THE GOLDEN FLEECE
In very ancient times there lived in Thessaly a king and queen named Athamas and Nephele. They had two children, a boy and a girl. After a time Athamas grew indifferent to his wife, put her away, and took another. Nephele suspected danger to her children from the influence of the stepmother, and took measures to send them out of her reach. Mercury assisted her, and gave her a ram1 with a golden fleece, on which she set the two children, trusting that the ram would convey them to a place of safety. The ram vaulted2 into the air with the children on his back, taking his course to the East, till when crossing the strait that divides Europe and Asia, the girl, whose name was Helle, fell from his back into the sea, which from her was called the Hellespont,—now the Dardanelles. The ram continued his career till he reached the kingdom of Colchis, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, where he safely landed the boy Phryxus, who was hospitably3 received by ?etes, king of the country. Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, and gave the Golden Fleece to ?etes, who placed it in a consecrated4 grove5, under the care of a sleepless6 dragon.
There was another kingdom in Thessaly near to that of Athamas, and ruled over by a relative of his. The king ?son, being tired of the cares of government, surrendered his crown to his brother Pelias on condition that he should hold it only during the minority of Jason, the son of ?son. When Jason was grown up and came to demand the crown from his uncle, Pelias pretended to be willing to yield it, but at the same time suggested to the young man the glorious adventure of going in quest of the Golden Fleece, which it was well known was in the kingdom of Colchis, and was, as Pelias pretended, the rightful property of their family. Jason was pleased with the thought, and forthwith made preparations for the expedition. At that time the only species of navigation known to the Greeks consisted of small boats or canoes hollowed out from trunks of trees, so that when Jason employed Argus to build him a vessel8 capable of containing fifty men, it was considered a gigantic undertaking9. It was accomplished10, however, and the vessel named “Argo,” from the name of the builder. Jason sent his invitation to all the adventurous11 young men of Greece, and soon found himself at the head of a band of bold youths, many of whom afterwards were renowned12 among the heroes and demigods of Greece. Hercules, Theseus, Orpheus, and Nestor were among them. They are called the Argonauts, from the name of their vessel.
The “Argo” with her crew of heroes left the shores of Thessaly and having touched at the Island of Lemnos, thence crossed to Mysia and thence to Thrace. Here they found the sage13 Phineus, and from him received instruction as to their future course. It seems the entrance of the Euxine Sea was impeded14 by two small rocky islands, which floated on the surface, and in their tossings and heavings occasionally came together, crushing and grinding to atoms any object that might be caught between them. They were called the Symplegades, or Clashing Islands. Phineus instructed the Argonauts how to pass this dangerous strait. When they reached the islands they let go a dove, which took her way between the rocks, and passed in safety, only losing some feathers of her tail. Jason and his men seized the favorable moment of the rebound15, plied16 their oars17 with vigor18, and passed safe through, though the islands closed behind them, and actually grazed their stern. They now rowed along the shore till they arrived at the eastern end of the sea, and landed at the kingdom of Colchis.
Jason made known his message to the Colchian king, ?etes, who consented to give up the golden fleece if Jason would yoke19 to the plough two fire-breathing bulls with brazen20 feet, and sow the teeth of the dragon which Cadmus had slain21, and from which it was well known that a crop of armed men would spring up, who would turn their weapons against their producer. Jason accepted the conditions, and a time was set for making the experiment. Previously23, however, he found means to plead his cause to Medea, daughter of the king. He promised her marriage, and as they stood before the altar of Hecate, called the goddess to witness his oath. Medea yielded, and by her aid, for she was a potent24 sorceress, he was furnished with a charm, by which he could encounter safely the breath of the fire-breathing bulls and the weapons of the armed men.
