On the Birds of the Rio Negro of Patagonia.
By W.H. Hudson, CMZS. Published in the Proceedings1 of the Zoological Society of London, 16 April 1872
Edited by David Dewar
I wrote a few days ago to inform Mr. Sclater that I had returned from Patagonia, and had determined2 to send to him all the specimens3, or at least duplicates of all the specimens collected, as well as my notes on them. I now forward them.
My observations have been confined to the valley of the Rio Negro and to the adjacent high grounds. I advanced altogether not much over a hundred miles from the sea.
I met with one hundred and twenty-six species of birds altogether on the Rio Negro; but of these, ninety-three are also found in the Buenos Ayrean Pampas. I therefore met with only thirty-three species peculiar5 to Patagonia; and as some of these are very rarely seen, I did not succeed in obtaining them all. This is certainly a very insignificant6 number; but in a country with an excessively dry climate, the watercourses few and widely separated, an arid7 sandy soil, and scanty8, dwarfish10 vegetation, it is impossible that there should be many species of birds. Still, had I been enabled to advance one or two hundred miles further, I am confident that this collection would have exhibited a far greater variety, as the country becomes much more thickly wooded in the interior. I did not succeed in obtaining specimens of the Rhea darwini. It is called by the Indians Molu Chinque, meaning Dwarf9 Chinque, the name of the common species being Chinque. They are found over the whole country, from the Rio Negro to the Straits of Magellan, and are also met with, but rarely, north of the river. They were formerly11 exceedingly numerous along the Rio Negro; but a few years ago their feathers rose to an exorbitant12 price. Gauchos13 and Indians found that hunting the ostrich14 was their most lucrative15 employment; and consequently these noble birds were pursued unceasingly, and slaughtered16 in such numbers that they have been nearly exterminated17 wherever the nature of the country admits of their being chased. I was so anxious to obtain specimens of this bird that I engaged ten or twelve Indians, by offering a liberal award, to hunt for me; they went out several times, but failed to capture a single adult bird.
A few facts I have been able to gather in reference to them may not prove uninteresting, as the R. darwini is but imperfectly known. When hunted it frequently attempts to elude19 the sight by suddenly squatting20 down amongst the bushes; and when lying close amid the grey-leaved bushes that cover the country it frequents, it very easily escapes the sight. When hotly pursued it possesses the same remarkable21 habit as the R. americana of raising the wings alternately and holding them erect22; it also manifests the same facility for suddenly doubling, in order to avoid its pursuers. It runs more swiftly than the common species, but is also more quickly exhausted23. When running, the R. americana carries the neck erect or slightly sloping forward; the R. darwini carries it stretched forward almost horizontally, making it appear smaller than it is. From this habit it is said to derive24 the vernacular25 name of Dwarf Ostrich. They go in flocks of from three or four to thirty or more individuals. I have not been able to learn if the males fight together as do those of the R. americana, or if they possess like that species a call note. The strange trumpeting26 cry of the R. americana is often heard after they have been hunted and scattered27 in all directions; it is an indescribable sound, and resembles somewhat the hollow heavy sigh with which a bull often ends his bellowing28, and appears to fill the air, so that it is impossible to tell from which quarter it proceeds.
A number of females lay in one nest, the nest being merely a slight depression lined with a little dry rubbish; as many as fifty eggs are sometimes found in one nest. But the R. darwini, as well as the common species, lays many stray eggs, at a distance from the nest. I inspected a number of eggs brought in by a party of hunters, and was surprised at the great differences amongst them in size, form, and colour. The average size of the eggs was the same as those of the common species; in shape they were more or less oval or elliptical, scarcely two being found precisely29 alike. When newly laid, the eggs are of a deep rich green, and the shell possesses a fine polish. They very soon fade, however; and first the side exposed to the sun assumes a dull pale mottled green; this colour again changes to a yellowish, and again to a pale stone-blue, becoming at last almost white. The comparative age of each egg in the nest may be told by the colour of its shell.
When the females have finished laying, the male sits on and hatches the young. The young are hatched with the legs feathered to the toes; these feathers are not shed from the legs, but are gradually worn off as the bird grows old by continual friction30 against the stiff shrubs31 amid which they live.
