The fall of these monsters shook the earth, so that Pluto4 was alarmed, and feared that his kingdom would be laid open to the light of day. Under this apprehension5, he mounted his chariot, drawn6 by black horses, and took a circuit of inspection7 to satisfy himself of the extent of the damage. While he was thus engaged, Venus, who was sitting on Mount Eryx playing with her boy Cupid, espied8 him, and said, “My son, take your darts9 with which you conquer all, even Jove himself, and send one into the breast of yonder dark monarch10, who rules the realm of Tartarus. Why should he alone escape? Seize the opportunity to extend your empire and mine. Do you not see that even in heaven some despise our power? Minerva the wise, and Diana the huntress, defy us; and there is that daughter of Ceres, who threatens to follow their example. Now do you, if you have any regard for your own interest or mine, join these two in one.” The boy unbound his quiver, and selected his sharpest and truest arrow; then straining the bow against his knee, he attached the string, and, having made ready, shot the arrow with its barbed point right into the heart of Pluto.
In the vale of Enna there is a lake embowered in woods, which screen it from the fervid11 rays of the sun, while the moist ground is covered with flowers, and Spring reigns12 perpetual. Here Proserpine was playing with her companions, gathering13 lilies and violets, and filling her basket and her apron14 with them, when Pluto saw her, loved her, and carried her off. She screamed for help to her mother and companions; and when in her fright she dropped the corners of her apron and let the flowers fall, childlike she felt the loss of them as an addition to her grief. The ravisher urged on his steeds, calling them each by name, and throwing loose over their heads and necks his iron-colored reins15. When he reached the River Cyane, and it opposed his passage, he struck the river-bank with his trident, and the earth opened and gave him a passage to Tartarus.
Ceres sought her daughter all the world over. Bright-haired Aurora16, when she came forth17 in the morning, and Hesperus when he led out the stars in the evening, found her still busy in the search. But it was all unavailing. At length, weary and sad, she sat down upon a stone, and continued sitting nine days and nights, in the open air, under the sunlight and moonlight and falling showers. It was where now stands the city of Eleusis, then the home of an old man named Celeus. He was out in the field, gathering acorns18 and blackberries, and sticks for his fire. His little girl was driving home their two goats, and as she passed the goddess, who appeared in the guise19 of an old woman, she said to her, “Mother,”—and the name was sweet to the ears of Ceres,—“why do you sit here alone upon the rocks?” The old man also stopped, though his load was heavy, and begged her to come into his cottage, such as it was. She declined, and he urged her. “Go in peace,” she replied, “and be happy in your daughter; I have lost mine.” As she spoke20, tears—or something like tears, for the gods never weep—fell down her cheeks upon her bosom21. The compassionate22 old man and his child wept with her. Then said he, “Come with us, and despise not our humble23 roof; so may your daughter be restored to you in safety.” “Lead on,” said she, “I cannot resist that appeal!” So she rose from the stone and went with them. As they walked he told her that his only son, a little boy, lay very sick, feverish24, and sleepless25. She stooped and gathered some poppies. As they entered the cottage, they found all in great distress26, for the boy seemed past hope of recovery. Metanina, his mother, received her kindly27, and the goddess stooped and kissed the lips of the sick child. Instantly the paleness left his face, and healthy vigor28 returned to his body. The whole family were delighted—that is, the father, mother, and little girl, for they were all; they had no servants. They spread the table, and put upon it curds29 and cream, apples, and honey in the comb. While they ate, Ceres mingled31 poppy juice in the milk of the boy. When night came and all was still, she arose, and taking the sleeping boy, moulded his limbs with her hands, and uttered over him three times a solemn charm, then went and laid him in the ashes. His mother, who had been watching what her guest was doing, sprang forward with a cry and snatched the child from the fire. Then Ceres assumed her own form, and a divine splendor32 shone all around. While they were overcome with astonishment33, she said, “Mother, you have been cruel in your fondness to your son. I would have made him immortal34, but you have frustrated35 my attempt. Nevertheless, he shall be great and useful. He shall teach men the use of the plough, and the rewards which labor36 can win from the cultivated soil.” So saying, she wrapped a cloud about her, and mounting her chariot rode away.
