“Well,” said I, “as I am a stranger, I must let you choose for me.”
In point of fact, I did not by any means want to be ‘amused’ just then; and also I rather felt as if the old man, with his knowledge of past times, and even a kind of inverted2 sympathy for them caused by his active hatred3 of them, was as it were a blanket for me against the cold of this very new world, where I was, so to say, stripped bare of every habitual4 thought and way of acting5; and I did not want to leave him too soon. He came to my rescue at once, and said —
“Wait a bit, Dick; there is someone else to be consulted besides you and the guest here, and that is I. I am not going to lose the pleasure of his company just now, especially as I know he has something else to ask me. So go to your Welshmen, by all means; but first of all bring us another bottle of wine to this nook, and then be off as soon as you like; and come again and fetch our friend to go westward6, but not too soon.”
Dick nodded smilingly, and the old man and I were soon alone in the great hall, the afternoon sun gleaming on the red wine in our tall quaint-shaped glasses. Then said Hammond:
“Does anything especially puzzle you about our way of living, now you have heard a good deal and seen a little of it?”
Said I: “I think what puzzles me most is how it all came about.”
“It well may,” said he, “so great as the change is. It would be difficult indeed to tell you the whole story, perhaps impossible: knowledge, discontent, treachery, disappointment, ruin, misery7, despair — those who worked for the change because they could see further than other people went through all these phases of suffering; and doubtless all the time the most of men looked on, not knowing what was doing, thinking it all a matter of course, like the rising and setting of the sun — and indeed it was so.”
“Tell me one thing, if you can,” said I. “Did the change, the ‘revolution’ it used to be called, come peacefully?”
“Peacefully?” said he; “what peace was there amongst those poor confused wretches9 of the nineteenth century? It was war from beginning to end: bitter war, till hope and pleasure put an end to it.”
“Do you mean actual fighting with weapons?” said I, “or the strikes and lock-outs and starvation of which we have heard?”
“Both, both,” he said. “As a matter of fact, the history of the terrible period of transition from commercial slavery to freedom may thus be summarised. When the hope of realising a communal10 condition of life for all men arose, quite late in the nineteenth century, the power of the middle classes, the then tyrants11 of society, was so enormous and crushing, that to almost all men, even those who had, you may say despite themselves, despite their reason and judgment12, conceived such hopes, it seemed a dream. So much was this the case that some of those more enlightened men who were then called Socialists14, although they well knew, and even stated in public, that the only reasonable condition of Society was that of pure Communism (such as you now see around you), yet shrunk from what seemed to them the barren task of preaching the realisation of a happy dream. Looking back now, we can see that the great motive-power of the change was a longing15 for freedom and equality, akin16 if you please to the unreasonable17 passion of the lover; a sickness of heart that rejected with loathing18 the aimless solitary19 life of the well-to-do educated man of that time: phrases, my dear friend, which have lost their meaning to us of the present day; so far removed we are from the dreadful facts which they represent.
“Well, these men, though conscious of this feeling, had no faith in it, as a means of bringing about the change. Nor was that wonderful: for looking around them they saw the huge mass of the oppressed classes too much burdened with the misery of their lives, and too much overwhelmed by the selfishness of misery, to be able to form a conception of any escape from it except by the ordinary way prescribed by the system of slavery under which they lived; which was nothing more than a remote chance of climbing out of the oppressed into the oppressing class.
“Therefore, though they knew that the only reasonable aim for those who would better the world was a condition of equality; in their impatience21 and despair they managed to convince themselves that if they could by hook or by crook22 get the machinery23 of production and the management of property so altered that the ‘lower classes’ (so the horrible word ran) might have their slavery somewhat ameliorated, they would be ready to fit into this machinery, and would use it for bettering their condition still more and still more, until at last the result would be a practical equality (they were very fond of using the word ‘practical’), because ‘the rich’ would be forced to pay so much for keeping ‘the poor’ in a tolerable condition that the condition of riches would become no longer valuable and would gradually die out. Do you follow me?”
“Partly,” said I. “Go on.”
Said old Hammond: “Well, since you follow me, you will see that as a theory this was not altogether unreasonable; but ‘practically,’ it turned out a failure.”
“How so?” said I.
