Mysterious country of the cults5 of Rama, Sakkia-Mouni, Djonkapa andPaspa, cults guarded by the very person of the living Buddha6--Buddha incarnated7 in the third dignitary of the Lamaite religion--Bogdo Gheghen in Ta Kure or Urga; the land of mysterious doctors,prophets, sorcerers, fortune-tellers and witches; the land of thesign of the swastika; the land which has not forgotten the thoughtsof the long deceased great potentates8 of Asia and of half ofEurope: that is Mongolia.
The land of nude9 mountains, of plains burned by the sun and killedby the cold, of ill cattle and ill people; the nest of pests,anthrax and smallpox10; the land of boiling hot springs and ofmountain passes inhabited by demons11; of sacred lakes swarming12 withfish; of wolves, rare species of deer and mountain goats, marmotsin millions, wild horses, wild donkeys and wild camels that havenever known the bridle13, ferocious14 dogs and rapacious15 birds of preywhich devour16 the dead bodies cast out on the plains by the people:
that is Mongolia.
The land whose disappearing primitive17 people gaze upon the bones oftheir forefathers18 whitening in the sands and dust of their plains;where are dying out the people who formerly19 conquered China, Siam,Northern India and Russia and broke their chests against the ironlances of the Polish knights20, defending then all the Christianworld against the invasion of wild and wandering Asia: that isMongolia.
The land swelling21 with natural riches, producing nothing, in needof everything, destitute22 and suffering from the world's cataclysm23:
that is Mongolia.
In this land, by order of Fate, after my unsuccessful attempt toreach the Indian Ocean through Tibet, I spent half a year in thestruggle to live and to escape. My old and faithful friend and Iwere compelled, willy-nilly, to participate in the exceedinglyimportant and dangerous events transpiring24 in Mongolia in the yearof grace 1921. Thanks to this, I came to know the calm, good andhonest Mongolian people; I read their souls, saw their sufferingsand hopes; I witnessed the whole horror of their oppression andfear before the face of Mystery, there where Mystery pervades25 alllife. I watched the rivers during the severe cold break with arumbling roar their chains of ice; saw lakes cast up on theirshores the bones of human beings; heard unknown wild voices in themountain ravines; made out the fires over miry swamps of the will-o'-the-wisps; witnessed burning lakes; gazed upward to mountainswhose peaks could not be scaled; came across great balls ofwrithing snakes in the ditches in winter; met with streams whichare eternally frozen, rocks like petrified26 caravans27 of camels,horsemen and carts; and over all saw the barren mountains whosefolds looked like the mantle28 of Satan, which the glow of theevening sun drenched29 with blood.
"Look up there!" cried an old shepherd, pointing to the slope ofthe cursed Zagastai. "That is no mountain. It is HE who lies inhis red mantle and awaits the day when he will rise again to beginthe fight with the good spirits."And as he spoke30 I recalled the mystic picture of the noted31 painterVroubel. The same nude mountains with the violet and purple robesof Satan, whose face is half covered by an approaching grey cloud.
Mongolia is a terrible land of mystery and demons. Therefore it isno wonder that here every violation32 of the ancient order of life ofthe wandering nomad tribes is transformed into streams of red bloodand horror, ministering to the demonic pleasure of Satan couched onthe bare mountains and robed in the grey cloak of dejection andsadness, or in the purple mantle of war and vengeance33.
After returning from the district of Koko Nor to Mongolia andresting a few days at the Narabanchi Monastery34, we went to live inUliassutai, the capital of Western Outer Mongolia. It is the lastpurely Mongolian town to the west. In Mongolia there are but threepurely Mongolian towns, Urga, Uliassutai and Ulankom. The fourthtown, Kobdo, has an essentially35 Chinese character, being the centerof Chinese administration in this district inhabited by thewandering tribes only nominally36 recognizing the influence of eitherPeking or Urga. In Uliassutai and Ulankom, besides the unlawfulChinese commissioners38 and troops, there were stationed Mongoliangovernors or "Saits," appointed by the decree of the Living Buddha.
