some are clever, and some geniuses. But genius is only the culminating point of ordinary cleverness, and if you were to try and draw up a list of all the real geniuses in the last hundred years, no two people could ever be found to agree among themselves as to which should be included and which excluded from the artificial catalogue. I have heard Kingsley and Charles Lamb described as geniuses, and I have heard them both absolutely denied every sort of literary merit. Carlyle thought Darwin a poor creature, and Comte regarded Hegel himself as an empty windbag19.
The fact is, most of the grandiose20 talk about the vast gulf21 which separates genius from mere15 talent has been published and set abroad by those fortunate persons who fell, or fancied themselves to fall, under the former highly satisfactory and agreeable category. Genius, in short, real or self-suspected, has always been at great pains to glorify22 itself at the expense of poor, common-place, inferior talent. There is a certain type of great man in particular which is never tired of dilating23 upon the noble supremacy24 of its own greatness over the spurious imitation. It offers incense25 obliquely26 to itself in offering it generically27 to the class genius. It brings ghee to its own image. There are great men, for example, such as Lord Lytton, Disraeli, Victor Hugo, the Lion Comique, and Mr. Oscar Wilde, who pose perpetually as great men; they cry aloud to the poor silly public so far beneath them, 'I am a genius! Admire me! Worship me!' Against this Byronic self-elevation on an a?rial pedestal, high above the heads of the blind and battling multitude, we poor common mortals, who are not unfortunately geniuses, are surely entitled to enter occasionally our humble28 protest. Our contention29 is that the genius only differs from the man of ability as the man of ability differs from the intelligent man, and the intelligent man from the worthy person of sound common sense. The sliding scale of brains has infinite gradations; and the gradations merge30 insensibly into one another. There is no gulf, no gap, no sudden jump of nature; here as elsewhere, throughout the whole range of her manifold productions, our common mother saltum non facit.
The question before the house, then, narrows itself down finally to this; what are the conditions under which exceptional ability or high talent is likely to arise?
Now, I suppose everybody is ready to admit that two complete born fools are not at all likely to become the proud father and happy mother of a Shakespeare or a Newton. I suppose everybody will unhesitatingly allow that a great mathematician31 could hardly by any conceivable chance arise among the South African Bushmen, who cannot understand the arduous32 arithmetical proposition that two and two make four. No amount of education or careful training, I take it, would suffice to elevate the most profoundly artistic33 among the Veddahs of Ceylon, who cannot even comprehend an English drawing of a dog or horse, into a respectable president of the Royal Academy. It is equally unlikely (as it seems to me) that a Mendelssohn or a Beethoven could be raised in the bosom34 of a family all of whose members on either side were incapable35 (like a distinguished36 modern English poet) of discriminating37 any one note in an octave from any other. Such leaps as these would be little short of pure miracles. They would be equivalent to the sudden creation, without antecedent cause, of a whole vast system of nerves and nerve-centres in the prodigious38 brain of some infant phenomenon.
On the other hand, much of the commonplace, shallow fashionable talk about hereditary39 genius—I don't mean, of course, the talk of our Darwins and Galtons, but the cheap drawing-room philosophy of easy sciolists who can't understand them—is itself fully40 as absurd in its own way as the idea that something can come out of nothing. For it is no explanation of the existence of genius to say that it is hereditary. You only put the difficulty one place back. Granting that young Alastor Jones is a budding poet because his father, Percy Bysshe Jones, was a poet before him, why, pray, was Jones the elder a poet at all, to start with? This kind of explanation, in fact, explains nothing; it begins by positing41 the existence of one original genius, absolutely unaccounted for, and then proceeds blandly42 to point out that the other geniuses derive43 their characteristics from him, by virtue44 of descent, just as all the sons of a peer are born honourables. The elephant supports the earth, and the tortoise supports the elephant, but who, pray, supports the tortoise? If the first chicken came out of an egg, what was the origin of the hen that laid it?