I met with a species of hawk32 so remarkable in its structure and habits that I cannot refrain from giving a short notice of it, though, to my intense disappointment, I did not succeed in getting any specimens of it. The upper plumage is grey, the wings and under plumage white; the tail is long; the wings very blunt, and so short that when on the wing the bird rushes through the air with great violence. They are seen in pairs, sitting on the top of a bush, and at long intervals34 through the day suddenly burst into a loud excited chorus of notes, which resembles more the language of a Passerine bird than of a hawk. Whenever I approached one, it would utter a loud, long cry of alarm, and go on repeating it till, before I was within shot, it would fly off, and take up its position on a distant tree. I saw about a dozen individuals, and followed them about several days, but in vain.
The condor35 is met with occasionally on the Atlantic coast; I saw but one individual, and was surprised to find him proof against several charges of shot.
The song of the male Diuca finch36 is the sweetest I have heard in Patagonia, with two exceptions — that of the Cardinal37 amarillo and of the Calandria blanca, one who knows by heart ‘the songs of all the winged choristers.’ In summer, when these finches live in pairs thinly scattered over the country, the song of the male is the first indication of the approach of day. When the profound stillness of midnight yet reigns38 and the thick darkness that pre cedes39 the dawn envelopes earth, suddenly the noise of this little bird is heard wonderfully sweet and clear. In this quiet hour the song may be heard at a great distance, and is composed of half a dozen notes, repeated at short intervals till the day has fully40 dawned. But in winter, when they live in companies, their great singing time is in the evening, when the flock has gathered in some large thick-foliaged bush, which they have chosen for a winter roosting place. This winter evening song is very different from that heard in summer, the notes appearing sharper, and uttered in a wild and rapid manner. A little after sunset they burst into a concert, which lasts several minutes, sinking and growing louder by turns, and in which it is quite impossible to distinguish the song of any individual. After a few minutes of silence, the singing is suddenly renewed, and again almost as suddenly ended. For an hour after sunset this fitful and impetuous singing is continued. Close by a house I lived in several months were three large chanar bushes, where a multitude of these finches roosted every night; and they never missed singing a night, however cloudy, or cold, or rainy the weather was. So fond did they seem of this charming habit that when I would approach the bushes or stand beneath them, the alarm caused by my presence would interrupt the performance but a few moments; for suddenly they would burst almost simultaneously41 into singing, the birds all the time pursuing each other through the bushes often within a foot of my head.
The Patagonian calandria closely resembles the Buenos Ayrean calandria, but is smaller, the plumage deeper grey; the eye is also a darker green. When a person approaches the nest, the parent birds manifest their anxiety by perching and hopping43 on the twigs45 within a yard or two of his head, but without uttering any sound; the Buenos Ayres species, when alarmed, utters incessantly46 a loud, harsh, angry cry. Neither of these species will live in confinement47.
The vocal48 performance of the Patagonian bird is characterised by the same apparently49 infinite variety as is that of the Buenos Ayrean bird. It would scarcely be possible for me to give an adequate idea of its powers in a description. The singing of the Patagonian species is perhaps inferior, his voice being less powerful than that of the other species; his mellow50 or clear notes are often mingled51 with shrill52 ones resembling the songs or cries of various birds. While incapable53 of notes so loud or harsh as those of the Buenos Ayres bird, or of changes so wild or sudden, he possesses even a greater variety of sweet notes; day after day, for months, I heard them singing, and I never once listened to them for any length of time without hearing some note or notes that I had never heard before. I have often observed that when a bird, while singing, emits a few of these new notes, he seems surprised and delighted with them; for after a silent pause he repeats them again and again a vast number of times, as if to impress them on his memory. When he once more resumes his varied54 singing, for hours, and sometimes for days, the expression he has discovered is still favourite, and recurs55 with the greatest frequency. Many individuals seem to possess a peculiar style of singing; and they seem more or less able to borrow or imitate each other’s notes; sometimes all the birds frequenting a thicket56 will be heard constantly repeating, for many days, a few particular notes as if they possessed57 no other song, while in other localities these notes will not be heard at all. The bird sits on the summit of a bush when singing; and its music is heard in all seasons, and in all weathers, from dawn till dark; but he usually sings in a leisurely58 unexcited manner, remaining silent a long interval33 after every five or six or a dozen notes, and apparently listening to his brother performers. These snatches of melody often seem like a prelude59 or promise of something better coming; there is in them such exquisite60 sweetness, such variety, that the hearer is ever expecting a fuller measure; and still the bird opens its bill to delight and disappoint him, as if not yet ready to begin.