Ceres continued her search for her daughter, passing from land to land, and across seas and rivers, till at length she returned to Sicily, whence she at first set out, and stood by the banks of the River Cyane, where Pluto made himself a passage with his prize to his own dominions37. The river nymph would have told the goddess all she had witnessed, but dared not, for fear of Pluto; so she only ventured to take up the girdle which Proserpine had dropped in her flight, and waft38 it to the feet of the mother. Ceres, seeing this, was no longer in doubt of her loss, but she did not yet know the cause, and laid the blame on the innocent land. “Ungrateful soil,” said she, “which I have endowed with fertility and clothed with herbage and nourishing grain, no more shall you enjoy my favors.” Then the cattle died, the plough broke in the furrow39, the seed failed to come up; there was too much sun, there was too much rain; the birds stole the seeds—thistles and brambles were the only growth. Seeing this, the fountain Arethusa interceded40 for the land. “Goddess,” said she, “blame not the land; it opened unwillingly41 to yield a passage to your daughter. I can tell you of her fate, for I have seen her. This is not my native country; I came hither from Elis. I was a woodland nymph, and delighted in the chase. They praised my beauty, but I cared nothing for it, and rather boasted of my hunting exploits. One day I was returning from the wood, heated with exercise, when I came to a stream silently flowing, so clear that you might count the pebbles42 on the bottom. The willows44 shaded it, and the grassy45 bank sloped down to the water’s edge. I approached, I touched the water with my foot. I stepped in knee-deep, and not content with that, I laid my garments on the willows and went in. While I sported in the water, I heard an indistinct murmur46 coming up as out of the depths of the stream; and made haste to escape to the nearest bank. The voice said, ‘Why do you fly, Arethusa? I am Alpheus, the god of this stream.’ I ran, he pursued; he was not more swift than I, but he was stronger, and gained upon me, as my strength failed. At last, exhausted47, I cried for help to Diana. ‘Help me, goddess! help your votary48!’ The goddess heard, and wrapped me suddenly in a thick cloud. The river god looked now this way and now that, and twice came close to me, but could not find me. ‘Arethusa! Arethusa!’ he cried. Oh, how I trembled,—like a lamb that hears the wolf growling49 outside the fold. A cold sweat came over me, my hair flowed down in streams; where my foot stood there was a pool. In short, in less time than it takes to tell it I became a fountain. But in this form Alpheus knew me and attempted to mingle30 his stream with mine. Diana cleft50 the ground, and I, endeavoring to escape him, plunged51 into the cavern52, and through the bowels53 of the earth came out here in Sicily. While I passed through the lower parts of the earth, I saw your Proserpine. She was sad, but no longer showing alarm in her countenance54. Her look was such as became a queen—the queen of Erebus; the powerful bride of the monarch of the realms of the dead.”
When Ceres heard this, she stood for a while like one stupefied; then turned her chariot towards heaven, and hastened to present herself before the throne of Jove. She told the story of her bereavement55, and implored56 Jupiter to interfere57 to procure58 the restitution59 of her daughter. Jupiter consented on one condition, namely, that Proserpine should not during her stay in the lower world have taken any food; otherwise, the Fates forbade her release. Accordingly, Mercury was sent, accompanied by Spring, to demand Proserpine of Pluto. The wily monarch consented; but, alas60! the maiden61 had taken a pomegranate which Pluto offered her, and had sucked the sweet pulp62 from a few of the seeds. This was enough to prevent her complete release; but a compromise was made, by which she was to pass half the time with her mother, and the rest with her husband Pluto.
Ceres allowed herself to be pacified63 with this arrangement, and restored the earth to her favor. Now she remembered Celeus and his family, and her promise to his infant son Triptolemus. When the boy grew up, she taught him the use of the plough, and how to sow the seed. She took him in her chariot, drawn by winged dragons, through all the countries of the earth, imparting to mankind valuable grains, and the knowledge of agriculture. After his return, Triptolemus built a magnificent temple to Ceres in Eleusis, and established the worship of the goddess, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries, which, in the splendor and solemnity of their observance, surpassed all other religious celebrations among the Greeks.
There can be little doubt of this story of Ceres and Proserpine being an allegory. Proserpine signifies the seed-corn which when cast into the ground lies there concealed—that is, she is carried off by the god of the underworld. It reappears—that is, Proserpine is restored to her mother. Spring leads her back to the light of day.
Milton alludes64 to the story of Proserpine in “Paradise Lost,” Book IV.:
“. . . Not that fair field
Of Enna where Proserpine gathering flowers,
Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis
Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain
To seek her through the world,—
. . . might with this Paradise
Of Eden strive.”
Hood65, in his “Ode to Melancholy,” uses the same allusion66 very beautifully:
“Forgive, if somewhile I forget,
In woe67 to come the present bliss68;
As frighted Proserpine let fall
Her flowers at the sight of Dis.”
The River Alpheus does in fact disappear underground, in part of its course, finding its way through subterranean69 channels till it again appears on the surface. It was said that the Sicilian fountain Arethusa was the same stream, which, after passing under the sea, came up again in Sicily. Hence the story ran that a cup thrown into the Alpheus appeared again in Arethusa. It is this fable70 of the underground course of Alpheus that Coleridge alludes to in his poem of “Kubla Khan”:
“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree,
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns71 measureless to man,
Down to a sunless sea.”
