THESEUS
Theseus was the son of ?geus, king of Athens, and of ?thra, daughter of the king of Tr?zen. He was brought up at Tr?zen, and when arrived at manhood was to proceed to Athens and present himself to his father. ?geus on parting from ?thra, before the birth of his son, placed his sword and shoes under a large stone and directed her to send his son to him when he became strong enough to roll away the stone and take them from under it. When she thought the time had come, his mother led Theseus to the stone, and he removed it with ease and took the sword and shoes. As the roads were infested1 with robbers, his grandfather pressed him earnestly to take the shorter and safer way to his father’s country—by sea; but the youth, feeling in himself the spirit and the soul of a hero, and eager to signalize himself like Hercules, with whose fame all Greece then rang, by destroying the evil-doers and monsters that oppressed the country, determined2 on the more perilous3 and adventurous4 journey by land.
His first day’s journey brought him to Epidaurus, where dwelt a man named Periphetes, a son of Vulcan. This ferocious5 savage6 always went armed with a club of iron, and all travellers stood in terror of his violence. When he saw Theseus approach he assailed7 him, but speedily fell beneath the blows of the young hero, who took possession of his club and bore it ever afterwards as a memorial of his first victory.
Several similar contests with the petty tyrants8 and marauders of the country followed, in all of which Theseus was victorious9. One of these evil-doers was called Procrustes, or the Stretcher. He had an iron bedstead, on which he used to tie all travellers who fell into his hands. If they were shorter than the bed, he stretched their limbs to make them fit it; if they were longer than the bed, he lopped off a portion. Theseus served him as he had served others.
Having overcome all the perils10 of the road, Theseus at length reached Athens, where new dangers awaited him. Medea, the sorceress, who had fled from Corinth after her separation from Jason, had become the wife of ?geus, the father of Theseus. Knowing by her arts who he was, and fearing the loss of her influence with her husband if Theseus should be acknowledged as his son, she filled the mind of ?geus with suspicions of the young stranger, and induced him to present him a cup of poison; but at the moment when Theseus stepped forward to take it, the sight of the sword which he wore discovered to his father who he was, and prevented the fatal draught11. Medea, detected in her arts, fled once more from deserved punishment, and arrived in Asia, where the country afterwards called Medea received its name from her. Theseus was acknowledged by his father, and declared his successor.
The Athenians were at that time in deep affliction, on account of the tribute which they were forced to pay to Minos, king of Crete. This tribute consisted of seven youths and seven maidens12, who were sent every year to be devoured13 by the Minotaur, a monster with a bull’s body and a human head. It was exceedingly strong and fierce, and was kept in a labyrinth14 constructed by D?dalus, so artfully contrived15 that whoever was enclosed in it could by no means find his way out unassisted. Here the Minotaur roamed, and was fed with human victims.
Theseus resolved to deliver his countrymen from this calamity16, or to die in the attempt. Accordingly, when the time of sending off the tribute came, and the youths and maidens were, according to custom, drawn17 by lot to be sent, he offered himself as one of the victims, in spite of the entreaties18 of his father. The ship departed under black sails, as usual, which Theseus promised his father to change for white, in case of his returning victorious. When they arrived in Crete, the youths and maidens were exhibited before Minos; and Ariadne, the daughter of the king, being present, became deeply enamored of Theseus, by whom her love was readily returned. She furnished him with a sword, with which to encounter the Minotaur, and with a clew of thread by which he might find his way out of the labyrinth. He was successful, slew19 the Minotaur, escaped from the labyrinth, and taking Ariadne as the companion of his way, with his rescued companions sailed for Athens. On their way they stopped at the island of Naxos, where Theseus abandoned Ariadne, leaving her asleep.[19] His excuse for this ungrateful treatment of his benefactress was that Minerva appeared to him in a dream and commanded him to do so.
On approaching the coast of Attica, Theseus forgot the signal appointed by his father, and neglected to raise the white sails, and the old king, thinking his son had perished, put an end to his own life. Theseus thus became king of Athens.
One of the most celebrated20 of the adventures of Theseus is his expedition against the Amazons. He assailed them before they had recovered from the attack of Hercules, and carried off their queen Antiope. The Amazons in their turn invaded the country of Athens and penetrated21 into the city itself; and the final battle in which Theseus overcame them was fought in the very midst of the city. This battle was one of the favorite subjects of the ancient sculptors22, and is commemorated23 in several works of art that are still extant.
