The emperor boa, or boa constrictor as well as all the others to which the name boa applies are, according to Cuvier, natives of America. The engraving12 represents one of these terrible snakes in the act of strangling a deer.
The Aboma (Boa cenchrea) has scaly13 plates on the muzzle14, and pits or dimples upon the plates of the jaws15.
Endowed with powers which in a semicivilized state of society must operate powerfully on the mind; at ease and freedom alike on the land, in the water, or among the trees; at once wily, daring, and irresistible16 in their attack, graceful17 in their movements, and splendid in their coloring—that such creatures, to be both dreaded18 and admired, should become the subject of superstitious19 reverence21, is scarcely to be wondered at. The ancient Mexicans regarded the boa as sacred; they viewed its actions with religious horror; they crouched22 beneath the fiery23 glances of its eyes; they trembled as they listened to its long-drawn hiss24, and from various signs and movements predicted the fate of tribes or individuals, or drew conclusions of guilt25 or innocence26. The supreme27 idol28 was represented encircled and guarded by sculptured serpents, before which were offered human sacrifices.
"On a blue throne, with four huge silver snakes,
As if the keepers of the sanctuary29,
Circled, with stretching necks and fangs30 display'd,
Mexitli sate31: another graven snake
Belted with scales of gold his monster bulk."
It is probably of the boa constrictor, the emperor, the devin, that Hernandez writes, under the name of Temacuilcahuilia, so called from its powers, the word meaning a fighter with five men. It attacks, he says, those it meets, and overpowers them with such force, that if it once coils itself around their necks it strangles and kills them, unless it bursts itself by the violence of its own efforts; and he states that the only way of avoiding the attack is for the man to manage in such a way as to oppose a tree to the animal's constriction32, so that while the serpent supposes itself to be crushing the man, it may be torn asunder33 by its own act, and so die. We do not ask our readers for their implicit34 faith in this. He adds, that he has himself seen serpents as thick as a man's thigh35, which had been taken young by the Indians and tamed; they were provided with a cask strewn with litter in the place of a cavern36, where they lived, and were for the most part quiescent37, except at meal-times, when they came forth38, and amicably39 climbed about the couch or shoulders of their master, who placidly40 bore the serpent's embrace. They often coiled tip in folds, equalling a large sized cartwheel in size, and harmlessly received their food.
In most accounts current respecting the mode in which boas and pythons take their food, the snake, after crushing its prey41, is described as licking the body with its tongue and lubricating it with its saliva42, in order to facilitate the act of deglutition. It has been observed with justice that few worse instruments for such a purpose than the slender dark forked tongue of these snakes could have been contrived43: and that, in fact, the saliva does not begin to be poured out abundantly till required to lubricate the jaws and throat of the animal straining to engulph the carcass. We have seen these snakes take their food, but they did not lubricate it, though the vibratory tongue often touched it; we must, therefore, withhold44 our credence45 from the common assertion.
The size attained46 by the boa is often very great, and larger individuals than any now seen occurred formerly47, before their ancient haunts had been invaded by human colonization48.
The Anaconda, (Boa Scytale), called by Linnaeus, Boa Murina, and by Prince Maximilian, Boa Aquatica, is of an enormous size, from twenty to thirty feet in length.
The boa cenchrea has scaly plates on the the muzzle; and dimples upon the plates at the sides of the jaws. His color is yellowish, with a row of large brown rings running the whole length of the back, and variable spots on the sides. These are generally dark, often containing a whitish semi-lunar mark. This species, according to Seba, who describes it as Mexican, is the Temacuilcahuilia (or Tamacuilla Huilia, as Seba writes the word) described by Hernandez. The species here described, according to Cuvier, grow nearly to the same size, and haunt the marshy50 parts of South America. There, adhering by the tail to some aquatic49 tree, they suffer the anterior part of the body to float upon the water, and patiently wait to seize upon the quadrupeds which come to drink.
Our engraving represents him in the attitude of watching for a deer which is seen, in the distance.
A specimen51 apparently52 of the boa scytale called in Venezuela "La Culebra de Agua," or water serpent, and also "El Traga Venado," or deer-swallower, which measures nineteen feet and a half in length, was presented by Sir Robert Ker Porter to the United Service Museum. He states that "The flesh of this serpent is white and abundant in fat. The people of the plains never eat it, but make use of the fat as a remedy for rheumatic pains, ruptures53, strains, &c."
