"Agra, on the whole, is the handsomest city of Upper India, though of course there may be some difference of opinion in this matter," he began. "It is eight hundred and forty-one miles north-west of Calcutta, and one hundred and forty south-east of Delhi. Like Delhi, it is on the Jumna, which is here crossed by a floating bridge. One of the most prominent buildings is the fortress3 of Akbar, and you must know something of this sovereign in order to understand Agra.
"He was known as Akbar the Great, the Mogul emperor of India, and the greatest Asiatic monarch5 of modern times. He was the son of Houmayoun, whose mausoleum you visited at Delhi. The father was robbed of his throne, and retreated to Persia; and it was on the way there that Akbar was born, in 1542. After an exile of twelve years, Houmayoun recovered his throne, but lost his life within a year after his return. The government was committed to the care of a regent, who became a tyrant6; and the young prince took possession of it himself at the age of eighteen.
"At this time only a few provinces were subject to the rule of his father; but in a dozen years Akbar had made himself master of all the country north of the Vindhya Mountains, or of a line drawn7 from Baroda to Calcutta, though he was not so fortunate in subduing8 the southern portion of the peninsula. He was a great conqueror9; yet, what is not so common with the mighty10 rulers of the world, past or present, he was a wise and humane11 monarch, and governed his realm with wisdom and vigor12. His reign4 was the most unparalleled, for his justice, energy, and progressive character, of any in the East. In this manner he made his empire the greatest of the age in which he lived.
"He fostered commerce by the construction of roads, by the establishment of an excellent police system, and introduced a uniform system of weights and measures. He looked after the administration of his viceroys in his numerous provinces, permitted no extortion on the part of his officers, and saw that justice was impartially13 meted14 out to all classes. He was a Mohammedan, but he was tolerant of all the prevailing15 sects16 in religion.
"He gave the Hindus entire freedom of worship; though far in advance of his successors, he prohibited cruel customs, such as the burning of widows, and other barbarous practices. He founded schools and encouraged literature. He inquired into the various forms of religion, and even sent for Portuguese17 missionaries18 at Goa to explain the Christian19 faith to him. From the various beliefs he made up a kind of eclectic religion; but it was not a success outside of his palace. A history of his reign of fifty years was written by his chief minister. Akbar died in 1605, and was interred20 in a beautiful mausoleum, near the city.
"With the ordinary sights of India you are already somewhat familiar; and, aside from what you may see in any city here, there is not much to interest you, with the grand exception of the Taj, and some of the mausoleums, of which I will say nothing, as we are now to visit them."
The company retired21 early, and after breakfast the next morning the carriages were at the door. In the first one were Captain Ringgold, Mrs. Belgrave, and Sir Modava. Lord Tremlyn had more than once manifested a desire to be in the same carriage with Miss Blanche; and he went with her and Louis on this occasion, while Mr. and Mrs. Woolridge invited General Noury to accompany them.
"Akbar made Agra the capital of the Mogul Empire," said Sir Modava, as the carriage started. "He changed its old name to Akbarabad, and the natives call it so to this day."
"The termination of that name seems to be very common in India, as Allahabad, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad," added the commander.
"In the Hindu, abad means a town or a village; and if you cut off that ending you will find the person or place for whom it was named, as Akbar-abad."
"Precisely22 as it is in our country, where we have Morris-town, Allen-town, Morgan-town, and a thousand others," added the captain.
"After the death of Akbar his successors reigned23 in Delhi. The Mogul Empire came to an end in 1761; and Agra was sacked by the Jats, and later the Mahrattas completed the destruction they had begun. It was captured from Scindia in 1803 by the English under Lord Lake, and has since remained in their possession. In all these disasters its population, which had been seven hundred thousand, dropped to ten thousand; but under British rule it recovered some of its former prosperity, and it is now about one hundred and seventy thousand."
"If a man wants to build a house here he has only to dig for the material, for not far down he will find the stone and brick of the structures that crumbled24 into the earth after the death of the great emperor. We are now approaching the fortress, or the citadel25 as it is oftener called. It is a sort of acropolis, for it contains palaces, mosques27, halls of justice, and other buildings."
The carriages stopped at the principal gate, opposite to which is the mosque26 of Jummah Musjid, or the Cathedral Mosque. About all the great structures here are built of red sandstone, with marble bands on many of them, so that it is hardly necessary to mention the material, unless it varies from the rule. This mosque is a fine one, mounted on a marble esplanade or platform, like most buildings of this description.
Crossing the drawbridge, the visitors came to the Palace of Justice, built by Akbar. It is six hundred feet long, enclosed by a colonnade28 of arches, like a cloister29. It is now used as a military storeroom, divided by brick walls, and filled with cannon30 and shot. The English have made a sort of museum here; and the superior officer who did the honors to his lordship showed them the throne of Akbar, a long marble seat, inlaid with precious stones, with a graceful31 canopy32 of the same material over it; and the boys thought he would have had a more comfortable seat if he had put off the period of his reign to the present time.
The gates of Somnath, twelve feet high, were beautiful pieces of carving33. They once guarded the entrance to the temple of Krishna, in Goojerat; but in the tenth century they were carried off by Sultan Mahmoud, of Ghuzni, in Afghanistan. He captured Somnath, and destroyed all the idols34. The Brahmins offered him immense bribes35 if he would spare the statue of Krishna; but he spurned36 the money, and destroyed the image with his own hands. He found that it was hollow, and filled with jewels of great value.