At the time appointed, the people assembled at the grove of Mars, and the king assumed his royal seat, while the multitude covered the hill-sides. The brazen-footed bulls rushed in, breathing fire from their nostrils25 that burned up the herbage as they passed. The sound was like the roar of a furnace, and the smoke like that of water upon quick-lime. Jason advanced boldly to meet them. His friends, the chosen heroes of Greece, trembled to behold26 him. Regardless of the burning breath, he soothed27 their rage with his voice, patted their necks with fearless hand, and adroitly28 slipped over them the yoke, and compelled them to drag the plough. The Colchians were amazed; the Greeks shouted for joy. Jason next proceeded to sow the dragon’s teeth and plough them in. And soon the crop of armed men sprang up, and, wonderful to relate! no sooner had they reached the surface than they began to brandish29 their weapons and rush upon Jason. The Greeks trembled for their hero, and even she who had provided him a way of safety and taught him how to use it, Medea herself, grew pale with fear. Jason for a time kept his assailants at bay with his sword and shield, till, finding their numbers overwhelming, he resorted to the charm which Medea had taught him, seized a stone and threw it in the midst of his foes30. They immediately turned their arms against one another, and soon there was not one of the dragon’s brood left alive. The Greeks embraced their hero, and Medea, if she dared, would have embraced him too.
It remained to lull31 to sleep the dragon that guarded the fleece, and this was done by scattering32 over him a few drops of a preparation which Medea had supplied. At the smell he relaxed his rage, stood for a moment motionless, then shut those great round eyes, that had never been known to shut before, and turned over on his side, fast asleep. Jason seized the fleece and with his friends and Medea accompanying, hastened to their vessel before ?etes the king could arrest their departure, and made the best of their way back to Thessaly, where they arrived safe, and Jason delivered the fleece to Pelias, and dedicated33 the “Argo” to Neptune34. What became of the fleece afterwards we do not know, but perhaps it was found after all, like many other golden prizes, not worth the trouble it had cost to procure35 it.
This is one of those mythological36 tales, says a late writer, in which there is reason to believe that a substratum of truth exists, though overlaid by a mass of fiction. It probably was the first important maritime37 expedition, and like the first attempts of the kind of all nations, as we know from history, was probably of a half-piratical character. If rich spoils were the result it was enough to give rise to the idea of the golden fleece.
Another suggestion of a learned mythologist38, Bryant, is that it is a corrupt39 tradition of the story of Noah and the ark. The name “Argo” seems to countenance40 this, and the incident of the dove is another confirmation41.
Pope, in his “Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day,” thus celebrates the launching of the ship “Argo,” and the power of the music of Orpheus, whom he calls the Thracian:
“So when the first bold vessel dared the seas,
High on the stern the Thracian raised his strain,
While Argo saw her kindred trees
Descend42 from Pelion to the main.
Transported demigods stood round,
And men grew heroes at the sound.”
In Dyer’s poem of “The Fleece” there is an account of the ship “Argo” and her crew, which gives a good picture of this primitive43 maritime adventure:
“From every region of ?gea’s shore
The brave assembled; those illustrious twins
Castor and Pollux; Orpheus, tuneful bard44;
Zetes and Calais, as the wind in speed;
Strong Hercules and many a chief renowned.
On deep Iolcos’ sandy shore they thronged45,
Gleaming in armor, ardent46 of exploits;
And soon, the laurel cord and the huge stone
Uplifting to the deck, unmoored the bark;
Whose keel of wondrous47 length the skilful48 hand
Of Argus fashioned for the proud attempt;
And in the extended keel a lofty mast
Upraised, and sails full swelling49; to the chiefs
Unwonted objects. Now first, now they learned
Their bold steerage over ocean wave,
Led by the golden stars, as Chiron’s art
Had marked the sphere celestial,” etc.
Hercules left the expedition at Mysia, for Hylas, a youth beloved by him, having gone for water, was laid hold of and kept by the nymphs of the spring, who were fascinated by his beauty. Hercules went in quest of the lad, and while he was absent the “Argo” put to sea and left him. Moore, in one of his songs, makes a beautiful allusion50 to this incident:
“When Hylas was sent with his urn22 to the fount,
Through fields full of light and heart full of play,
Light rambled51 the boy over meadow and mount,
And neglected his task for the flowers in the way.
“Thus many like me, who in youth should have tasted
The fountain that runs by Philosophy’s shrine52,
Their time with the flowers on the margin53 have wasted,
And left their light urns54 all as empty as mine.”
