Ah, Glaucon (he exclaimed), so you have determined2 to become prime minister?312
Glauc. Yes, Socrates, I have.
Soc. And what a noble aim! if aught human ever deserved to be called noble; since if you succeed in your design, it follows, as the night the day, you will be able not only to gratify your every wish, but you will be in a position to benefit your friends, you will raise up your father’s house, you will exalt3 your fatherland, you will become a name thrice famous in the city first, and next in Hellas, and lastly even among barbarians4 perhaps, like Themistocles; but be it here or be it there, wherever you be, you will be the observed of all beholders.313
The heart of Glaucon swelled5 with pride as he drank in the words, and gladly he stayed to listen.
Presently Socrates proceeded: Then this is clear, Glaucon, is it not? that you must needs benefit the city, since you desire to reap her honours?
Glauc. Undoubtedly6.
Then, by all that is sacred (Socrates continued), do not keep us in the dark, but tell us in what way do you propose first to benefit the state? what is your starting-point?314 When Glaucon remained with sealed lips, as if he were now for the first time debating what this starting-point should be, Socrates continued: I presume, if you wished to improve a friend’s estate, you would endeavour to do so by adding to its wealth, would you not? So here, maybe, you will try to add to the wealth of the state?
Most decidedly (he answered).
Soc. And we may take it the state will grow wealthier in proportion as her revenues increase?
Glauc. That seems probable, at any rate.
Soc. Then would you kindly tell us from what sources the revenues of the state are at present derived7, and what is their present magnitude? No doubt you have gone carefully into the question, so that if any of these are failing you may make up the deficit9, or if neglected for any reason, make some new provision.315
Glauc. Nay10, to speak the truth, these are matters I have not thoroughly11 gone into.
Never mind (he said) if you have omitted the point; but you might oblige us by running through the items or heads of expenditure12. Obviously you propose to remove all those which are superfluous13?
Glauc. Well, no. Upon my word I have not had time to look into that side of the matter either as yet.
Soc. Then we will postpone14 for the present the problem of making the state wealthier; obviously without knowing the outgoings and the incomings it would be impossible to deal with the matter seriously.
But, Socrates (Glaucon remarked), it is possible to enrich the state out of the pockets of her enemies!
Yes, to be sure, considerably15 (answered Socrates), in the event of getting the better of them; but in the event of being worsted, it is also possible to lose what we have got.
A true observation (he replied).
And therefore (proceeded Socrates), before he makes up his mind with what enemy to go to war, a statesman should know the relative powers of his own city and the adversary’s, so that, in case the superiority be on his own side, he may throw the weight of his advice into the scale of undertaking16 war; but if the opposite he may plead in favour of exercising caution.
You are right (he answered).
Soc. Then would you for our benefit enumerate17 the land and naval18 forces first of Athens and then of our opponents?
Glauc. Pardon me. I could not tell you them off-hand at a moment’s notice.
Or (added Socrates), if you have got the figures on paper, you might produce them. I cannot tell how anxious I am to hear your statement.
Glauc. No, I assure you, I have not got them even on paper yet.
Soc. Well then, we will defer19 tending advice on the topic of peace or war, in a maiden20 speech at any rate.316 I can understand that, owing to the magnitude of the questions, in these early days of your ministry21 you have not yet fully8 examined them. But come, I am sure that you have studied the defences of the country, at all events, and you know exactly how many forts and outposts are serviceable317 and how many are not; you can tell us which garrisons22 are strong enough and which defective23; and you are prepared to throw in the weight of your advice in favour of increasing the serviceable outposts and sweeping24 away those that are superfluous?
Glauc. Yes, sweep them all away, that’s my advice; for any good that is likely to come of them! Defences indeed! so maintained that the property of the rural districts is simply pilfered25.
But suppose you sweep away the outposts (he asked), may not something worse, think you, be the consequence? will not sheer plundering26 be free to any ruffian who likes? . . . But may I ask is this judgment27 the result of personal inspection28? have you gone yourself and examined the defences? or how do you know that they are all maintained as you say?
Glauc. I conjecture29 that it is so.
Soc. Well then, until we have got beyond the region of conjecture shall we defer giving advice on the matter? (It will be time enough when we know the facts.)
Possibly it would be better to wait till then (replied Glaucon).
Soc. Then there are the mines,318 but, of course, I am aware that you have not visited them in person, so as to be able to say why they are less productive than formerly30.
Well, no; I have never been there myself (he answered).
Soc. No, Heaven help us! an unhealthy district by all accounts; so that, when the moment for advice on that topic arrives, you will have an excuse ready to hand.
I see you are making fun of me (Glaucon answered).
Soc. Well, but here is a point, I am sure, which you have not neglected. No, you will have thoroughly gone into it, and you can tell us. For how long a time could the corn supplies from the country districts support the city? how much is requisite31 for a single year, so that the city may not run short of this prime necessary, before you are well aware; but on the contrary you with your full knowledge will be in a position to give advice on so vital a question, to the aid or may be the salvation32 of your country?