I send you one specimen4 of the beautiful Calandria blanca. I do not know if any examples of this bird have ever been examined by naturalists61. It is by no means numerous in Patagonia; certainly nothing was known of its song; but the pleasure I felt in making the discovery of its vocal powers it would be idle of me to attempt to portray62. In October, a few days before leaving the Rio Negro, I was one morning walking through the thick woods of chanar, when my attention was suddenly arrested by the song of a bird issuing from a bush close by, a song to which I listened with astonishment63 and delight, so totally different, so vastly superior to the song of all other birds, whether native or foreign, to which I had ever listened. Notes surpassing in melody, power, and variety those of both the Patagonian and Buenos Ayrean calandria were rapidly pouring forth64 in an unbroken stream, till I marvelled65 that the throat of any bird could sustain so powerful a song for so long a time. No sooner had this flow of unfamiliar66 music ceased than I heard issuing from the same spot, the shrill, confused, and impetuous song of a small Patagonian fly-catcher; this was succeeded by the delightful67 matin song of the small grey finch.
After this I heard the trilling song of the red bird, with its silvery bell-like sound; then followed the leisurely uttered, mellow, delicious strain of the yellow cardinal. These songs followed rapidly (for no sooner did one end than the other began) and were all repeated with miraculous68 fidelity69. At first I imagined that all these birds that had been imitated had actually been singing near me; but when the sweet vocalist resumed his own matchless song again, and I discovered that all the strains that I had heard had issued from a single throat, how much was my wonder and admiration70 for the delightful performer increased! I soon advanced near enough to catch sight of the singer, and found it to be the Calandria blanca. I found the pleasure of listening to him enhanced if he was at the same time seen; so carried away with rapture71 at his own melody seems the bird, so many and so beautiful are the gestures and motions with which he accompanies the performance. He would incessantly pass from bush to bush, sometimes soar above the thicket for a hundred yards, with a flight as slow as that of a heron, and at times rise with a swift, wild flight, then circle down and sit on the summit of a bush, with the broad wings and tail spread out, an object beautiful to see. What pity it is that this bird should frequent only a desert country, where so very few can hear it. I cannot help saying that I consider it the finest singer in America, though such an opinion may be thought extravagant72; but it possesses to perfection the marvellous faculty73 of imitation, that has given such celebrity74 to the Virginian mocking-bird, and I cannot believe that the mocking-bird of the north, in its own song, can surpass or even equal the C. blanca.
The Cnipolegus hudsoni, a new species, is readily distinguishable by the white spotting of the flank feathers. This character is not found in any other species of the genus.
This bird makes his appearance in September in the close thickets75 bordering on the Rio Negro; he is usually seen perched on the topmost twig44 of a bush watching for insects, after which he darts76 with great swiftness. He has one most remarkable habit; suddenly quitting his perch42 he glides77 two or three times close round it, uttering at the same time a peculiar sharp note. It also frequently utters a sharp, rapid chirping78, but has no song. When, flying, it displays the white bars on its wings it has a strange and pretty appearance.
The Gallito derives79 its vernacular name meaning Little Cock from the manner of carrying the tail elevated like the domestic fowl80.
I found it exceedingly numerous in the thickets near to the town of Carmen. It is in its habits an amusing bird, scarcely possessing the power of flight, but so ready to take alarm, swift of foot, and fond of concealment81, that it is often very difficult to get a sight of it. No sooner do they spy out an intruder in the thicket, than the alarm is spread, each bird hopping up into a bush, and uttering incessantly, at intervals of three or four seconds, a loud, hollow chirrup, and at times a violent scolding cry, several times repeated. If the bird finds himself approached, he immediately springs to the ground and runs off with amazing rapidity to a safe distance. Then he again ascends83 a bush and resumes the angry note. Three or four times I have seen one raise itself from the ground, and fly several yards with a low feeble flight; but whenever I chanced to come on one on an open place I found that I could overtake it running, without the bird being able to raise itself. They often fly down from a bush, but always ascend82 it by hopping from branch to branch.