Besides, the allegation as it stands is not even a true one. Genius, as we actually know it, is by no means hereditary. The great man is not necessarily the son of a great man or the father of a great man: often enough, he stands quite isolated45, a solitary46 golden link in a chain of baser metal on either side of him. Mr. John Shakespeare woolstapler, of Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, was no doubt an eminently47 respectable person in his own trade, and he had sufficient intelligence to be mayor of his native town once upon a time: but, so far as is known, none of his literary remains48 are at all equal to Macbeth or Othello. Parson Newton, of the Parish of Woolsthorpe, in Lincolnshire, may have preached a great many very excellent and convincing discourses49, but there is no evidence of any sort that he ever attempted to write the Principia. Per contra the Miss Miltons, good young ladies that they were (though of conflicting memory), do not appear to have differed conspicuously50 in ability from the other Priscillas and Patiences and Mercies amongst whom their lot was cast; while the Marlboroughs and the Wellingtons do not seem to bud out spontaneously into great commanders in the second generation. True, there are numerous cases such as that of the Herschels, father and son, or the two Scaligers, or the Caracci, or the Pitts, or the Scipios, and a dozen more, where the genius, once developed, has persisted for two or three, or even four lives: but these instances really cast no light at all upon our central problem, which is just this—How does the genius come in the first place to be developed at all from parents in whom individually no particular genius is ultimately to be seen?
Suppose we take, to start with, a race of hunting savages52 in the earliest, lowest, and most undifferentiated stage, we shall get really next to no personal peculiarities53 or idiosyncrasies of any sort amongst them. Every one of them will be a good hunter, a good fisherman, a good scalper and a good manufacturer of bows and arrows. Division of labour, and the other troublesome technicalities of our modern political economy, are as unknown among such folk as the modern nuisance of dressing55 for dinner. Each man performs all the functions of a citizen on his own account, because there is nobody else to perform them for him—the medium of exchange known as hard cash has not, so far as he is concerned, yet been invented; and he performs them well, such as they are, because he inherits from all his ancestors aptitudes56 of brain and muscle in these directions, owing to the simple fact that those among his collateral57 predecessors58 who didn't know how to snare59 a bird, or were hopelessly stupid in the art of chipping flint arrowheads, died out of starvation, leaving no representatives. The beneficent institution of the poor law does not exist among savages, in order to enable the helpless and incompetent60 to bring up families in their own image. There, survival of the fittest still works out its own ultimately benevolent61 and useful end in its own directly cruel and relentless62 way, cutting off ruthlessly the stupid or the weak, and allowing only the strong and the cunning to become the parents of future generations.
Hence every young savage51, being descended63 on both sides from ancestors who in their own way perfectly64 fulfilled the ideal of complete savagery—were good hunters, good fishers, good fighters, good craftsmen65 of bow or boomerang—inherits from these his successful predecessors all those qualities of eye and hand and brain and nervous system which go to make up the abstractly Admirable Crichton of a savage. The qualities in question are ensured in him by two separate means. In the first place, survival of the fittest takes care that he and all his ancestors shall have duly possessed66 them to some extent to start with; in the second place, constant practice from boyhood upward increases and develops the original faculty67. Thus savages, as a rule, display absolutely astonishing ability and cleverness in the few lines which they have made their own. Their cunning in hunting, their patience in fishing, their skill in trapping, their infinite dodges68 for deceiving and cajoling the animals or enemies that they need to outwit, have moved the wonder and admiration69 of innumerable travellers. The savage, in fact, is not stupid: in his own way his cleverness is extraordinary. But the way is a very narrow and restricted one, and all savages of the same race walk in it exactly alike. Cunning they have, skill they have, instinct they have, to a most marvellous degree; but of spontaneity, originality70, initiative, variability, not a single spark. Know one savage of a tribe and you know them all. Their cleverness is not the cleverness of the individual man: it is the inherited and garnered71 intelligence or instinct of the entire race.
How, then, do originality, diversity, individuality, genius, begin to come in? In this way, as it seems to me, looking at the matter both à priori and by the light of actual experience.