When we arrived in that town, we were at once in the sea ofpolitical passions. The Mongols were protesting in great agitationagainst the Chinese policy in their country; the Chinese raged anddemanded from the Mongolians the payment of taxes for the fullperiod since the autonomy of Mongolia had been forcibly extractedfrom Peking; Russian colonists39 who had years before settled nearthe town and in the vicinity of the great monasteries40 or among thewandering tribes had separated into factions41 and were fightingagainst one another; from Urga came the news of the struggle forthe maintenance of the independence of Outer Mongolia, led by theRussian General, Baron42 Ungern von Sternberg; Russian officers andrefugees congregated43 in detachments, against which the Chineseauthorities protested but which the Mongols welcomed; theBolsheviki, worried by the formation of White detachments inMongolia, sent their troops to the borders of Mongolia; fromIrkutsk and Chita to Uliassutai and Urga envoys44 were running fromthe Bolsheviki to the Chinese commissioners with various proposalsof all kinds; the Chinese authorities in Mongolia were graduallyentering into secret relations with the Bolsheviki and in Kiakhtaand Ulankom delivered to them the Russian refugees, thus violatingrecognized international law; in Urga the Bolsheviki set up aRussian communistic municipality; Russian Consuls46 were inactive;Red troops in the region of Kosogol and the valley of the Selengahad encounters with Anti-Bolshevik officers; the Chineseauthorities established garrisons47 in the Mongolian towns and sentpunitive expeditions into the country; and, to complete theconfusion, the Chinese troops carried out house-to-house searches,during which they plundered48 and stole.
Into what an atmosphere we had fallen after our hard and dangeroustrip along the Yenisei, through Urianhai, Mongolia, the lands ofthe Turguts, Kansu and Koko Nor!
"Do you know," said my old friend to me, "I prefer stranglingPartisans and fighting with the hunghutze to listening to news andmore anxious news!"He was right; for the worst of it was that in this bustle50 and whirlof facts, rumours51 and gossip the Reds could approach troubledUliassutai and take everyone with their bare hands. We should verywillingly have left this town of uncertainties52 but we had no placeto go. In the north were the hostile Partisans49 and Red troops; tothe south we had already lost our companions and not a little ofour own blood; to the west raged the Chinese administrators53 anddetachments; and to the east a war had broken out, the news ofwhich, in spite of the attempts of the Chinese authorities atsecrecy, had filtered through and had testified to the seriousnessof the situation in this part of Outer Mongolia. Consequently wehad no choice but to remain in Uliassutai. Here also were livingseveral Polish soldiers who had escaped from the prison camps inRussia, two Polish families and two American firms, all in the sameplight as ourselves. We joined together and made our ownintelligence department, very carefully watching the evolution ofevents. We succeeded in forming good connections with the Chinesecommissioner and with the Mongolian Sait, which greatly helped usin our orientation55.
What was behind all these events in Mongolia? The very cleverMongol Sait of Uliassutai gave me the following explanation.
"According to the agreements between Mongolia, China and Russia ofOctober 21, 1912, of October 23, 1913, and of June 7, 1915, OuterMongolia was accorded independence and the Moral Head of our'Yellow Faith,' His Holiness the Living Buddha, became the Suzerainof the Mongolian people of Khalkha or Outer Mongolia with the titleof 'Bogdo Djebtsung Damba Hutuktu Khan.' While Russia was stillstrong and carefully watched her policy in Asia, the Government ofPeking kept the treaty; but, when, at the beginning of the war withGermany, Russia was compelled to withdraw her troops from Siberia,Peking began to claim the return of its lost rights in Mongolia.
It was because of this that the first two treaties of 1912 and 1913were supplemented by the convention of 1915. However, in 1916,when all the forces of Russia were pre-occupied in the unsuccessfulwar and afterwards when the first Russian revolution broke out inFebruary, 1917, overthrowing56 the Romanoff Dynasty, the ChineseGovernment openly retook Mongolia. They changed all the Mongolianministers and Saits, replacing them with individuals friendly toChina; arrested many Mongolian autonomists and sent them to prisonin Peking; set up their administration in Urga and other Mongoltowns; actually removed His Holiness Bogdo Khan from the affairs ofadministration; made him only a machine for signing Chinesedecrees; and at last introduced into Mongolia their troops. Fromthat moment there developed an energetic flow of Chinese merchantsand coolies into Mongolia. The Chinese began to demand the paymentof taxes and dues from 1912. The Mongolian population were rapidlystripped of their wealth and now in the vicinities of our towns andmonasteries you can see whole settlements of beggar Mongols livingin dugouts. All our Mongol arsenals57 and treasuries58 wererequisitioned. All monasteries were forced to pay taxes; allMongols working for the liberty of their country were persecuted;through bribery59 with Chinese silver, orders and titles the Chinesesecured a following among the poorer Mongol Princes. It is easy tounderstand how the governing class, His Holiness, Khans, Princes,and high Lamas, as well as the ruined and oppressed people,remembering that the Mongol rulers had once held Peking and Chinain their hands and under their reign60 had given her the first placein Asia, were definitely hostile to the Chinese administratorsacting thus. Insurrection was, however, impossible. We had noarms. All our leaders were under surveillance and every movementby them toward an armed resistance would have ended in the sameprison at Peking where eighty of our Nobles, Princes and Lamas diedfrom hunger and torture after a previous struggle for the libertyof Mongolia. Some abnormally strong shock was necessary to drivethe people into action. This was given by the Chineseadministrators, General Cheng Yi and General Chu Chi-hsiang. Theyannounced that His Holiness Bogdo Khan was under arrest in his ownpalace, and they recalled to his attention the former decree of thePeking Government--held by the Mongols to be unwarranted andillegal--that His Holiness was the last Living Buddha. This wasenough. Immediately secret relations were made between the peopleand their Living God, and plans were at once elaborated for theliberation of His Holiness and for the struggle for liberty andfreedom of our people. We were helped by the great Prince of theBuriats, Djam Bolon, who began parleys61 with General Ungern, thenengaged in fighting the Bolsheviki in Transbaikalia, and invitedhim to enter Mongolia and help in the war against the Chinese.