I send you two, unfortunately much injured, specimens of the Synallaxis sulphurifera. It must be exceedingly rare in Patagonia; for this pair were the only ones I saw during my sojourn84 in that country, though I constantly sought for them in the most likely places.
The homely85 and interesting Homorus guttaralis is, perhaps, a new species. It frequents open plains abounding86 in low, thorny88, and widely scattered bushes, and on the approach of a traveller shows itself on the summit of a bush, with crest89 erect, and uttering a succession of sharp, angry chirps90. The male and female perform a chorus of notes so powerful that they may be heard distinctly a mile away. Its flight is low and feeble; but it runs very rapidly on the ground. This bird builds a nest extraordinary for its size and strength; it is placed in the middle of a low, thorny, and widely spreading bush; it is perfectly18 round, the lower part just raised only a few inches above the ground; the depth of the whole nest is usually from four to five feet, the cavity inside is one foot in depth. The opening is on the side and small, and has in front of it a narrow arched gallery resting on the horizontal twigs, and thirteen or fourteen inches in length. The nest is composed entirely91 of thick sticks, and is so compactly built that I had hard work to demolish92 one by thrusting the barrel of a long musket93 into it and prizing it up by pieces. I also, to test the strength of a nest, stood on one for some time, stamping my heel on it with great force, without injuring it in the least.
The Patagonian pigeon appears in winter in the settled parts of the Rio Negro; they come in large flocks, and gather in great numbers on the ploughed fields, eager to devour94 the wheat; so that the farmers, when sowing broadcast, have to be constantly firing at them, or keep trained dogs to chase them from the fields. The lively, brisk manner of a Patagonian pigeon is in strong contrast with the slow, stately steps and deliberate manner of picking up its food of the Buenos Ayrean species. Its song is composed of notes equal in length and number to that of the Buenos Ayrean bird; but the voice of the former is exceedingly hoarse95, while that of the latter is the most agreeable dove melody I have ever heard.
The Perdiz grande is common on the Buenos Ayrean plains, wherever the long grasses abound87. I do not know how far north it extends; but south it is common as far as the Colorado. South of this river it becomes very rare, and disappears before the Rio Negro is reached. This bird has no cover but the giant grasses, through which it pushes like a rail; and wherever the country is settled it soon disappears, so that it is now extinct over a vast portion of this province.
It is solitary96 in its habits, conceals97 itself in the grass very closely, and flies with great reluctance98. I doubt if there is anywhere a bird with such a sounding flight as this; and I can only compare the whirr of its wings to the rattling99 of a light vehicle driven at great speed over a hard road. From the moment it rises until it again alights there is no cessation in the rapid vibration100 of the wings; but like a ball thrown by the hand the bird goes gradually sloping towards the earth, the distance it is able to accomplish at a flight being from fifteen hundred to two thousand yards. This flight it can repeat when driven up again as many as three times, after which the bird can rise no more. The call is heard at all seasons of the year; on pleasant days, and invariably near sunset, it is uttered while the bird sits concealed101 in the grass, many birds answering each other; for though I call it a solitary bird (they rarely being seen in company) several individuals are mostly found living near each other. The song or call is composed of five or six long notes, with a mellow, flute-like sound, and so impressively uttered and sweetly modulated102 that it is, perhaps, the sweetest bird music heard in the Pampas.
The Martineta, from its size and mottled plumage, somewhat resembles the Perdiz grande, the most apparent exterior103 difference being the redder plumage and longer bill of the latter, and the long slender crest of the former, which, when excited, the bird carries direct forward, like a horn. There is, however, an anatomical difference between the species of far more consequence. The structure of the intestinal104 canal in the Martineta is most extraordinary, and totally unlike that of any other bird I have ever dissected105; the canal divides near the stomach into a pair of great ducts that extend almost the entire length of the abdominal106 cavity, and are thickly set with rows of large membranous107 clam-shaped protuberances.