"This serpent," says Sir B. K. Porter, "is not venomous nor known to injure man (at least not in this part of the New World;) however, the natives stand in great fear of it, never bathing in waters where it is known to exist. Its common haunt, or rather domicile, is invariably near lakes, swamps, and rivers; likewise close wet ravines produced by inundations of the periodical rains: hence, from its aquatic habits, its first appellation54. Fish and those animals which repair there to drink, are the objects of its prey. The creature lurks55 watchfully56 under cover of the water, and, whilst the unsuspecting animal is drinking, suddenly makes a dash at the nose, and with a grip of its back-raclining double range of teeth never fails to secure the terrified beast beyond the power of escape."
It would appear that boas are apt to be carried out to sea by sudden floods, and are sometimes drifted alive on distant coasts. The Rev20. Lansdown Guilding, writing in the Island of St. Vincent, says, "A noble specimen of the boa constrictor was lately conveyed to us by the currents, twisted round the trunk of a large sound cedar57 tree, which had probably been washed out of the bank, by the floods of some great South American river, while its huge folds hang on the branches as it waited for its prey. The monster was fortunately destroyed after killing58 a few sheep, and his skeleton now hangs before me in my study, putting me in mind how much reason I might have had to fear in my future rambles59 through St. Vincent, had this formidable animal been a pregnant female and escaped to a safe retreat."
The pythons closely resemble the true boas, but have the subcaudal plates double; the muzzle is sheathed with plates, and those covering the mouth of the jaws have pits. These snakes, which equal or exceed the boas in magnitude, are natives of India, Africa, and Australia.
Pliny speaks of snakes in India of such a size as to be capable of swallowing stags and bulls; and Valerius Maximus, quoting a lost portion of Pliny's work, narrates60 the alarm into which the troops under Regulus were thrown by a serpent which had its lair61 on the banks of the river Bagradas, between Utica and Carthage, and which intercepted62 the passage to the river. It resisted ordinary weapons, and killed many of the men; till at last it was destroyed by heavy stones thrown from military engines used in battering63 walls; its length is stated as a hundred and twenty feet. Regulus carried its skin and jaws to Rome, and deposited them in one of the temples, where they remained till the time of the Numantine war.
Diodorus Siculus relates the account of the capture of a serpent, not without loss of life, in Egypt, which measured thirty cubits long; it was taken to Alexandria. Suetonius speaks of a serpent exhibited at Rome in front of the Comitium, fifty cubits in length.
Though we do not refuse credit to these narratives64, it must be added that in modern days we have not seen serpents of such magnitude; yet they may exist. Bontius observes that some of the Indian pythons exceed thirty-six feet in length, and says that they swallow wild boars, adding, "there are those alive who partook with General Peter Both, of a recently swallowed hog66 cut out of the belly67 of a serpent of this kind."
These snakes, he observes, are not poisonous, but strangle a man or other animal by powerful compression. The Ular Sawa, or great Python of the Sunda Isles68, is said to exceed when full-grown, thirty feet in length; and it is narrated69 that a "Malay prow70 being anchored for the night under the Island of Celebes, one of the crew went ashore71, in search of betel nut, and, as was supposed, fell asleep on the beach, on his return. In the dead of night, his companions on board were aroused by dreadful screams; they immediately went ashore, but they came too late, the cries had ceased—the man had breathed his last in the folds of an enormous serpent, which they killed. They cut off the head of the snake and carried it, together with the lifeless body of their comrade, to the vessel72; the right wrists of the corpse73 bore the marks of the serpent's teeth, and the disfigured body showed that the man had been crushed by the constriction of the reptile74 round the head, neck, breast, and thigh."
Mr. McLeod, in his voyage of H.M.S. Alceste, after describing the mode in which a python on board, sixteen feet in length, crushed and gorged75 a goat, the distressing76 cries of which on being introduced into the serpent's cage, could not but excite compassion77, goes on to say that during a captivity78 of some months at Whidah, in the kingdom of Dahomey, on the coast of Africa, he had opportunities of observing pythons of more than double that size, and which were capable of swallowing animals much larger that goats or sheep. "Governor Abson," he adds, "who had for thirty-seven years resided at Fort William, one of the African Company's settlements there, describes some desperate struggles which he had seen, or which had come to his knowledge, between the snakes and wild beasts as well as the smaller cattle, in which the former were always victorious79. A negro herdsman belonging to Mr. Abson, and who afterwards limped for many years about the fort, had been seized by one of these monsters by the thigh; but from his situation in a wood the serpent in attempting to throw himself around him got entangled80 in a tree; and the man being thus preserved from a state of compression, which would instantly have rendered him quite powerless, had presence of mind enough to cut with a large knife which he carried about with him, deep gashes81 in the neck and throat of his antagonist, thereby killing him, and disengaging himself from his frightful82 situation. He never afterwards, however, recovered the use of his limb, which had sustained considerable injury from the fangs and mere83 force of his jaws."