Suppose a country inhabited in its interior by a savage race of hunters and fighters, and on its seaboard by an equally savage race of pirates and fishermen, like the Dyaks of Borneo. Each of these races, if left to itself, will develop in time its own peculiar54 and special type of savage cleverness. Each (in the scientific slang of the day) will adapt itself to its particular environment. The people of the interior will acquire and inherit a wonderful facility in spearing monkeys and knocking down parrots; while the people of the sea-coast will become skilful72 managers of canoes upon the water, and merciless plunderers of one another's villages, after the universal fashion of all pirates. These original differences of position and function will necessarily entail73 a thousand minor74 differences of intelligence and skill in a thousand different ways. For example, the sea-coast people, having of pure need to make themselves canoes and paddles, will probably learn to decorate their handicraft with ornamental75 patterns; and the ?sthetic taste thus aroused will, no doubt, finally lead them to adorn3 the fa?ades of their wooden huts with the grinning skulls76 of slaughtered77 enemies, prettily78 disposed at measured distances. A thoughtless world may laugh, indeed, at these na?ve expressions of the nascent79 artistic and decorative80 faculties81 in the savage breast, but the ?sthetic philosopher knows how to appreciate them at their true worth, and to see in them the earliest ingenuous82 precursors83 of our own Salisbury, Lichfield, and Westminster.
Now, so long as these two imaginary races of ours continue to remain distinct and separate, it is not likely that idiosyncrasies or varieties to any great extent will arise among them. But, as soon as you permit intermarriage to take place, the inherited and developed qualities of the one race will be liable to crop up in the next generation, diversely intermixed in every variety of degree with the inherited and developed qualities of the other. The children may take after either parent in any combination of qualities whatsoever84. You have admitted an apparently85 capricious element of individuality: a power on the part of the half-breeds of differing from one another to an extent quite impossible in the two original homogeneous societies. In one word, you have made possible the future existence of diversity in character.
If, now, we turn from these perfectly simple savage communities to our own very complex and heterogeneous86 world, what do we find? An endless variety of soldiers, sailors, tinkers, tailors, butchers, bakers87, candlestick makers88, and jolly undertakers, most of whom fall into a certain rough number of classes, each with its own developed and inherited traits and peculiarities. Our world is made up, like the world of ancient Egypt and of modern India, of an immense variety of separate castes—not, indeed, rigidly89 demarcated and strictly90 limited as in those extremely hierarchical societies, but still very fairly hereditary in character, and given on the average to a tolerably close system of intermarriage within the caste.
For example, there is the agricultural labourer caste—the Hodge Chawbacon of urban humour, who in his military avatar also reappears as Tommy Atkins, a little transfigured, but at bottom identical—the alternative aspect of a single undivided central reality. Hodge for the most part lives and dies in his ancestral village: marries Mary, the daughter of Hodge Secundus of that parish, and begets91 assorted92 Hodges and Marys in vast quantities, all of the same pattern, to replenish93 the earth in the next generation. There you have a very well-marked hereditary caste, little given to intermixture with others, and from whose members, however recruited by fresh blood, the object of our quest, the Divine Genius, is very unlikely to find his point of origin. Then there is the town artisan caste, sprung originally, indeed, from the ranks of the Hodges, but naturally selected out of its most active, enterprising, and intelligent individuals, and often of many generations standing94 in various forms of handicraft. This is a far higher and more promising95 type of humanity, from the judicious96 intermixture of whose best elements we are apt to get our Stephensons, our Arkwrights, our Telfords, and our Edisons. In a rank of life just above the last, we find the fixed and immobile farmer caste, which only rarely blossoms out, under favourable97 circumstances on both sides, into a stray Cobbett or an almost miraculous98 miller99 Constable100. The shopkeepers are a tribe of more varied101 interests and more diversified102 lives. An immense variety of brain elements are called into play by their diverse functions in diverse lines; and when we take them in conjunction with the upper mercantile grades, which are chiefly composed of their ablest and most successful members, we get considerable chances of those happy blendings of individual excellences104 in their casual marriages which go to make up talent, and, in their final outcome, genius. Last of all, in the professional and upper classes there is a freedom and play of faculty everywhere going on, which in the chances of intermarriage between lawyer-folk and doctor-folk, scientific people and artistic people, county families and bishops105 or law lords, and so forth ad infinitum, offers by far the best opportunities of any for the occasional development of that rare product of the highest humanity, the genuine genius.
