Among the commonest of fish in the shallow waters of the coast are the rays, of which there are many species — eighteen, according to the list prepared by Mr. J. Douglas Ogilby. Some attain1 enormous size, some display remarkable2 variations from the accepted type, and at least two are edible3 though not generally appreciated, for the hunger of the littoral4 Australian is not as a rule sufficiently5 speculative6 to prompt to gastronomic7 experiment, else food that other nations cherish would not be deemed unclean. Between sharks and rays relationship exists, for a certain ray has been sneered8 at as only a flattened-out shark. There are five species of shark-like rays, which have all the outward form and appearance and vagrant10 mode of life of their prototype, and four species of sharks that might pass as rays. One of them, with a big head, tadpole-like tail and generally frayed11 and sea-tattered appearance, is, in fact, accepted in some quarters as a ray, while the shovel-like skate is commonly regarded as a shark.
The most delicately flavoured of the rays is known as the “blue-spotted” (DASYBATUS KUHLI). It does not appear to attain a large size, but it is fairly common, and is one of the most comely12 of the creatures of the coral reefs, the bright blue decorative13 blotches14 on a ground of old gold being most effective. It is often found in a few inches of water perfectly15 motionless, and on being disturbed flutters and glides16 away swiftly and with little apparent effort. Roasted on an open fire, when a large proportion of the pungent17 oil escapes, the flesh is pleasant, though possessing the distinctive18 flavour of the order, which is, however, acceptable at all times to the palate of the black.
One of the formidable sting rays — dark brown in colour (probably DASYBATUS THETIDES, Ogilby), which revels19 on oysters20 — has the habit of burying itself in the mud, leaving an angular depression, corresponding to the size of the body, from which the pedestal eyes alone obtrude21. In such position it is difficult for the inexperienced to detect the fish until by misadventure it is trodden on, in which circumstance one of two manoeuvres is adopted. Either it flaps and flounders in the slush so that the intruder is startled and jumps clear, or else it lashes22 out with its whip-like tail in the endeavour to bring into play its serrated weapon, charged with pain, and fearsome on account of the blood-poisoning effect of the mucus with which it is coated.
Ox-rays (UROGYMNUS ASPERRIMUS) grow to a great size, their backs being so armoured with thick-set stellate bucklers on a horn-like skin, that to secure them a heavy-hefted weapon and a strong right arm are necessary. But among the largest of the family is that known as the devil fish (MOBULA sp.), which, upon being harpooned23, sinks placidly25 to the bottom, and adhering thereto by suction, defies all ordinary attempts to raise it. This often basks26 in calm water or swims slowly close to the surface, when the pliant27 tips of its “wings,” appearing at regular intervals28 above the surface, create the illusion of a couple of large sharks moving along in rhythmic29 regularity30 as to speed and muscular movement. Rarely, and apparently31 only by mischance, does a ray take bait; but when hooked it affords good sport, for its impassive resistance is incomprehensibly great in comparison with its size, and comparable to the pull of a green turtle which in its wanderings has become foul-hooked.
An exciting coursing match entertained me not long since, not only as an exhibition of wonderful speed and agility32, but because of the wit with which the weaker creature eluded33 pursuit. Three hundred yards from the beach the dorsal35 fin36 of a huge hammer-head shark obtruded37 about two feet as it leisurely38 quartered a favourite hunting-ground. A sudden swirl39 and splash indicated that game had been sighted, and the next instant an eagle or flying ray (STOASODON NARINARI) leaped out of the sea with prodigious40 eagerness to reach the beach. In a series of abrupt41 curves the shark endeavoured to head off the ray, which, as its pursuer gained on it, shot out of the water over the shoulders of the shark, each leap being at least ten feet high. In rising it seemed to switch the shark with its thong-like tail, although apparently in almost despairing fright. After at least a dozen agile42 and desperate efforts, each timed to just elude34 the rush of the shark, both came into shallow water in which the quick and regular contours of the shark stirred the mud in a wavy43 pattern; it became baffled, and in a few seconds the ray slowly, and with infinite caution, “flew” (and that is the correct term to apply to a fish the movements of which in the water are analogous44 to the flight of a bird) into such meagre depths that the shark would have been stranded45 had it followed. No ripple46 indicated its discreet47 course within a few feet of the water line and it maintained its way for about two hundred yards parallel with the beach, while the shark furiously quartered the sea off shore.
On the occasion of a similar hunt a ray blundered fatally because of the steeper incline of the beach. When about ten feet off the shore instead of a lateral48 it took a directly forward “flight,” landing six feet up on the dry sand, where it fell an easy victim to a black boy, perhaps not as hungry or as ferocious49 as the shark, but equally partial to rays as food and incapable50 of any self-denying act.
Though the relationship is well defined, the shark makes no distinction in favour of the ray when in pursuit of food. Indeed, certain members of the predatory family seem to delight chiefly in a diet of rays, and perhaps as a result of this persistent51 pursuit has the shape of the latter been evolved, since it enables them to take refuge in water so shallow that even a small shark would inevitably52 be stranded. Timorous53 by nature, the smaller rays parade the beach-line, while the larger are better able to hold their own in deep water. Although as a rule solitary54 of habit, there seem to be occasions on which rays become gregarious55, when a considerable extent of sandy shallow has been observed to be actually paved with motionless but vigilant56 individuals, the edge of the “wing” of one overlapping57 that of the next with almost perfect regularity.