The friendship between Theseus and Pirithous was of a most intimate nature, yet it originated in the midst of arms. Pirithous had made an irruption into the plain of Marathon, and carried off the herds24 of the king of Athens. Theseus went to repel25 the plunderers. The moment Pirithous beheld26 him, he was seized with admiration27; he stretched out his hand as a token of peace, and cried, “Be judge thyself—what satisfaction dost thou require?” “Thy friendship,” replied the Athenian, and they swore inviolable fidelity28. Their deeds corresponded to their professions, and they ever continued true brothers in arms. Each of them aspired29 to espouse30 a daughter of Jupiter. Theseus fixed31 his choice on Helen, then but a child, afterwards so celebrated as the cause of the Trojan war, and with the aid of his friend he carried her off. Pirithous aspired to the wife of the monarch32 of Erebus; and Theseus, though aware of the danger, accompanied the ambitious lover in his descent to the under-world. But Pluto33 seized and set them on an enchanted34 rock at his palace gate, where they remained till Hercules arrived and liberated35 Theseus, leaving Pirithous to his fate.
After the death of Antiope, Theseus married Ph?dra, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. Ph?dra saw in Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, a youth endowed with all the graces and virtues36 of his father, and of an age corresponding to her own. She loved him, but he repulsed37 her advances, and her love was changed to hate. She used her influence over her infatuated husband to cause him to be jealous of his son, and he imprecated the vengeance38 of Neptune39 upon him. As Hippolytus was one day driving his chariot along the shore, a sea-monster raised himself above the waters, and frightened the horses so that they ran away and dashed the chariot to pieces. Hippolytus was killed, but by Diana’s assistance ?sculapius restored him to life. Diana removed Hippolytus from the power of his deluded40 father and false stepmother, and placed him in Italy under the protection of the nymph Egeria.
Theseus at length lost the favor of his people, and retired41 to the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, who at first received him kindly42, but afterwards treacherously43 slew him. In a later age the Athenian general Cimon discovered the place where his remains44 were laid, and caused them to be removed to Athens, where they were deposited in a temple called the Theseum, erected45 in honor of the hero.
The queen of the Amazons whom Theseus espoused46 is by some called Hippolyta. That is the name she bears in Shakspeare’s “Midsummer Night’s Dream,”—the subject of which is the festivities attending the nuptials47 of Theseus and Hippolyta.
Mrs. Hemans has a poem on the ancient Greek tradition that the “Shade of Theseus” appeared strengthening his countrymen at the battle of Marathon.
Theseus is a semi-historical personage. It is recorded of him that he united the several tribes by whom the territory of Attica was then possessed48 into one state, of which Athens was the capital. In commemoration of this important event, he instituted the festival of Panathen?a, in honor of Minerva, the patron deity49 of Athens. This festival differed from the other Grecian games chiefly in two particulars. It was peculiar50 to the Athenians, and its chief feature was a solemn procession in which the Peplus, or sacred robe of Minerva, was carried to the Parthenon, and suspended before the statue of the goddess. The Peplus was covered with embroidery51, worked by select virgins52 of the noblest families in Athens. The procession consisted of persons of all ages and both sexes. The old men carried olive branches in their hands, and the young men bore arms. The young women carried baskets on their heads, containing the sacred utensils53, cakes, and all things necessary for the sacrifices. The procession formed the subject of the bas-reliefs which embellished54 the outside of the temple of the Parthenon. A considerable portion of these sculptures is now in the British Museum among those known as the “Elgin marbles.”
OLYMPIC AND OTHER GAMES
It seems not inappropriate to mention here the other celebrated national games of the Greeks. The first and most distinguished55 were the Olympic, founded, it was said, by Jupiter himself. They were celebrated at Olympia in Elis. Vast numbers of spectators flocked to them from every part of Greece, and from Asia, Africa, and Sicily. They were repeated every fifth year in midsummer, and continued five days. They gave rise to the custom of reckoning time and dating events by Olympiads. The first Olympiad is generally considered as corresponding with the year 776 B.C. The Pythian games were celebrated in the vicinity of Delphi, the Isthmian on the Corinthian isthmus56, the Nemean at Nemea, a city of Argolis.