When the English conquered Afghanistan, Lord Ellenborough sent the gates to Agra; but some think they were not the gates of the temple, but of Mahmoud's tomb, for they were made of a wood that does not grow in India, and they are not of Hindu workmanship. From the museum the party walked to the imperial palace of Akbar, still in an excellent state of preservation37. Some of the apartments, especially the bath-room of the monarch, made the visitors think of the Arabian Nights.
The great black marble slab38 on which Akbar sat to administer justice was pointed39 out. When one of the Jat chiefs seated himself upon it, the story goes, it cracked, and blood flowed from the fracture. Lord Ellenborough tried the experiment, and the stone broke into two pieces. The Mosque of Pearls is a small building of white marble on a rose-colored platform. It is considered by experts the finest piece of architecture in the fortress. Nothing could be simpler, nothing grander. Bishop40 Heber visited it and wrote this of it:--
"This spotless sanctuary41, showing such a pure spirit of adoration42, made me, a Christian, feel humbled43, when I considered that no architect of our religion had ever been able to produce anything equal to this temple of Allah."
Following the Jumna, the carriages reached the Taj, the wonder and glory of all India. It was built by the Emperor Shah Jehan, as a mausoleum for the Empress Mumtazi Mahal. She was not only beautiful, but famous for mental endowments; and the emperor had so much love and admiration44 for her that he determined45 to erect46 to her memory the most beautiful monument that had ever been constructed by any prince. It was begun in 1630, and twenty thousand workmen were employed upon it for seventeen years. History says that one hundred and forty thousand cartloads of pink sandstone and marble were brought from the quarries47 of Rajputana; and every province of the empire furnished precious stones to adorn48 it. Its cost was from ten to fifteen millions of dollars.
The golden crescent of the Taj is two hundred and seventy feet above the level of the river. The magnificent temple is placed in the centre of a garden nine hundred and sixty feet long by three hundred and thirty in width, filled with avenues flanked with cypress-trees, and planted with flowers, on a terrace of sandstone. In the centre of this garden is a marble platform, two hundred and eighty-five feet on all sides, and fifteen feet high, which may be called the pedestal of the mosque. The principal entrance to the garden is more elaborate and beautiful than the fronts of many noted49 mosques, for it is adorned50 with towers crowned with cupolas.
Entering the enclosure, and walking along the avenue of cypress-trees, one obtains his first view of the great dome51 of the Taj. It looks like about three-fourths of a globe, capped with a slender spire52. From this point, through the trees, may be seen a forest of minarets53, cupolas, towers, and inferior domes54. The mausoleum is in the form of an irregular octagon, the longest side being one hundred and twenty feet in length. Each façade has a lofty Saracenic arch, in which is an entrance.
The interior surpasses the exterior55 in magnificence, the ceiling, walls, and tombstones being a mass of mosaics56. The resting-place of the empress and Shah Jehan is in the centre of the edifice57, enclosed by a marble screen. Some experts who have examined the building thoroughly58 are unable to find any architectural faults, though perhaps others would be more successful. The party visited several other mosques and mausoleums; but nothing could compare with the Taj. The commander suggested that they ought to have visited it last, as the pie or pudding comes in after the fish or meats at Von Blonk Park.
The members of the party were unable to say enough in praise of the Taj, and no one seems to be in danger of exaggerating its beauty and its wonders. On their return to the hotel, they seated themselves in their parlor, and talked till dinner-time about the mausoleum, for they had many questions to ask of the viscount and the Hindu gentleman.
"There seemed to be two other mosques back of the mausoleum," said Mrs. Belgrave; "we did not visit them."
"The Mohammedan traditions require that a mosque should be erected59 in connection with every mortuary temple," replied Sir Modava. "Isa Mohammed, a later emperor, built one at the western end of the terrace. It was a beautiful building with three domes, in keeping with the Taj. But the builder found that it gave a one-sided appearance to the view; and he erected the one on the east end, to balance the other and restore the proportions. Either of them is equal to the finest mosque in Cairo or Constantinople."
"That was an expensive method of making things regular," added the commander. "Some one spoke60 in Delhi of a durbar in connection with Agra. I think it was Mr. Meerza."
General Noury laughed at this title; for it sounded funny to him, applied61 to an Oriental, and the captain had forgotten the rest of the name.
"Abbas-Meerza, we call him, without any 'mister,'" he added.
"I will try to remember it," replied the commander. "But what is a durbar? Is it something good to eat?"
"They do not eat it here, and probably it would be indigestible if they could do so," continued Sir Modava. "A durbar is a very important event in India, but is not eatable. It is an occasion at which the native princes acknowledge the sovereignty of the Queen of England. In 1866 the most noted one took place at Agra, a full description of which would require a long time. For the first time after the establishment of the Empire of India, the governor-general, representing the empress, received the homage62 of twenty-six sovereign princes. It was an act of submission63. The ceremonies occupied many days; and kings, maharajahs, rajahs, and other princes bowed to the throne of the sovereign. It was a tremendous occasion; and it was a festival honored by banquets, processions, and royal gatherings64. I will get a book for you, Captain Ringgold, when we reach Calcutta, from which you may read a full account of the affair. It grew out of an ancient Indian custom, and many of them on a small scale have occurred."
The tourists spent another day at Agra, and, though they had not exhausted65 the sights of the place, the commander decided66 that they could remain no longer, and they left on the following day for Cawnpore.
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1
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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impartially
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| adv.公平地，无私地 | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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colonnade
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| n.柱廊 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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spurned
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| v.一脚踢开，拒绝接受( spurn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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52
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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61
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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