But in every case it is, I believe, essentially106 intermixture of variously acquired hereditary characteristics that makes the best and truest geniuses. Left to itself, each separate line of caste ancestry107 would tend to produce a certain fixed Chinese or Japanese perfection of handicraft in a certain definite, restricted direction, but not probably anything worth calling real genius. For example, a family of artists, starting with some sort of manual dexterity108 in imitating natural forms and colours with paint and pencil, and strictly intermarrying always with other families possessing exactly the same inherited endowments, would probably go on getting more and more woodenly accurate in its drawing; more and more conventionally correct in its grouping; more and more technically109 perfect in its perspective and light-and-shade, and so forth, by pure dint110 of accumulated hereditary experience from generation to generation. It would pass from the Egyptian to the Chinese style of art by slow degrees and with infinite gradations. But suppose, instead of thus rigorously confining itself to its own caste, this family of handicraft artists were to intermarry freely with poetical111, or seafaring, or candlestick-making stocks. What would be the consequence? Why, such an infiltration112 of other hereditary characteristics, otherwise acquired, as might make the young painters of future generations more wide minded, more diversified, more individualistic, more vivid and lifelike. Some divine spark of poetical imagination, some tenderness of sentiment, some play of fancy, unknown perhaps, to the hard, dry, matter-of-fact limners of the ancestral school, might thus be introduced into the original line of hereditary artists. In this way one can easily see how even intermarriage with non-artistic stocks might improve the breed of a family of painters. For while each caste, left to itself, is liable to harden down into a mere technical excellence103 after its own kind, a wooden facility for drawing faces, or casting up columns of figures, or hacking113 down enemies, or building steam-engines, a healthy cross with other castes is liable to bring in all kinds of new and valuable qualities, each of which, though acquired perhaps in a totally, different line of life, is apt to bear a new application in the new complex whereof it now forms a part.
In our very varied modern societies, every man and every woman, in the upper and middle ranks of life at least, has an individuality and an idiosyncrasy so compounded of endless varying stocks and races. Here is one whose father was an Irishman and his mother a Scotchwoman; here is another whose paternal114 line were country parsons, while his maternal115 ancestors were city merchants or distinguished soldiers. Take almost anybody's 'sixteen quarters'—his great-great grandfathers and great-great grandmothers, of whom he has sixteen all told—and what do you often find? A peer, a cobbler, a barrister, a common sailor, a Welsh doctor, a Dutch merchant, a Huguenot pastor116, a cornet of horse, an Irish heiress, a farmer's daughter, a housemaid, an actress, a Devonshire beauty, a rich young lady of sugar-broking extraction, a Lady Carolina, a London lodging-house keeper. This is not by any means an exaggerated case; it would be easy, indeed, from one's own knowledge of family histories to supply a great many real examples far more startling than this partially117 imaginary one. With such a variety of racial and professional antecedents behind us, what infinite possibilities are opened before us of children with ability, folly118, stupidity, genius?
Infinite numbers of intermixtures everywhere exist in civilised societies. Most of them are passable; many of them are execrable; a few of them are admirable; and here and there, one of them consists of that happy blending of individual characteristics which we all immediately recognise as genius—at least after somebody else has told us so.