The exercises in these games were of five sorts: running, leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit, and hurling57 the javelin58, or boxing. Besides these exercises of bodily strength and agility59, there were contests in music, poetry, and eloquence60. Thus these games furnished poets, musicians, and authors the best opportunities to present their productions to the public, and the fame of the victors was diffused61 far and wide.
D?DALUS
The labyrinth from which Theseus escaped by means of the clew of Ariadne was built by D?dalus, a most skilful62 artificer. It was an edifice63 with numberless winding64 passages and turnings opening into one another, and seeming to have neither beginning nor end, like the river M?ander, which returns on itself, and flows now onward65, now backward, in its course to the sea. D?dalus built the labyrinth for King Minos, but afterwards lost the favor of the king, and was shut up in a tower. He contrived to make his escape from his prison, but could not leave the island by sea, as the king kept strict watch on all the vessels66, and permitted none to sail without being carefully searched. “Minos may control the land and sea,” said D?dalus, “but not the regions of the air. I will try that way.” So he set to work to fabricate wings for himself and his young son Icarus. He wrought67 feathers together, beginning with the smallest and adding larger, so as to form an increasing surface. The larger ones he secured with thread and the smaller with wax, and gave the whole a gentle curvature like the wings of a bird. Icarus, the boy, stood and looked on, sometimes running to gather up the feathers which the wind had blown away, and then handling the wax and working it over with his fingers, by his play impeding68 his father in his labors69. When at last the work was done, the artist, waving his wings, found himself buoyed70 upward, and hung suspended, poising71 himself on the beaten air. He next equipped his son in the same manner, and taught him how to fly, as a bird tempts72 her young ones from the lofty nest into the air. When all was prepared for flight he said, “Icarus, my son, I charge you to keep at a moderate height, for if you fly too low the damp will clog73 your wings, and if too high the heat will melt them. Keep near me and you will be safe.” While he gave him these instructions and fitted the wings to his shoulders, the face of the father was wet with tears, and his hands trembled. He kissed the boy, not knowing that it was for the last time. Then rising on his wings, he flew off, encouraging him to follow, and looked back from his own flight to see how his son managed his wings. As they flew the ploughman stopped his work to gaze, and the shepherd leaned on his staff and watched them, astonished at the sight, and thinking they were gods who could thus cleave74 the air.
They passed Samos and Delos on the left and Lebynthos on the right, when the boy, exulting75 in his career, began to leave the guidance of his companion and soar upward as if to reach heaven. The nearness of the blazing sun softened76 the wax which held the feathers together, and they came off. He fluttered with his arms, but no feathers remained to hold the air. While his mouth uttered cries to his father it was submerged in the blue waters of the sea, which thenceforth was called by his name. His father cried, “Icarus, Icarus, where are you?” At last he saw the feathers floating on the water, and bitterly lamenting77 his own arts, he buried the body and called the land Icaria in memory of his child. D?dalus arrived safe in Sicily, where he built a temple to Apollo, and hung up his wings, an offering to the god.
D?dalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son Perdix under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. He was an apt scholar and gave striking evidences of ingenuity78. Walking on the seashore he picked up the spine79 of a fish. Imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched80 it on the edge, and thus invented the saw. He put two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet81, and sharpening the other ends, and made a pair of compasses. D?dalus was so envious83 of his nephew’s performances that he took an opportunity, when they were together one day on the top of a high tower, to push him off. But Minerva, who favors ingenuity, saw him falling, and arrested his fate by changing him into a bird called after his name, the Partridge. This bird does not build his nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights, but nestles in the hedges, and mindful of his fall, avoids high places.
The death of Icarus is told in the following lines by Darwin:
“. . . with melting wax and loosened strings84
Sunk hapless Icarus on unfaithful wings;
Headlong he rushed through the affrighted air,
With limbs distorted and dishevelled hair;
His scattered85 plumage danced upon the wave,
And sorrowing Nereids decked his watery86 grave;
O’er his pale corse their pearly sea-flowers shed,
And strewed87 with crimson88 moss89 his marble bed;
Struck in their coral towers the passing bell,
And wide in ocean tolled90 his echoing knell91.”