Then our struggle for liberty began."Thus the Sait of Uliassutai explained the situation to me.
Afterwards I heard that Baron Ungern, who had agreed to fight forthe liberty of Mongolia, directed that the mobilization of theMongolians in the northern districts be forwarded at once andpromised to enter Mongolia with his own small detachment, movingalong the River Kerulen. Afterwards he took up relations with theother Russian detachment of Colonel Kazagrandi and, together withthe mobilized Mongolian riders, began the attack on Urga. Twice hewas defeated but on the third of February, 1921, he succeeded incapturing the town and replaced the Living Buddha on the throne ofthe Khans.
At the end of March, however, these events were still unknown inUliassutai. We knew neither of the fall of Urga nor of thedestruction of the Chinese army of nearly 15,000 in the battles ofMaimachen on the shore of the Tola and on the roads between Urgaand Ude. The Chinese carefully concealed62 the truth by preventinganybody from passing westward63 from Urga. However, rumours existedand troubled all. The atmosphere became more and more tense, whilethe relations between the Chinese on the one side and theMongolians and Russians on the other became more and more strained.
At this time the Chinese Commissioner37 in Uliassutai was Wang Tsao-tsun and his advisor64, Fu Hsiang, both very young and inexperiencedmen. The Chinese authorities had dismissed the Uliassutai Sait,the prominent Mongolian patriot65, Prince Chultun Beyle, and hadappointed a Lama Prince friendly to China, the former Vice-Ministerof War in Urga. Oppression increased. The searching of Russianofficers' and colonists' houses and quarters commenced, openrelations with the Bolsheviki followed and arrest and beatingsbecame common. The Russian officers formed a secret detachment ofsixty men so that they could defend themselves. However, in thisdetachment disagreements soon sprang up between Lieutenant-ColonelM. M. Michailoff and some of his officers. It was evident that inthe decisive moment the detachment must separate into factions.
We foreigners in council decided66 to make a thorough reconnaissancein order to know whether there was danger of Red troops arriving.
My old companion and I agreed to do this scouting67. Prince ChultunBeyle gave us a very good guide--an old Mongol named Tzeren, whospoke and read Russian perfectly68. He was a very interestingpersonage, holding the position of interpreter with the Mongolianauthorities and sometimes with the Chinese Commissioner. Shortlybefore he had been sent as a special envoy45 to Peking with veryimportant despatches and this incomparable horseman had made thejourney between Uliassutai and Peking, that is 1,800 miles, in ninedays, incredible as it may seem. He prepared himself for thejourney by binding69 all his abdomen70 and chest, legs, arms and neckwith strong cotton bandages to protect himself from the wracks andstrains of such a period in the saddle. In his cap he bore threeeagle feathers as a token that he had received orders to fly like abird. Armed with a special document called a tzara, which gave himthe right to receive at all post stations the best horses, one toride and one fully54 saddled to lead as a change, together with twooulatchen or guards to accompany him and bring back the horses fromthe next station or ourton, he made the distance of from fifteen tothirty miles between stations at full gallop71, stopping only longenough to have the horses and guards changed before he was offagain. Ahead of him rode one oulatchen with the best horses toenable him to announce and prepare in advance the complement72 ofsteeds at the next station. Each oulatchen had three horses inall, so that he could swing from one that had given out and releasehim to graze until his return to pick him up and lead or ride himback home. At every third ourton, without leaving his saddle, hereceived a cup of hot green tea with salt and continued his racesouthward. After seventeen or eighteen hours of such riding hestopped at the ourton for the night or what was left of it,devoured a leg of boiled mutton and slept. Thus he ate once a dayand five times a day had tea; and so he traveled for nine days!