It is a colossal33 business this (Glaucon answered), if I am to be obliged to give attention to all these details.
Soc. On the other hand, a man could not even manage his own house or his estate well, without, in the first place, knowing what he requires, and, in the second place, taking pains, item by item, to supply his wants. But since this city consists of more than ten thousand houses, and it is not easy to pay minute attention to so many all at once, how is it you did not practise yourself by trying to augment34 the resources of one at any rate of these — I mean your own uncle’s? The service would not be thrown away. Then if your strength suffices in the single case you might take in hand a larger number; but if you fail to relieve one, how could you possibly hope to succeed with many? How absurd for a man, if he cannot carry half a hundredweight, to attempt to carry a whole!319
Glauc. Nay, for my part, I am willing enough to assist my uncle’s house, if my uncle would only be persuaded to listen to my advice.
Soc. Then, when you cannot persuade your uncle, do you imagine you will be able to make the whole Athenian people, uncle and all, obey you? Be careful, Glaucon (he added), lest in your thirst for glory and high repute you come to the opposite. Do you not see how dangerous it is for a man to speak or act beyond the range320 of his knowledge? To take the cases known to you of people whose conversation or conduct clearly transcends35 these limits: should you say they gain more praise or more blame on that account? Are they admired the rather or despised? Or, again, consider those who do know what they say and what they do; and you will find, I venture to say, that in every sort of undertaking those who enjoy repute and admiration36 belong to the class of those endowed with the highest knowledge; whilst conversely the people of sinister37 reputation, the mean and the contemptible38, emanate39 from some depth of ignorance and dulness. If therefore what you thirst for is repute and admiration as a statesman, try to make sure of one accomplishment40: in other words, the knowledge as far as in you lies of what you wish to do.321 If, indeed, with this to distinguish you from the rest of the world you venture to concern yourself with state affairs, it would not surprise me but that you might reach the goal of your ambition easily.
307 Glaucon, Plato’s brother. Grote, “Plato,” i. 508.
308 “Harangue the People.”
309 See Plat. “Protag.” 319 C: “And if some person offers to give them advice who is not supposed by them to have any skill in the art [sc. of politics], even though he be good-looking, and rich, and noble, they will not listen to him, but laugh at him, and hoot41 him, until he is either clamoured down and retires of himself; or if he persists, he is dragged away or put out by the constables42 at the command of the prytanes” (Jowett). Cf. Aristoph. “Knights,” 665, kath eilkon auton oi prutaneis kai toxotai.
310 For Charmides (maternal uncle of Plato and Glaucon, cousin of Critias) see ch. vii. below; Plato the philosopher, Glaucon’s brother, see Cobet, “Pros. Xen.” p. 28.
311 Or, “and in the first instance addressing him in such terms he could not choose but hear, detained him.” See above, II. vi. 11. Socrates applies his own theory.
312 prostateuein.
313 “The centre of attraction — the cynosure44 of neighbouring eyes.”
314 Or, “tell us what your starting-point will be in the path of benefaction.”
315 Or, “or if others have dropped out or been negligently45 overlooked, you may replace them.”
316 See “Econ.” xi. 1.
317 Or, “advantageously situated46.” See the author’s own tract43 on “Revenues.”
318 Again the author’s tract on “Revenues” is a comment on the matter.
319 Lit. “a single talent’s weight . . . to carry two.”
320 Or, “to talk of things which he does not know, or to meddle47 with them.”
321 Or, “try as far as possible to achieve one thing, and that is to know the business which you propose to carry out.”
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1
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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2
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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3
exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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4
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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5
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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6
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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7
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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8
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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9
deficit
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| n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差 | |
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10
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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11
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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12
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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13
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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14
postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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15
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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16
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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17
enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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18
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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19
defer
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| vt.推迟，拖延；vi.(to)遵从，听从，服从 | |
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20
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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21
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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22
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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23
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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24
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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25
pilfered
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| v.偷窃（小东西），小偷( pilfer的过去式和过去分词 )；偷窃（一般指小偷小摸） | |
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26
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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27
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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28
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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29
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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30
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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31
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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32
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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33
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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34
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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35
transcends
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| 超出或超越（经验、信念、描写能力等）的范围( transcend的第三人称单数 )； 优于或胜过… | |
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36
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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37
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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38
contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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39
emanate
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| v.发自，来自，出自 | |
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40
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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41
hoot
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| n.鸟叫声，汽车的喇叭声； v.使汽车鸣喇叭 | |
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42
constables
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| n.警察( constable的名词复数 ) | |
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43
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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44
cynosure
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| n.焦点 | |
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45
negligently
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46
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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47
meddle
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| v.干预，干涉，插手 | |
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