They are extremely fond of dusting themselves, and form circular nest-like hollows in the ground for that purpose; these hollows are deep and neatly108 made, and are visited by the birds every day. They go in coveys of from half a dozen to twenty individuals, and when disturbed do not usually take to flight, but start up one after another, and run off with amazing swiftness, uttering as they run shrill, squealing109 cries, as if in great terror. Their flight, though violent, is not sounding as that of the Perdiz grande, and differs remarkably110 in another respect; every twenty or thirty yards the wings cease their vibration, remaining motionless for a second, when the bird renews the effort. The flight is accompanied with a soft wailing111 note that appears to die away and again swell112 as the flapping of the wings is renewed. Thus the flight is a series of rushes, rather than a continuous rush like that of the P. grande.
After arriving in Patagonia, I was told by several persons residing there that there were two species of small partridge; one I found to be the lesser113 partridge of Buenos Ayres, which frequents only the valley of the Rio Negro; the other was a smaller species, of which I send you several examples, and found only on the high tablelands. The adults of the last species resemble the young of the former; and after having observed them for several months, I am satisfied that they are not identical, nor varieties; for they differ not only in size and colouring, but in habits.
The lesser partridges, so abundant everywhere on the Pampas, are tame in disposition114, and move in a leisurely manner, uttering as they walk or run a succession of soft whistling notes. When numerous it is unnecessary to shoot them, as any number can be killed with a long whip or stick. This species has two distinct songs or calls, pleasing to the ear, and heard all the year round; one is a succession of twenty or thirty short, impressive notes of great compass, and ended by half a dozen rapidly uttered notes, beginning loud, and sinking lower till they cease; the other call is a soft continuous trill, appearing to swell mysteriously on the air; for the hearer cannot tell whence it proceeds; it lasts several seconds, then seems gradually to die away.
The valley of the Rio Negro, usually nine or ten miles in width, is a flat plain, resembling the Buenos Ayrean pampas; and wherever long grasses and reeds abound the call note of the lesser partridge is heard winter and summer; but outside of the valley I have never met with it.
The End
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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dwarfish
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| a.像侏儒的，矮小的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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gauchos
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| n.南美牧人( gaucho的名词复数 ) | |
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ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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elude
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| v.躲避，困惑 | |
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squatting
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的现在分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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vernacular
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| adj.地方的，用地方语写成的；n.白话；行话；本国语；动植物的俗名 | |
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trumpeting
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| 大声说出或宣告（trumpet的现在分词形式） | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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condor
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| n.秃鹰；秃鹰金币 | |
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finch
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| n.雀科鸣禽(如燕雀，金丝雀等) | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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cedes
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的第三人称单数 ) | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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hopping
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| n. 跳跃 动词hop的现在分词形式 | |
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twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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50
mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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51
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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52
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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53
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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54
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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recurs
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| 再发生，复发( recur的第三人称单数 ) | |
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56
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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57
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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59
prelude
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| n.序言，前兆，序曲 | |
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60
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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62
portray
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| v.描写，描述；画(人物、景象等) | |
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63
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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marvelled
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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68
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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rapture
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| n.狂喜；全神贯注；着迷；v.使狂喜 | |
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72
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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73
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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75
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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76
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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77
glides
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| n.滑行( glide的名词复数 )；滑音；音渡；过渡音v.滑动( glide的第三人称单数 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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chirping
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| 鸟叫，虫鸣( chirp的现在分词 ) | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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80
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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82
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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83
ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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89
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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chirps
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| 鸟叫，虫鸣( chirp的第三人称单数 )； 啾； 啾啾 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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demolish
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| v.拆毁(建筑物等)，推翻(计划、制度等) | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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94
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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96
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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conceals
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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98
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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99
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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100
vibration
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| n.颤动，振动；摆动 | |
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101
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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102
modulated
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| 已调整[制]的，被调的 | |
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103
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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104
intestinal
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| adj.肠的；肠壁；肠道细菌 | |
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105
dissected
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| adj.切开的，分割的，（叶子）多裂的v.解剖（动物等）( dissect的过去式和过去分词 )；仔细分析或研究 | |
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106
abdominal
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| adj.腹（部）的，下腹的；n.腹肌 | |
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107
membranous
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| adj.膜的，膜状的 | |
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108
neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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109
squealing
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| v.长声尖叫，用长而尖锐的声音说( squeal的现在分词 ) | |
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110
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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111
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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112
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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113
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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114
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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