With this servant we moved out one cold winter morning in thedirection of Kobdo, just over three hundred miles, because fromthere we had received the disquieting73 rumours that the Red troopshad entered Ulankom and that the Chinese authorities had handedover to them all the Europeans in the town. We crossed the RiverDzaphin on the ice. It is a terrible stream. Its bed is full ofquicksands, which in summer suck in numbers of camels, horses andmen. We entered a long, winding74 valley among the mountains coveredwith deep snow and here and there with groves75 of the black wood ofthe larch76. About halfway77 to Kobdo we came across the yurta of ashepherd on the shore of the small Lake of Baga Nor, where eveningand a strong wind whirling gusts78 of snow in our faces easilypersuaded us to stop. By the yurta stood a splendid bay horse witha saddle richly ornamerited with silver and coral. As we turned infrom the road, two Mongols left the yurta very hastily; one of themjumped into the saddle and quickly disappeared in the plain behindthe snowy hillocks. We clearly made out the flashing folds of hisyellow robe under the great outer coat and saw his large knifesheathed in a green leather scabbard and handled with horn andivory. The other man was the host of the yurta, the shepherd of alocal prince, Novontziran. He gave signs of great pleasure atseeing us and receiving us in his yurta.
"Who was the rider on the bay horse?" we asked.
He dropped his eyes and was silent.
"Tell us," we insisted. "If you do not wish to speak his name, itmeans that you are dealing79 with a bad character.""No! No!" he remonstrated80, flourishing his hands. "He is a good,great man; but the law does not permit me to speak his name."We at once understood that the man was either the chief of theshepherd or some high Lama. Consequently we did not further insistand began making our sleeping arrangements. Our host set threelegs of mutton to boil for us, skillfully cutting out the boneswith his heavy knife. We chatted and learned that no one had seenRed troops around this region but in Kobdo and in Ulankom theChinese soldiers were oppressing the population, and were beatingto death with the bamboo Mongol men who were defending their womenagainst the ravages81 of these Chinese troops. Some of the Mongolshad retreated to the mountains to join detachments under thecommand of Kaigordoff, an Altai Tartar officer who was supplyingthem with weapons.
点击收听单词发音
1 bloody | |
adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染 | |
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2 conquerors | |
征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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3 nomad | |
n.游牧部落的人,流浪者,游牧民 | |
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4 monks | |
n.修道士,僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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5 cults | |
n.迷信( cult的名词复数 );狂热的崇拜;(有极端宗教信仰的)异教团体 | |
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6 Buddha | |
n.佛;佛像;佛陀 | |
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7 incarnated | |
v.赋予(思想、精神等)以人的形体( incarnate的过去式和过去分词 );使人格化;体现;使具体化 | |
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8 potentates | |
n.君主,统治者( potentate的名词复数 );有权势的人 | |
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9 nude | |
adj.裸体的;n.裸体者,裸体艺术品 | |
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10 smallpox | |
n.天花 | |
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11 demons | |
n.恶人( demon的名词复数 );恶魔;精力过人的人;邪念 | |
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12 swarming | |
密集( swarm的现在分词 ); 云集; 成群地移动; 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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13 bridle | |
n.笼头,束缚;vt.抑制,约束;动怒 | |
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14 ferocious | |
adj.凶猛的,残暴的,极度的,十分强烈的 | |
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15 rapacious | |
adj.贪婪的,强夺的 | |
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16 devour | |
v.吞没;贪婪地注视或谛听,贪读;使着迷 | |
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17 primitive | |
adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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18 forefathers | |
n.祖先,先人;祖先,祖宗( forefather的名词复数 );列祖列宗;前人 | |
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19 formerly | |
adv.从前,以前 | |
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20 knights | |
骑士; (中古时代的)武士( knight的名词复数 ); 骑士; 爵士; (国际象棋中)马 | |
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21 swelling | |
n.肿胀 | |
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22 destitute | |
adj.缺乏的;穷困的 | |
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23 cataclysm | |
n.洪水,剧变,大灾难 | |
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24 transpiring | |
(事实,秘密等)被人知道( transpire的现在分词 ); 泄露; 显露; 发生 | |
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25 pervades | |
v.遍及,弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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26 petrified | |
adj.惊呆的;目瞪口呆的v.使吓呆,使惊呆;变僵硬;使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词) | |
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27 caravans | |
(可供居住的)拖车(通常由机动车拖行)( caravan的名词复数 ); 篷车; (穿过沙漠地带的)旅行队(如商队) | |
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28 mantle | |
n.斗篷,覆罩之物,罩子;v.罩住,覆盖,脸红 | |
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29 drenched | |
adj.湿透的;充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 );在某人(某物)上大量使用(某液体) | |
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30 spoke | |