In one of Moore’s juvenile72 poems he thus alludes to the same story, and to the practice of throwing garlands or other light objects on his stream to be carried downward by it, and afterwards reproduced at its emerging:
“O my beloved, how divinely sweet
Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!
Like him the river god, whose waters flow,
With love their only light, through caves below,
Wafting73 in triumph all the flowery braids
And festal rings, with which Olympic maids
Have decked his current, as an offering meet
To lay at Arethusa’s shining feet.
Think, when he meets at last his fountain bride,
What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!
Each lost in each, till mingling74 into one,
Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,
A type of true love, to the deep they run.”
The following extract from Moore’s “Rhymes on the Road” gives an account of a celebrated75 picture by Albano, at Milan, called a Dance of Loves:
“?’Tis for the theft of Enna’s flower from earth
These urchins76 celebrate their dance of mirth,
Round the green tree, like fays upon a heath;—
Those that are nearest linked in order bright,
Cheek after cheek, like rosebuds77 in a wreath;
And those more distant showing from beneath
The others’ wings their little eyes of light.
While see! among the clouds, their eldest78 brother,
But just flown up, tells with a smile of bliss,
This prank79 of Pluto to his charmed mother,
Who turns to greet the tidings with a kiss.”
GLAUCUS AND SCYLLA
Glaucus was a fisherman. One day he had drawn his nets to land, and had taken a great many fishes of various kinds. So he emptied his net, and proceeded to sort the fishes on the grass. The place where he stood was a beautiful island in the river, a solitary80 spot, uninhabited, and not used for pasturage of cattle, nor ever visited by any but himself. On a sudden, the fishes, which had been laid on the grass, began to revive and move their fins81 as if they were in the water; and while he looked on astonished, they one and all moved off to the water, plunged in, and swam away. He did not know what to make of this, whether some god had done it or some secret power in the herbage. “What herb has such a power?” he exclaimed; and gathering some of it, he tasted it. Scarce had the juices of the plant reached his palate when he found himself agitated82 with a longing83 desire for the water. He could no longer restrain himself, but bidding farewell to earth, he plunged into the stream. The gods of the water received him graciously, and admitted him to the honor of their society. They obtained the consent of Oceanus and Tethys, the sovereigns of the sea, that all that was mortal in him should be washed away. A hundred rivers poured their waters over him. Then he lost all sense of his former nature and all consciousness. When he recovered, he found himself changed in form and mind. His hair was sea-green, and trailed behind him on the water; his shoulders grew broad, and what had been thighs84 and legs assumed the form of a fish’s tail. The sea-gods complimented him on the change of his appearance, and he fancied himself rather a good-looking personage.
One day Glaucus saw the beautiful maiden Scylla, the favorite of the water-nymphs, rambling85 on the shore, and when she had found a sheltered nook, laving her limbs in the clear water. He fell in love with her, and showing himself on the surface, spoke to her, saying such things as he thought most likely to win her to stay; for she turned to run immediately on the sight of him, and ran till she had gained a cliff overlooking the sea. Here she stopped and turned round to see whether it was a god or a sea animal, and observed with wonder his shape and color. Glaucus partly emerging from the water, and supporting himself against a rock, said, “Maiden, I am no monster, nor a sea animal, but a god; and neither Proteus nor Triton ranks higher than I. Once I was a mortal, and followed the sea for a living; but now I belong wholly to it.” Then he told the story of his metamorphosis, and how he had been promoted to his present dignity, and added, “But what avails all this if it fails to move your heart?” He was going on in this strain, but Scylla turned and hastened away.
Glaucus was in despair, but it occurred to him to consult the enchantress Circe. Accordingly he repaired to her island—the same where afterwards Ulysses landed, as we shall see in one of our later stories. After mutual86 salutations, he said, “Goddess, I entreat87 your pity; you alone can relieve the pain I suffer. The power of herbs I know as well as any one, for it is to them I owe my change of form. I love Scylla. I am ashamed to tell you how I have sued and promised to her, and how scornfully she has treated me. I beseech88 you to use your incantations, or potent89 herbs, if they are more prevailing90, not to cure me of my love,—for that I do not wish,—but to make her share it and yield me a like return.” To which Circe replied, for she was not insensible to the attractions of the sea-green deity91, “You had better pursue a willing object; you are worthy92 to be sought, instead of having to seek in vain. Be not diffident, know your own worth. I protest to you that even I, goddess though I be, and learned in the virtues93 of plants and spells, should not know how to refuse you. If she scorns you scorn her; meet one who is ready to meet you half way, and thus make a due return to both at once.” To these words Glaucus replied, “Sooner shall trees grow at the bottom of the ocean, and sea-weed on the top of the mountains, than I will cease to love Scylla, and her alone.”