MEDEA AND ?SON
Amid the rejoicings for the recovery of the Golden Fleece, Jason felt that one thing was wanting, the presence of ?son, his father, who was prevented by his age and infirmities from taking part in them. Jason said to Medea, “My spouse55, would that your arts, whose power I have seen so mighty56 for my aid, could do me one further service, take some years from my life and add them to my father’s.” Medea replied, “Not at such a cost shall it be done, but if my art avails me, his life shall be lengthened57 without abridging58 yours.” The next full moon she issued forth7 alone, while all creatures slept; not a breath stirred the foliage59, and all was still. To the stars she addressed her incantations, and to the moon; to Hecate,[17] the goddess of the underworld, and to Tellus the goddess of the earth, by whose power plants potent for enchantment60 are produced. She invoked61 the gods of the woods and caverns62, of mountains and valleys, of lakes and rivers, of winds and vapors63. While she spoke64 the stars shone brighter, and presently a chariot descended65 through the air, drawn66 by flying serpents. She ascended67 it, and borne aloft made her way to distant regions, where potent plants grew which she knew how to select for her purpose. Nine nights she employed in her search, and during that time came not within the doors of her palace nor under any roof, and shunned68 all intercourse69 with mortals.
She next erected70 two altars, the one to Hecate, the other to Hebe, the goddess of youth, and sacrificed a black sheep, pouring libations of milk and wine. She implored71 Pluto72 and his stolen bride that they would not hasten to take the old man’s life. Then she directed that ?son should be led forth, and having thrown him into a deep sleep by a charm, had him laid on a bed of herbs, like one dead. Jason and all others were kept away from the place, that no profane73 eyes might look upon her mysteries. Then, with streaming hair, she thrice moved round the altars, dipped flaming twigs74 in the blood, and laid them thereon to burn. Meanwhile the caldron with its contents was got ready. In it she put magic herbs, with seeds and flowers of acrid75 juice, stones from the distant east, and sand from the shore of all-surrounding ocean; hoar frost, gathered by moonlight, a screech76 owl’s head and wings, and the entrails of a wolf. She added fragments of the shells or tortoises, and the liver of stags,—animals tenacious77 of life,—and the head and beak78 of a crow, that outlives nine generations of men. These with many other things “without a name” she boiled together for her purposed work, stirring them up with a dry olive branch; and behold! the branch when taken out instantly became green, and before long was covered with leaves and a plentiful79 growth of young olives; and as the liquor boiled and bubbled, and sometimes ran over, the grass wherever the sprinklings fell shot forth with a verdure like that of spring.
Seeing that all was ready, Medea cut the throat of the old man and let out all his blood, and poured into his mouth and into his wound the juices of her caldron. As soon as he had completely imbibed80 them, his hair and beard laid by their whiteness and assumed the blackness of youth; his paleness and emaciation81 were gone; his veins82 were full of blood, his limbs of vigor and robustness83. ?son is amazed at himself, and remembers that such as he now is, he was in his youthful days, forty years before.
Medea used her arts here for a good purpose, but not so in another instance, where she made them the instruments of revenge. Pelias, our readers will recollect84, was the usurping85 uncle of Jason, and had kept him out of his kingdom. Yet he must have had some good qualities, for his daughters loved him, and when they saw what Medea had done for ?son, they wished her to do the same for their father. Medea pretended to consent, and prepared her caldron as before. At her request an old sheep was brought and plunged86 into the caldron. Very soon a bleating87 was heard in the kettle, and when the cover was removed, a lamb jumped forth and ran frisking away into the meadow. The daughters of Pelias saw the experiment with delight, and appointed a time for their father to undergo the same operation. But Medea prepared her caldron for him in a very different way. She put in only water and a few simple herbs. In the night she with the sisters entered the bed chamber88 of the old king, while he and his guards slept soundly under the influence of a spell cast upon them by Medea. The daughters stood by the bedside with their weapons drawn, but hesitated to strike, till Medea chid89 their irresolution90. Then turning away their faces, and giving random91 blows, they smote92 him with their weapons. He, starting from his sleep, cried out, “My daughters, what are you doing? Will you kill your father?” Their hearts failed them and their weapons fell from their hands, but Medea struck him a fatal blow, and prevented his saying more.