CASTOR AND POLLUX
Castor and Pollux were the offspring of Leda and the Swan, under which disguise Jupiter had concealed92 himself. Leda gave birth to an egg from which sprang the twins. Helen, so famous afterwards as the cause of the Trojan war, was their sister.
When Theseus and his friend Pirithous had carried off Helen from Sparta, the youthful heroes Castor and Pollux, with their followers93, hastened to her rescue. Theseus was absent from Attica and the brothers were successful in recovering their sister.
Castor was famous for taming and managing horses, and Pollux for skill in boxing. They were united by the warmest affection and inseparable in all their enterprises. They accompanied the Argonautic expedition. During the voyage a storm arose, and Orpheus prayed to the Samothracian gods, and played on his harp82, whereupon the storm ceased and stars appeared on the heads of the brothers. From this incident, Castor and Pollux came afterwards to be considered the patron deities94 of seamen95 and voyagers, and the lambent flames, which in certain states of the atmosphere play round the sails and masts of vessels, were called by their names.
After the Argonautic expedition, we find Castor and Pollux engaged in a war with Idas and Lynceus. Castor was slain96, and Pollux, inconsolable for the loss of his brother, besought97 Jupiter to be permitted to give his own life as a ransom98 for him. Jupiter so far consented as to allow the two brothers to enjoy the boon99 of life alternately, passing one day under the earth and the next in the heavenly abodes100. According to another form of the story, Jupiter rewarded the attachment101 of the brothers by placing them among the stars as Gemini the Twins.
They received divine honors under the name of Dioscuri (sons of Jove). They were believed to have appeared occasionally in later times, taking part with one side or the other, in hard-fought fields, and were said on such occasions to be mounted on magnificent white steeds. Thus in the early history of Rome they are said to have assisted the Romans at the battle of Lake Regillus, and after the victory a temple was erected in their honor on the spot where they appeared.
Macaulay, in his “Lays of Ancient Rome,” thus alludes102 to the legend:
“So like they were, no mortal
Might one from other know;
White as snow their armor was,
Their steeds were white as snow.
Never on earthly anvil103
Did such rare armor gleam,
And never did such gallant104 steeds
Drink of an earthly stream.
. . . . . . .
“Back comes the chief in triumph
Who in the hour of fight
Hath seen the great Twin Brethren
In harness on his right.
Safe comes the ship to haven105,
Through billows and through gales106,
If once the great Twin Brethren
Sit shining on the sails.”
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1
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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sculptors
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| 雕刻家，雕塑家( sculptor的名词复数 )； [天]玉夫座 | |
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commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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26
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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27
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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aspired
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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espouse
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| v.支持，赞成，嫁娶 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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Pluto
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| n.冥王星 | |
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enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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37
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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42
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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43
treacherously
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| 背信弃义地； 背叛地； 靠不住地； 危险地 | |
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44
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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45
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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46
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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48
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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49
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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50
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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51
embroidery
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| n.绣花，刺绣；绣制品 | |
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52
virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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53
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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54
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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55
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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56
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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57
hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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javelin
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| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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impeding
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| a.(尤指坏事)即将发生的，临近的 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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buoyed
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| v.使浮起( buoy的过去式和过去分词 )；支持；为…设浮标；振奋…的精神 | |
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poising
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| 使平衡( poise的现在分词 )； 保持（某种姿势）； 抓紧； 使稳定 | |
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tempts
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| v.引诱或怂恿（某人）干不正当的事( tempt的第三人称单数 )；使想要 | |
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clog
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| vt.塞满，阻塞；n.[常pl.]木屐 | |
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cleave
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| v．(clave；cleaved)粘着，粘住；坚持；依恋 | |
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exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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spine
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| n.脊柱，脊椎；(动植物的)刺；书脊 | |
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notched
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| a.有凹口的，有缺口的 | |
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rivet
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| n.铆钉；vt.铆接，铆牢；集中(目光或注意力) | |
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harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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envious
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| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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tolled
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| 鸣钟（toll的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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knell
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| n.丧钟声；v.敲丧钟 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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100
abodes
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| 住所( abode的名词复数 )； 公寓； （在某地的）暂住； 逗留 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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102
alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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103
anvil
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| n.铁钻 | |
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104
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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105
haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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106
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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