The goddess was indignant, but she could not punish him, neither did she wish to do so, for she liked him too well; so she turned all her wrath94 against her rival, poor Scylla. She took plants of poisonous powers and mixed them together, with incantations and charms. Then she passed through the crowd of gambolling95 beasts, the victims of her art, and proceeded to the coast of Sicily, where Scylla lived. There was a little bay on the shore to which Scylla used to resort, in the heat of the day, to breathe the air of the sea, and to bathe in its waters. Here the goddess poured her poisonous mixture, and muttered over it incantations of mighty96 power. Scylla came as usual and plunged into the water up to her waist. What was her horror to perceive a brood of serpents and barking monsters surrounding her! At first she could not imagine they were a part of herself, and tried to run from them, and to drive them away; but as she ran she carried them with her, and when she tried to touch her limbs, she found her hands touch only the yawning jaws97 of monsters. Scylla remained rooted to the spot. Her temper grew as ugly as her form, and she took pleasure in devouring98 hapless mariners99 who came within her grasp. Thus she destroyed six of the companions of Ulysses, and tried to wreck100 the ships of ?neas, till at last she was turned into a rock, and as such still continues to be a terror to mariners.
Keats, in his “Endymion,” has given a new version of the ending of “Glaucus and Scylla.” Glaucus consents to Circe’s blandishments, till he by chance is witness to her transactions with her beasts.[11] Disgusted with her treachery and cruelty, he tries to escape from her, but is taken and brought back, when with reproaches she banishes101 him, sentencing him to pass a thousand years in decrepitude102 and pain. He returns to the sea, and there finds the body of Scylla, whom the goddess has not transformed but drowned. Glaucus learns that his destiny is that, if he passes his thousand years in collecting all the bodies of drowned lovers, a youth beloved of the gods will appear and help him. Endymion fulfils this prophecy, and aids in restoring Glaucus to youth, and Scylla and all the drowned lovers to life.
The following is Glaucus’s account of his feelings after his “sea-change”:
“I plunged for life or death. To interknit
One’s senses with so dense103 a breathing stuff
Might seem a work of pain; so not enough
Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,
And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt
Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;
Forgetful utterly104 of self-intent,
Moving but with the mighty ebb43 and flow.
Then like a new-fledged bird that first doth show
His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,
I tried in fear the pinions105 of my will.
’Twas freedom! and at once I visited
The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed,” etc.
—Keats.
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1
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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eruption
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| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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Pluto
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| n.冥王星 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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6
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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8
espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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9
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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10
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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11
fervid
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| adj.热情的；炽热的 | |
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12
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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13
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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15
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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16
aurora
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| n.极光 | |
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17
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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18
acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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19
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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compassionate
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| adj.有同情心的，表示同情的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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feverish
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| adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的 | |
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25
sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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26
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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27
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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28
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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29
curds
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| n.凝乳( curd的名词复数 ) | |
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30
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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32
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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35
frustrated
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| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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waft
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| v.飘浮，飘荡；n.一股；一阵微风；飘荡 | |
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furrow
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| n.沟；垄沟；轨迹；车辙；皱纹 | |
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interceded
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| v.斡旋，调解( intercede的过去式和过去分词 )；说情 | |
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unwillingly
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| adv.不情愿地 | |
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42
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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votary
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| n.崇拜者；爱好者；adj.誓约的，立誓任圣职的 | |
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growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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bereavement
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| n.亲人丧亡，丧失亲人，丧亲之痛 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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60
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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wafting
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的现在分词 ) | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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urchins
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| n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆 | |
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rosebuds
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| 蔷薇花蕾，妙龄少女，初入社交界的少女( rosebud的名词复数 ) | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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prank
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| n.开玩笑，恶作剧；v.装饰；打扮；炫耀自己 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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fins
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| [医]散热片；鱼鳍；飞边；鸭掌 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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thighs
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| n.股，大腿( thigh的名词复数 )；食用的鸡（等的）腿 | |
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rambling
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| adj.[建]凌乱的，杂乱的 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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gambolling
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| v.蹦跳，跳跃，嬉戏( gambol的现在分词 ) | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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98
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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100
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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101
banishes
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的第三人称单数 ) | |
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102
decrepitude
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| n.衰老；破旧 | |
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103
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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104
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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pinions
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| v.抓住[捆住]（双臂）( pinion的第三人称单数 ) | |
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