The ultimate recipe for genius, then, would appear to be somewhat after this fashion. Take a number of good, strong, powerful stocks, mentally or physically119, endowed with something more than the average amount of energy and application. Let them be as varied as possible in characteristics; and, so far as convenient, try to include among them a considerable small-change of races, dispositions120, professions, and temperaments121. Mix, by marriage, to the proper consistency122; educate the offspring, especially by circumstances and environment, as broadly, freely, and diversely as you can; let them all intermarry again with other similarly produced, but personally unlike, idiosyncrasies; and watch the result to find your genius in the fourth or fifth generation. If the experiment has been properly performed, and all the conditions have been decently favourable, you will get among the resultant five hundred persons a considerable sprinkling of average fools, a fair proportion of modest mediocrities, a small number of able people, and (in case you are exceptionally lucky and have shuffled123 your cards very carefully) perhaps among them all a single genius. But most probably the genius will have died young of scarlet124 fever, or missed fire through some tiny defect of internal brain structure. Nature herself is trying this experiment unaided every day all around us, and, though she makes a great many misses, occasionally she makes a stray hit and then we get a Shakespeare or a Grimaldi.
'But you haven't proved all this: you have only suggested it.' Does one prove a thesis of deep-reaching importance in a ten-page essay? And if one proved it in a big book, with classified examples and detailed125 genealogies126 of all the geniuses, would anybody on earth except Mr. Francis Galton ever take the trouble to read it?
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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promiscuous
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| adj.杂乱的，随便的 | |
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fixed
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sundry
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relatively
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forth
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figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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stockbrokers
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eminent
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eldest
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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discoursed
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| 演说（discourse的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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portentous
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stature
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worthy
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windbag
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grandiose
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gulf
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glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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dilating
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supremacy
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incense
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obliquely
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generically
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humble
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contention
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merge
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mathematician
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arduous
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artistic
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bosom
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incapable
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distinguished
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discriminating
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prodigious
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hereditary
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positing
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blandly
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derive
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virtue
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isolated
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solitary
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eminently
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remains
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discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiarities
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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aptitudes
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| （学习方面的）才能，资质，天资( aptitude的名词复数 ) | |
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collateral
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| adj.平行的；旁系的；n.担保品 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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snare
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| n.陷阱，诱惑，圈套；（去除息肉或者肿瘤的）勒除器；响弦，小军鼓；vt.以陷阱捕获，诱惑 | |
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incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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62
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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63
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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craftsmen
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| n. 技工 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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68
dodges
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| n.闪躲( dodge的名词复数 )；躲避；伎俩；妙计v.闪躲( dodge的第三人称单数 )；回避 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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71
garnered
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| v.收集并（通常）贮藏（某物），取得，获得( garner的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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nascent
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| adj.初生的，发生中的 | |
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decorative
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| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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82
ingenuous
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| adj.纯朴的，单纯的；天真的；坦率的 | |
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83
precursors
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| n.先驱( precursor的名词复数 )；先行者；先兆；初期形式 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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bakers
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| n.面包师( baker的名词复数 )；面包店；面包店店主；十三 | |
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makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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begets
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| v.为…之生父( beget的第三人称单数 )；产生，引起 | |
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assorted
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| adj.各种各样的，各色俱备的 | |
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replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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99
miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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100
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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101
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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diversified
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| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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103
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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104
excellences
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| n.卓越( excellence的名词复数 )；（只用于所修饰的名词后）杰出的；卓越的；出类拔萃的 | |
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105
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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106
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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107
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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108
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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109
technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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110
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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111
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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112
infiltration
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| n.渗透；下渗；渗滤；入渗 | |
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113
hacking
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| n.非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动 | |
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114
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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115
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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116
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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117
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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118
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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119
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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120
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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121
temperaments
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| 性格( temperament的名词复数 )； （人或动物的）气质； 易冲动； （性情）暴躁 | |
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122
consistency
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| n.一贯性，前后一致，稳定性；(液体的)浓度 | |
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123
shuffled
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| v.洗（纸牌）( shuffle的过去式和过去分词 )；拖着脚步走；粗心地做；摆脱尘世的烦恼 | |
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124
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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125
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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genealogies
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| n.系谱，家系，宗谱( genealogy的名词复数 ) | |
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