“Well, don’t you see,” said he, “because it involved the making of a machinery by those who didn’t know what they wanted the machines to do. So far as the masses of the oppressed class furthered this scheme of improvement, they did it to get themselves improved slave-rations — as many of them as could. And if those classes had really been incapable24 of being touched by that instinct which produced the passion for freedom and equality aforesaid, what would have happened, I think, would have been this: that a certain part of the working classes would have been so far improved in condition that they would have approached the condition of the middling rich men; but below them would have been a great class of most miserable25 slaves, whose slavery would have been far more hopeless than the older class-slavery had been.”
“What stood in the way of this?” said I.
“‘Why, of course,” said he, “just that instinct for freedom aforesaid. It is true that the slave-class could not conceive the happiness of a free life. Yet they grew to understand (and very speedily too) that they were oppressed by their masters, and they assumed, you see how justly, that they could do without them, though perhaps they scarce knew how; so that it came to this, that though they could not look forward to the happiness or peace of the freeman, they did at least look forward to the war which a vague hope told them would bring that peace about.”
“Could you tell me rather more closely what actually took place?” said I; for I thought HIM rather vague here.
“Yes,” he said, “I can. That machinery of life for the use of people who didn’t know what they wanted of it, and which was known at the time as State Socialism, was partly put in motion, though in a very piecemeal26 way. But it did not work smoothly27; it was, of course, resisted at every turn by the capitalists; and no wonder, for it tended more and more to upset the commercial system I have told you of; without providing anything really effective in its place. The result was growing confusion, great suffering amongst the working classes, and, as a consequence, great discontent. For a long time matters went on like this. The power of the upper classes had lessened28, as their command over wealth lessened, and they could not carry things wholly by the high hand as they had been used to in earlier days. So far the State Socialists were justified29 by the result. On the other hand, the working classes were ill-organised, and growing poorer in reality, in spite of the gains (also real in the long run) which they had forced from the masters. Thus matters hung in the balance; the masters could not reduce their slaves to complete subjection, though they put down some feeble and partial riots easily enough. The workers forced their masters to grant them ameliorations, real or imaginary, of their condition, but could not force freedom from them. At last came a great crash. To explain this you must understand that very great progress had been made amongst the workers, though as before said but little in the direction of improved livelihood31.”
I played the innocent and said: “In what direction could they improve, if not in livelihood?”
Said he: “In the power to bring about a state of things in which livelihood would be full, and easy to gain. They had at last learned how to combine after a long period of mistakes and disasters. The workmen had now a regular organization in the struggle against their masters, a struggle which for more than half a century had been accepted as an inevitable32 part of the conditions of the modern system of labour and production. This combination had now taken the form of a federation33 of all or almost all the recognised wage-paid employments, and it was by its means that those betterments of the conditions of the workmen had been forced from the masters: and though they were not seldom mixed up with the rioting that happened, especially in the earlier days of their organization, it by no means formed an essential part of their tactics; indeed at the time I am now speaking of they had got to be so strong that most commonly the mere34 threat of a ‘strike’ was enough to gain any minor35 point: because they had given up the foolish tactics of the ancient trades unions of calling out of work a part only of the workers of such and such an industry, and supporting them while out of work on the labour of those that remained in. By this time they had a biggish fund of money for the support of strikes, and could stop a certain industry altogether for a time if they so determined36.”
Said I: “Was there not a serious danger of such moneys being misused37 — of jobbery, in fact?”
Old Hammond wriggled38 uneasily on his seat, and said:
“Though all this happened so long ago, I still feel the pain of mere shame when I have to tell you that it was more than a danger: that such rascality39 often happened; indeed more than once the whole combination seemed dropping to pieces because of it: but at the time of which I am telling, things looked so threatening, and to the workmen at least the necessity of their dealing40 with the fast-gathering trouble which the labour-struggle had brought about, was so clear, that the conditions of the times had begot41 a deep seriousness amongst all reasonable people; a determination which put aside all non-essentials, and which to thinking men was ominous42 of the swiftly-approaching change: such an element was too dangerous for mere traitors43 and self-seekers, and one by one they were thrust out and mostly joined the declared reactionaries44.”
“How about those ameliorations,” said I; “what were they? or rather of what nature?”