Then they placed him in the caldron, and Medea hastened to depart in her serpent-drawn chariot before they discovered her treachery, or their vengeance93 would have been terrible. She escaped, however, but had little enjoyment94 of the fruits of her crime. Jason, for whom she had done so much, wishing to marry Creusa, princess of Corinth, put away Medea. She, enraged95 at his ingratitude96, called on the gods for vengeance, sent a poisoned robe as a gift to the bride, and then killing97 her own children, and setting fire to the palace, mounted her serpent-drawn chariot and fled to Athens, where she married King ?geus, the father of Theseus, and we shall meet her again when we come to the adventures of that hero.
The incantations of Medea will remind the reader of those of the witches in “Macbeth.” The following lines are those which seem most strikingly to recall the ancient model:
“Round about the caldron go;
In the poisoned entrails throw.
. . . . . . .
Fillet of a fenny98 snake
In the caldron boil and bake;
Eye of newt and toe of frog,
Wool of bat and tongue of dog,
Adder’s fork and blind-worm’s sting,
Lizard’s leg and howlet’s wing:
. . . . . . .
Maw of ravening99 salt-sea shark,
Root of hemlock100 digged in the dark,” etc.
—Macbeth, Act IV., Scene 1
And again:
Macbeth.—What is’t you do?
Witches.—A deed without a name.
There is another story of Medea almost too revolting for record even of a sorceress, a class of persons to whom both ancient and modern poets have been accustomed to attribute every degree of atrocity101. In her flight from Colchis she had taken her young brother Absyrtus with her. Finding the pursuing vessels102 of ?etes gaining upon the Argonauts, she caused the lad to be killed and his limbs to be strewn over the sea. ?etes on reaching the place found these sorrowful traces of his murdered son; but while he tarried to collect the scattered103 fragments and bestow104 upon them an honorable interment, the Argonauts escaped.
In the poems of Campbell will be found a translation of one of the choruses of the tragedy of “Medea,” where the poet Euripides has taken advantage of the occasion to pay a glowing tribute to Athens, his native city. It begins thus:
“O haggard queen! to Athens dost thou guide
Thy glowing chariot, steeped in kindred gore105;
Or seek to hide thy damned parricide106
Where peace and justice dwell for evermore?”
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1
ram
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| (random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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4
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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14
impeded
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| 阻碍，妨碍，阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rebound
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| v.弹回；n.弹回，跳回 | |
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plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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17
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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20
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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23
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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24
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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25
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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26
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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28
adroitly
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| adv.熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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brandish
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| v.挥舞，挥动；n.挥动，挥舞 | |
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30
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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31
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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32
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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33
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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35
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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mythological
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| adj.神话的 | |
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maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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mythologist
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| n.神话学家；神话作家 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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40
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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41
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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42
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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bard
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| n.吟游诗人 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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rambled
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的过去式和过去分词 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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urns
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| n.壶( urn的名词复数 )；瓮；缸；骨灰瓮 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abridging
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| 节略( abridge的现在分词 )； 减少； 缩短； 剥夺（某人的）权利（或特权等） | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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vapors
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| n.水汽，水蒸气，无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 )；自夸者；幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁（症）v.自夸，（使）蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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64
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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shunned
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| v.避开，回避，避免( shun的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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Pluto
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| n.冥王星 | |
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profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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acrid
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| adj.辛辣的，尖刻的，刻薄的 | |
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screech
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| n./v.尖叫；(发出)刺耳的声音 | |
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tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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emaciation
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| n.消瘦，憔悴，衰弱 | |
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veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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robustness
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| 坚固性，健壮性；鲁棒性 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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usurping
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的现在分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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bleating
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| v.（羊，小牛）叫( bleat的现在分词 )；哭诉；发出羊叫似的声音；轻声诉说 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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chid
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| v.责骂，责备( chide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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irresolution
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| n.不决断，优柔寡断，犹豫不定 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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smote
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去式 ) | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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fenny
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| adj.沼泽的；沼泽多的；长在沼泽地带的；住在沼泽地的 | |
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ravening
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| a.贪婪而饥饿的 | |
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100
hemlock
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| n.毒胡萝卜，铁杉 | |
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atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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102
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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105
gore
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| n.凝血，血污；v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破；缝以补裆；顶 | |
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parricide
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| n.杀父母；杀亲罪 | |
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