Ludolph states that enormous snakes exist in Ethiopia: and Bosman informs us that entire men have been found in the gullet of serpents on the Gold coast. In the "Oriental Annual" is the following narrative65, explanatory of a well-known picture by W. Daniell: "A few years before our visit to Calcutta," says the writer, "the captain of a country ship while passing the Sunderbunds sent a boat into one of the creeks84 to obtain some fresh fruits, which are cultivated by the few miserable85 inhabitants of this inhospitable region. Having reached the shore the crew moored86 the boat under a bank, and left one of their party to take care of her."
During their absence, the lascar who remained in charge of the boat, overcome by heat, lay down under the seats and fell asleep. While he was in this happy state of unconsciousness an enormous boa, python, emerged from the jungle, reached the boat, had already coiled its huge body round the sleeper87, and was in the very act of crushing him to death, when his companions fortunately returned at this auspicious88 moment, and attacking the monster, severed89 a portion of its tail, which so disabled it that it no longer retained the power of doing mischief90. The snake was then easily despatched, and was found to measure, as stated, sixty-two feet and some inches in length. It is hardly probable that the snake had fairly entwined round the man, for the sudden compression of the chest, had the snake exerted its strength, would have been instantly fatal.
In March, 1841, a singular circumstance occurred at the gardens of the Zoological Society, which at the time caused no little surprise. A python, eleven or twelve feet long, and one about nine feet long, were kept together in a well-secured cage; both had been fed one evening, the larger one with three guinea pigs and a rabbit; but, as it would appear, his appetite was unsatiated. The next morning, when the keeper came to look into the cage, the smaller python was missing—its escape was impossible—and the question was what had become of it?
The truth was evident—its larger companion had swallowed it. There it lay torpid91, and bloated to double its ordinary dimensions. How it accomplished92 the act is not known, but we may imagine a fearful struggle to have taken place, as wreathing round each other they battled for the mastery; unless, indeed, the victim was itself torpid and incapable93 of resistance.
The Tiger Python, (Python, tigris), is a native of India and Java, and is often brought over to England for exhibition. It was, we believe, from one of these species that Mr. Cops, the keeper of the lion office was in imminent94 danger, as narrated by Mr. Broderip.
The animal was near shedding its skin, and consequently nearly blind, for the skin of the eye, which is shed with the rest of the slough95, becomes then opaque96, when Mr. Cops, wishing it to feed, held a fowl97 to its head. The snake darted98 at the bird, but missed it, seizing the keeper by the left thumb, and coiled round his arm and neck in a moment. Mr. Cops, who was alone, did not lose his presence of mind, and immediately attempted to relieve himself of the powerful constriction by getting at the snake's head. But the serpent had so knotted himself on his own head, that Mr. Cops could not reach it, and had thrown himself on the floor in order to grapple with a better chance of success, when two other keepers coming in broke the teeth of the serpent, and with some difficulty relieved Mr. Cops from his perilous99 situation. Two broken teeth were extracted from the thumb, which soon healed, and no material inconvenience was the result of this frightful adventure.
Mr. Cumming, to whose exploits we have so frequently referred, gives the following account of a day's adventures, one of which was an amusing affair with a large python.
On the 26th, I rose at earliest dawn to inspect the heads of the three old buffaloes100, they were all enormous old bulls, and one of them carried a most splendid head. The lions had cleaned out all his entrails; their spoor [Footnote: Spoor, i.e., track] was immense. Having taken some buffalo101 breast and liver for breakfast, I despatched Ruyter to the wagons102 to call the natives to remove the carcasses, while I and Kleinboy held through the hills to see what game might be in the next glen which contained water. On my way thither103, we started a fine old buck104 koodoo, which I shot, putting both barrels into him at one hundred yards. As I was examining the spoor of the game by the fountain, I suddenly detected an enormous old rock-snake stealing in beside a mass of rock beside me. He was truly an enormous snake, and, having never before dealt with this species of game, I did not exactly know how to set about capturing him. Being very anxious to preserve his skin entire, and not wishing to have recourse to my rifle, I cut a stout105 and tough stick about eight feet long, and having lightened myself of my shooting-belt, I commenced the attack. Seizing him by the tail, I tried to get him out of his place of refuge; but I hauled in vain; he only drew his large folds firmer together; I could not move him. At length I got a rheim round one of his folds about the middle of his body, and Kleinboy and I commenced hauling away in good earnest.