Said he: “Some of them, and these of the most practical importance to the mens’ livelihood, were yielded by the masters by direct compulsion on the part of the men; the new conditions of labour so gained were indeed only customary, enforced by no law: but, once established, the masters durst not attempt to withdraw them in face of the growing power of the combined workers. Some again were steps on the path of ‘State Socialism’; the most important of which can be speedily summed up. At the end of the nineteenth century the cry arose for compelling the masters to employ their men a less number of hours in the day: this cry gathered volume quickly, and the masters had to yield to it. But it was, of course, clear that unless this meant a higher price for work per hour, it would be a mere nullity, and that the masters, unless forced, would reduce it to that. Therefore after a long struggle another law was passed fixing a minimum price for labour in the most important industries; which again had to be supplemented by a law fixing the maximum price on the chief wares45 then considered necessary for a workman’s life.”
“You were getting perilously46 near to the late Roman poor-rates,” said I, smiling, “and the doling47 out of bread to the proletariat.”
“So many said at the time,” said the old man drily; “and it has long been a commonplace that that slough48 awaits State Socialism in the end, if it gets to the end, which as you know it did not with us. However it went further than this minimum and maximum business, which by the by we can now see was necessary. The government now found it imperative49 on them to meet the outcry of the master class at the approaching destruction of Commerce (as desirable, had they known it, as the extinction50 of the cholera51, which has since happily taken place). And they were forced to meet it by a measure hostile to the masters, the establishment of government factories for the production of necessary wares, and markets for their sale. These measures taken altogether did do something: they were in fact of the nature of regulations made by the commander of a beleaguered52 city. But of course to the privileged classes it seemed as if the end of the world were come when such laws were enacted53.
“Nor was that altogether without a warrant: the spread of communistic theories, and the partial practice of State Socialism had at first disturbed, and at last almost paralysed the marvellous system of commerce under which the old world had lived so feverishly54, and had produced for some few a life of gambler’s pleasure, and for many, or most, a life of mere misery: over and over again came ‘bad times’ as they were called, and indeed they were bad enough for the wage-slaves. The year 1952 was one of the worst of these times; the workmen suffered dreadfully: the partial, inefficient55 government factories, which were terribly jobbed, all but broke down, and a vast part of the population had for the time being to be fed on undisguised “charity” as it was called.
“The Combined Workers watched the situation with mingled56 hope and anxiety. They had already formulated57 their general demands; but now by a solemn and universal vote of the whole of their federated societies, they insisted on the first step being taken toward carrying out their demands: this step would have led directly to handing over the management of the whole natural resources of the country, together with the machinery for using them into the power of the Combined Workers, and the reduction of the privileged classes into the position of pensioners58 obviously dependent on the pleasure of the workers. The ‘Resolution,’ as it was called, which was widely published in the newspapers of the day, was in fact a declaration of war, and was so accepted by the master class. They began henceforward to prepare for a firm stand against the ‘brutal and ferocious59 communism of the day,’ as they phrased it. And as they were in many ways still very powerful, or seemed so to be; they still hoped by means of brute60 force to regain61 some of what they had lost, and perhaps in the end the whole of it. It was said amongst them on all hands that it had been a great mistake of the various governments not to have resisted sooner; and the liberals and radicals62 (the name as perhaps you may know of the more democratically inclined part of the ruling classes) were much blamed for having led the world to this pass by their mis-timed pedantry63 and foolish sentimentality: and one Gladstone, or Gledstein (probably, judging by this name, of Scandinavian descent), a notable politician of the nineteenth century, was especially singled out for reprobation64 in this respect. I need scarcely point out to you the absurdity65 of all this. But terrible tragedy lay hidden behind this grinning through a horse-collar of the reactionary66 party. ‘The insatiable greed of the lower classes must be repressed’—‘The people must be taught a lesson’— these were the sacramental phrases current amongst the reactionists, and ominous enough they were.”
The old man stopped to look keenly at my attentive67 and wondering face; and then said:
“I know, dear guest, that I have been using words and phrases which few people amongst us could understand without long and laborious68 explanation; and not even then perhaps. But since you have not yet gone to sleep, and since I am speaking to you as to a being from another planet, I may venture to ask you if you have followed me thus far?”
“O yes,” said I, “I quite understand: pray go on; a great deal of what you have been saying was common place with us — when — when —”
“Yes,” said he gravely, “when you were dwelling69 in the other planet. Well, now for the crash aforesaid.