The monstrous58 grey-striped tiger shark (GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS) in my experience generally keeps to deep water and hunts singly; but a recent event sets at naught59 other local observations and at the same time provides graphic60 proof of the rapacity61 and hardihood of the species. About a hundred yards out from the beach, as we started on a strictly62 sordid63 beachcombing expedition to the scene of the squashed wreck64 of a Chinese sampan, a shark betrayed itself by the dorsal fin quartering the glassy surface of the sea. Equipment for sport consisted of an axe65, a crowbar, a trivial fish spear, and a high-velocity rifle. Pulling out noiselessly, a trail of oily blood was intersected and the next moment a huge shark appeared, carrying in its jaws66 a black ray, which it mouthed unceasingly.
Intent upon its meal, the shark ranged parallel to the boat so that its length could be accurately67 gauged68. It was nearly sixteen feet long, while the ray was almost as large in proportion. The relative sizes may be estimated by the standard of a man bearing between his teeth a tea-tray, Not the least anxiety or apprehension69 was manifested by the shark at the presence of the boat. It rose frequently to the surface, and all its movements being discernible as it swam close to the bottom in a preoccupied70 manner, the boat was easily manoeuvred to be within almost touching71 distance whensoever the head emerged. In quick succession three out of the four bullets the magazine contained penetrated72 its body just abaft73 the pectoral fins74. A brief flurry followed each shot, and then the shark, with passive fixity of purpose, resumed the mangling75 of the ray, which with extended, backward strained eyes, seemed to implore76 rescue from its fate. Were any other means of response to so tragic77 an appeal available? The crowbar! Hastily made fast to the stern line, it was hurled78 harpoon24-like with energy sufficient to batter79 in the forehead of a bullock. But the listless implement80 bounced off the head of the shark as a stick from a drum, provoking merely a contemptuous wave of the tail which seemed to signify a sneer9. The axe was also employed with negative results, for the difficulty of delivering an effective blow from the boat could not be overcome.
All the sea about became ruddy, and the lust81 for still more of the shark’s blood being imperative82, we returned to the beach, obtained a fresh supply of ammunition83, and a whale harpoon. In the meantime the blood previously84 shed had spread far and wide, and instead of a solitary gormandising shark a full half-dozen rollicked and revelled85 in the stained area, all alike in size and alike, too, in absolute indifference86 to the boat. Owing to the featherweight heft the harpoon failed in penetrative force, and with the first tug87 invariably withdrew.
Frequently the sharks came within arm’s length of the boat, and though neither ammunition nor the bumps of the homely88 crowbar nor the pin-pricks of the harpoon were spared, nor shouts of exultation89 when an individual lashed90 out under the sting of a bullet, not a shark was in the least perturbed91. They romped92 about the boat, if not defiant93 at least heedless of all the clamour and puny94 assaults, appearing to challenge to combat in their natural element. The temper of the school was such that, no doubt, all the occupants of the boat would have been accounted for had they by some foolish miracle squandered95 themselves in the blood-stained sea. By this time the shark which had first attracted attention had disappeared with its prey96, distressed97 and unseaworthy on account of several leaks; and the others followed one by one, and not altogether in the best condition imaginable, judging by the oily bubbles and tinges98 beyond the limits of the bay.
On a quieter day I swam off to the anchored boat for some forgotten purpose, which accomplished99 I prepared to slip off the stern when a dark-coloured shark intervened, moving steadily100 along parallel to the beach. Giving it precedence, I swam ashore101 without resting and watched the big fish slide like a shadow up into the corner of the bay, where it rested. Tom, the sport-loving black boy, being on the scene, his flattie was soon afloat, and with a disdainful thrust of the harpoon he impaled102 the creature, which did not exhibit the least sign of life. Hauled to the surface, Tom declared it to be dead — that it had died from natural causes ere the harpoon had touched it. Had ever shark taken quieter exit from this hustling103 world! It was about six feet long and fairly robust104, and while being towed ashore wallowed helplessly, floating belly105 up and submitting without a spasm106 of protest to nudges and slaps of the oars107 and prods108 with the heft of the harpoon, but no sooner did it touch the sand and its snout shoot into the foreign element than a furious fight for life began. Did ever shark display such agility! Wriggling109 and lashing110 with its tail, almost had it swept me off my feet and dragged me into the sea; but Tom came to my aid, with a sudden and judiciously111 timed tug as it swerved112, the game was landed, to continue extraordinary antics on the sand, though Tom was armed with a tomahawk.