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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31 noted | |
adj.著名的,知名的 | |
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32 violation | |
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯 | |
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33 vengeance | |
n.报复,报仇,复仇 | |
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34 monastery | |
n.修道院,僧院,寺院 | |
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35 essentially | |
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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36 nominally | |
在名义上,表面地; 应名儿 | |
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37 commissioner | |
n.(政府厅、局、处等部门)专员,长官,委员 | |
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38 commissioners | |
n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 );长官;委员;政府部门的长官 | |
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39 colonists | |
n.殖民地开拓者,移民,殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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40 monasteries | |
修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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41 factions | |
组织中的小派别,派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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42 baron | |
n.男爵;(商业界等)巨头,大王 | |
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43 congregated | |
(使)集合,聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44 envoys | |
使节( envoy的名词复数 ); 公使; 谈判代表; 使节身份 | |
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45 envoy | |
n.使节,使者,代表,公使 | |
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46 consuls | |
领事( consul的名词复数 ); (古罗马共和国时期)执政官 (古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长,同时共有两位,每年选举一次) | |
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47 garrisons | |
守备部队,卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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48 plundered | |
掠夺,抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49 partisans | |
游击队员( partisan的名词复数 ); 党人; 党羽; 帮伙 | |
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50 bustle | |
v.喧扰地忙乱,匆忙,奔忙;n.忙碌;喧闹 | |
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51 rumours | |
n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 );风闻;谣言;谣传 | |
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52 uncertainties | |
无把握( uncertainty的名词复数 ); 不确定; 变化不定; 无把握、不确定的事物 | |
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53 administrators | |
n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 );有管理(或行政)才能的人;(由遗嘱检验法庭指定的)遗产管理人;奉派暂管主教教区的牧师 | |
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54 fully | |
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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55 orientation | |
n.方向,目标;熟悉,适应,情况介绍 | |
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56 overthrowing | |
v.打倒,推翻( overthrow的现在分词 );使终止 | |
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57 arsenals | |
n.兵工厂,军火库( arsenal的名词复数 );任何事物的集成 | |
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58 treasuries | |
n.(政府的)财政部( treasury的名词复数 );国库,金库 | |
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59 bribery | |
n.贿络行为,行贿,受贿 | |
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60 reign | |
n.统治时期,统治,支配,盛行;v.占优势 | |
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61 parleys | |
n.和谈,谈判( parley的名词复数 ) | |
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62 concealed | |
a.隐藏的,隐蔽的 | |
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63 westward | |
n.西方,西部;adj.西方的,向西的;adv.向西 | |
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64 advisor | |
n.顾问,指导老师,劝告者 | |
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65 patriot | |
n.爱国者,爱国主义者 | |
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66 decided | |
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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67 scouting | |
守候活动,童子军的活动 | |
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68 perfectly | |
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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69 binding | |
有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的 | |
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70 abdomen | |
n.腹,下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
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71 gallop | |
v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔;飞速发展 | |
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72 complement | |
n.补足物,船上的定员;补语;vt.补充,补足 | |
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73 disquieting | |
adj.令人不安的,令人不平静的v.使不安,使忧虑,使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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74 winding | |
n.绕,缠,绕组,线圈 | |
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75 groves | |
树丛,小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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76 larch | |
n.落叶松 | |
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77 halfway | |
adj.中途的,不彻底的,部分的;adv.半路地,在中途,在半途 | |
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78 gusts | |
一阵强风( gust的名词复数 ); (怒、笑等的)爆发; (感情的)迸发; 发作 | |
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79 dealing | |
n.经商方法,待人态度 | |
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80 remonstrated | |
v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 );告诫 | |
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81 ravages | |
劫掠后的残迹,破坏的结果,毁坏后的残迹 | |
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