“On some comparatively trifling70 occasion a great meeting was summoned by the workmen leaders to meet in Trafalgar Square (about the right to meet in which place there had for years and years been bickering). The civic71 bourgeois72 guard (called the police) attacked the said meeting with bludgeons, according to their custom; many people were hurt in the melee73, of whom five in all died, either trampled74 to death on the spot, or from the effects of their cudgelling; the meeting was scattered75, and some hundred of prisoners cast into gaol76. A similar meeting had been treated in the same way a few days before at a place called Manchester, which has now disappeared. Thus the ‘lesson’ began. The whole country was thrown into a ferment77 by this; meetings were held which attempted some rough organisation78 for the holding of another meeting to retort on the authorities. A huge crowd assembled in Trafalgar Square and the neighbourhood (then a place of crowded streets), and was too big for the bludgeon-armed police to cope with; there was a good deal of dry-blow fighting; three or four of the people were killed, and half a score of policemen were crushed to death in the throng79, and the rest got away as they could. This was a victory for the people as far as it went. The next day all London (remember what it was in those days) was in a state of turmoil80. Many of the rich fled into the country; the executive got together soldiery, but did not dare to use them; and the police could not be massed in any one place, because riots or threats of riots were everywhere. But in Manchester, where the people were not so courageous81 or not so desperate as in London, several of the popular leaders were arrested. In London a convention of leaders was got together from the Federation of Combined Workmen, and sat under the old revolutionary name of the Committee of Public Safety; but as they had no drilled and armed body of men to direct, they attempted no aggressive measures, but only placarded the walls with somewhat vague appeals to the workmen not to allow themselves to be trampled upon. However, they called a meeting in Trafalgar Square for the day fortnight of the last-mentioned skirmish.
“Meantime the town grew no quieter, and business came pretty much to an end. The newspapers — then, as always hitherto, almost entirely82 in the hands of the masters — clamoured to the Government for repressive measures; the rich citizens were enrolled83 as an extra body of police, and armed with bludgeons like them; many of these were strong, well-fed, full-blooded young men, and had plenty of stomach for fighting; but the Government did not dare to use them, and contented84 itself with getting full powers voted to it by the Parliament for suppressing any revolt, and bringing up more and more soldiers to London. Thus passed the week after the great meeting; almost as large a one was held on the Sunday, which went off peaceably on the whole, as no opposition85 to it was offered, and again the people cried ‘victory.’ But on the Monday the people woke up to find that they were hungry. During the last few days there had been groups of men parading the streets asking (or, if you please, demanding) money to buy food; and what for goodwill86, what for fear, the richer people gave them a good deal. The authorities of the parishes also (I haven’t time to explain that phrase at present) gave willy-nilly what provisions they could to wandering people; and the Government, by means of its feeble national workshops, also fed a good number of half-starved folk. But in addition to this, several bakers’ shops and other provision stores had been emptied without a great deal of disturbance87. So far, so good. But on the Monday in question the Committee of Public Safety, on the one hand afraid of general unorganised pillage88, and on the other emboldened89 by the wavering conduct of the authorities, sent a deputation provided with carts and all necessary gear to clear out two or three big provision stores in the centre of the town, leaving papers with the shop managers promising90 to pay the price of them: and also in the part of the town where they were strongest they took possession of several bakers’ shops and set men at work in them for the benefit of the people; — all of which was done with little or no disturbance, the police assisting in keeping order at the sack of the stores, as they would have done at a big fire.
“But at this last stroke the reactionaries were so alarmed, that they were, determined to force the executive into action. The newspapers next day all blazed into the fury of frightened people, and threatened the people, the Government, and everybody they could think of, unless ‘order were at once restored.’ A deputation of leading commercial people waited on the Government and told them that if they did not at once arrest the Committee of Public Safety, they themselves would gather a body of men, arm them, and fall on ‘the incendiaries,’ as they called them.
“They, together with a number of the newspaper editors, had a long interview with the heads of the Government and two or three military men, the deftest91 in their art that the country could furnish. The deputation came away from that interview, says a contemporary eye-witness, smiling and satisfied, and said no more about raising an anti-popular army, but that afternoon left London with their families for their country seats or elsewhere.