When the struggles had ceased post-mortem examination was made. The stomach was empty, but the liver promised so much oil that Tom extirpated113 it and all other internal organs, and not until mutilation was complete was any peculiarity114 about the jaws and teeth noticed. These subsequently, proved that we had captured, not a shark but a ray — Forskal’s shovel-nosed ray (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS), which Tom, for all his knowledge of sea things, had never before seen. Curiously115 examining the jaws, he laid a rude forefinger116 on the tesselated plate which stands in the species for teeth, and the disorganised remains117, true to the ruling passion, crunched118, and Tom ruefully consoled the finger for a fortnight. Hitherto his opinion, founded on contemporary experience and the traditions of his race, had been that a shark would never fight a live man. Was it not the refinement119 of irony120 that he should well nigh be deprived of the best part of a finger by a dead ray masquerading as a shark!
Many blacks refuse to eat shark because of totemic restrictions121; but where no tribal122 contrary law prevails, several of the species are cooked and eaten without ceremony, but with most objectionable after effects to those who are not partial to such fare. The specific odour of the shark seems to be intensified123 and to be made almost as clinging as that of musk124, being far more expressive125 than the exhalation of a camp gorged126 with green turtle. Discreet persons encounter such a scene as the do the jade127 Care — by passing on the windy side.
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1
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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2
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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3
edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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littoral
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| adj.海岸的；湖岸的；n.沿（海）岸地区 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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6
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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gastronomic
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| adj.美食（烹饪）法的，烹任学的 | |
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sneered
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| 讥笑，冷笑( sneer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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10
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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11
frayed
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| adj.磨损的v.（使布、绳等）磨损，磨破( fray的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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12
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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decorative
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| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
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14
blotches
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| n.（皮肤上的）红斑，疹块( blotch的名词复数 )；大滴 [大片]（墨水或颜色的）污渍 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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glides
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| n.滑行( glide的名词复数 )；滑音；音渡；过渡音v.滑动( glide的第三人称单数 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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17
pungent
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| adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的 | |
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18
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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19
revels
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| n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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20
oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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21
obtrude
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| v.闯入；侵入；打扰 | |
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lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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23
harpooned
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| v.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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harpoon
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| n.鱼叉；vt.用鱼叉叉，用鱼叉捕获 | |
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25
placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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basks
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的第三人称单数 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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pliant
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| adj.顺从的；可弯曲的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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rhythmic
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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elude
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| v.躲避，困惑 | |
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dorsal
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| adj.背部的，背脊的 | |
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fin
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| n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼 | |
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obtruded
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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swirl
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| v.(使)打漩，(使)涡卷；n.漩涡，螺旋形 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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43
wavy
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| adj.有波浪的，多浪的，波浪状的，波动的，不稳定的 | |
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analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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45
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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46
ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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47
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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48
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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49
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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50
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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51
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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52
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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53
timorous
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| adj.胆怯的，胆小的 | |
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54
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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56
vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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overlapping
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| adj./n.交迭（的） | |
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58
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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59
naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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60
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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61
rapacity
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| n.贪婪，贪心，劫掠的欲望 | |
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62
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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63
sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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67
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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gauged
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| adj.校准的；标准的；量规的；量计的v.（用仪器）测量( gauge的过去式和过去分词 )；估计；计量；划分 | |
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69
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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preoccupied
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| adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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71
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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72
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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abaft
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| prep.在…之后；adv.在船尾，向船尾 | |
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74
fins
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| [医]散热片；鱼鳍；飞边；鸭掌 | |
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75
mangling
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| 重整 | |
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76
implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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78
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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79
batter
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| v.接连重击；磨损；n.牛奶面糊；击球员 | |
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80
implement
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| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
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81
lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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82
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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83
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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84
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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85
revelled
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| v.作乐( revel的过去式和过去分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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86
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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87
tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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88
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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89
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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90
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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91
perturbed
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| adj.烦燥不安的v.使（某人）烦恼，不安( perturb的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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romped
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| v.嬉笑玩闹( romp的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指在赛跑或竞选等中）轻易获胜 | |
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93
defiant
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| adj.无礼的，挑战的 | |
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94
puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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95
squandered
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| v.（指钱，财产等）浪费，乱花( squander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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98
tinges
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| n.细微的色彩，一丝痕迹( tinge的名词复数 ) | |
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99
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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100
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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101
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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102
impaled
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| 钉在尖桩上( impale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
hustling
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| 催促（hustle的现在分词形式） | |
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104
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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105
belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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106
spasm
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| n.痉挛，抽搐；一阵发作 | |
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107
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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108
prods
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| n.刺，戳( prod的名词复数 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳v.刺，戳( prod的第三人称单数 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳 | |
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109
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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110
lashing
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| n.鞭打；痛斥；大量；许多v.鞭打( lash的现在分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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111
judiciously
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| adv.明断地，明智而审慎地 | |
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112
swerved
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| v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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114
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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115
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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116
forefinger
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| n.食指 | |
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117
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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118
crunched
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| v.嘎吱嘎吱地咬嚼( crunch的过去式和过去分词 )；嘎吱作响；（快速大量地）处理信息；数字捣弄 | |
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119
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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120
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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121
restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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122
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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123
intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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124
musk
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| n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物，香猫 | |
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125
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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126
gorged
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| v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的过去式和过去分词 )；作呕 | |
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127
jade
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| n.玉石；碧玉；翡翠 | |
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