The snake, finding the ground too hot for him, relaxed his coils, and, suddenly bringing round his head to the front, he sprang out at us like an arrow, with his immense and hideous106 mouth opened to its largest dimensions, and before I could get out of the way he was clean out of his hole, and made a second spring, throwing himself forward about eight or ten feet, and snapping his horrid107 fangs within a foot of my legs. I sprang out of his way, and, getting hold of the green bough108 I had cut, returned to the charge. The snake was now gliding109 along at top speed: he knew the ground well, and was making for a mass of broken rocks, where he would have been beyond my reach, but before he could gain this place of refuge I caught him two or three tremendous whacks110 on the head. He, however, held on, and gained a pool of muddy water, which he was rapidly crossing, when I again belabored111 him, and at length reduced his pace to a stand. We then hanged him by the neck to a bough of a tree, and in about fifteen minutes he seemed dead, but he again became very troublesome during the operation of skinning, twisting his body in all manner of ways. This serpent measured fourteen feet.
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1
lurk
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| n.潜伏，潜行；v.潜藏，潜伏，埋伏 | |
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ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prehensile
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| adj.（足等）适于抓握的 | |
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6
sheathed
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| adj.雕塑像下半身包在鞘中的；覆盖的；铠装的；装鞘了的v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的过去式和过去分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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7
anterior
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| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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fulcrum
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| n.杠杆支点 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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12
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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13
scaly
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| adj.鱼鳞状的；干燥粗糙的 | |
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14
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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15
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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21
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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22
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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24
hiss
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| v.发出嘶嘶声；发嘘声表示不满 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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30
fangs
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| n.（尤指狗和狼的）长而尖的牙( fang的名词复数 )；（蛇的）毒牙；罐座 | |
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sate
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| v.使充分满足 | |
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constriction
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| 压缩； 紧压的感觉； 束紧； 压缩物 | |
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asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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quiescent
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| adj.静止的，不活动的，寂静的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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40
placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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41
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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42
saliva
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| n.唾液，口水 | |
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43
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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44
withhold
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| v.拒绝，不给；使停止，阻挡 | |
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45
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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46
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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47
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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48
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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49
aquatic
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| adj.水生的，水栖的 | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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51
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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52
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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53
ruptures
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| n.（体内组织等的）断裂( rupture的名词复数 )；爆裂；疝气v.（使）破裂( rupture的第三人称单数 )；（使体内组织等）断裂；使（友好关系）破裂；使绝交 | |
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54
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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55
lurks
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| n.潜在，潜伏；（lurk的复数形式）vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的第三人称单数形式） | |
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56
watchfully
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| 警惕地，留心地 | |
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57
cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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58
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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59
rambles
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的第三人称单数 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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60
narrates
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| v.故事( narrate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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61
lair
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| n.野兽的巢穴；躲藏处 | |
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62
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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63
battering
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| n.用坏，损坏v.连续猛击( batter的现在分词 ) | |
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64
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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66
hog
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| n.猪；馋嘴贪吃的人；vt.把…占为己有，独占 | |
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belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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70
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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reptile
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| n.爬行动物；两栖动物 | |
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gorged
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| v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的过去式和过去分词 )；作呕 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
gashes
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| n.深长的切口（或伤口）( gash的名词复数 )v.划伤，割破( gash的第三人称单数 ) | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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moored
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| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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sleeper
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| n.睡眠者，卧车，卧铺 | |
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auspicious
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| adj.吉利的；幸运的，吉兆的 | |
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severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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torpid
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| adj.麻痹的，麻木的，迟钝的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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opaque
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| adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的 | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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100
buffaloes
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| n.水牛（分非洲水牛和亚洲水牛两种）( buffalo的名词复数 )；（南非或北美的）野牛；威胁；恐吓 | |
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101
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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102
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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103
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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104
buck
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| n.雄鹿，雄兔；v.马离地跳跃 | |
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106
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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107
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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108
bough
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| n.大树枝，主枝 | |
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109
gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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110
whacks
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| n.重击声( whack的名词复数 )；不正常；有毛病v.重击，使劲打( whack的第三人称单数 ) | |
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111
belabored
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| v.毒打一顿( belabor的过去式和过去分词 )；责骂；就…作过度的说明；向…唠叨 | |
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