“The next morning the Government proclaimed a state of siege in London — a thing common enough amongst the absolutist governments on the Continent, but unheard-of in England in those days. They appointed the youngest and cleverest of their generals to command the proclaimed district; a man who had won a certain sort of reputation in the disgraceful wars in which the country had been long engaged from time to time. The newspapers were in ecstacies, and all the most fervent93 of the reactionaries now came to the front; men who in ordinary times were forced to keep their opinions to themselves or their immediate94 circle, but who began to look forward to crushing once for all the Socialist13, and even democratic tendencies, which, said they, had been treated with such foolish indulgence for the last sixty years.
“But the clever general took no visible action; and yet only a few of the minor newspapers abused him; thoughtful men gathered from this that a plot was hatching. As for the Committee of Public Safety, whatever they thought of their position, they had now gone too far to draw back; and many of them, it seems, thought that the government would not act. They went on quietly organising their food supply, which was a miserable driblet when all is said; and also as a retort to the state of siege, they armed as many men as they could in the quarter where they were strongest, but did not attempt to drill or organise30 them, thinking, perhaps, that they could not at the best turn them into trained soldiers till they had some breathing space. The clever general, his soldiers, and the police did not meddle95 with all this in the least in the world; and things were quieter in London that week-end; though there were riots in many places of the provinces, which were quelled96 by the authorities without much trouble. The most serious of these were at Glasgow and Bristol.
“Well, the Sunday of the meeting came, and great crowds came to Trafalgar Square in procession, the greater part of the Committee amongst them, surrounded by their band of men armed somehow or other. The streets were quite peaceful and quiet, though there were many spectators to see the procession pass. Trafalgar Square had no body of police in it; the people took quiet possession of it, and the meeting began. The armed men stood round the principal platform, and there were a few others armed amidst the general crowd; but by far the greater part were unarmed.
“Most people thought the meeting would go off peaceably; but the members of the Committee had heard from various quarters that something would be attempted against them; but these rumours97 were vague, and they had no idea of what threatened. They soon found out.
“For before the streets about the Square were filled, a body of soldiers poured into it from the north-west corner and took up their places by the houses that stood on the west side. The people growled98 at the sight of the red-coats; the armed men of the Committee stood undecided, not knowing what to do; and indeed this new influx99 so jammed the crowd together that, unorganised as they were, they had little chance of working through it. They had scarcely grasped the fact of their enemies being there, when another column of soldiers, pouring out of the streets which led into the great southern road going down to the Parliament House (still existing, and called the Dung Market), and also from the embankment by the side of the Thames, marched up, pushing the crowd into a denser100 and denser mass, and formed along the south side of the Square. Then any of those who could see what was going on, knew at once that they were in a trap, and could only wonder what would be done with them.
“The closely-packed crowd would not or could not budge101, except under the influence of the height of terror, which was soon to be supplied to them. A few of the armed men struggled to the front, or climbled up to the base of the monument which then stood there, that they might face the wall of hidden fire before them; and to most men (there were many women amongst them) it seemed as if the end of the world had come, and to-day seemed strangely different from yesterday. No sooner were the soldiers drawn102 up aforesaid than, says an eye-witness, ‘a glittering officer on horseback came prancing103 out from the ranks on the south, and read something from a paper which he held in his hand; which something, very few heard; but I was told afterwards that it was an order for us to disperse104, and a warning that he had legal right to fire on the crowd else, and that he would do so. The crowd took it as a challenge of some sort, and a hoarse105 threatening roar went up from them; and after that there was comparative silence for a little, till the officer had got back into the ranks. I was near the edge of the crowd, towards the soldiers,’ says this eye-witness, ‘and I saw three little machines being wheeled out in front of the ranks, which I knew for mechanical guns. I cried out, “Throw yourselves down! they are going to fire!” But no one scarcely could throw himself down, so tight as the crowd were packed. I heard a sharp order given, and wondered where I should be the next minute; and then — It was as if — the earth had opened, and hell had come up bodily amidst us. It is no use trying to describe the scene that followed. Deep lanes were mowed106 amidst the thick crowd; the dead and dying covered the ground, and the shrieks107 and wails108 and cries of horror filled all the air, till it seemed as if there were nothing else in the world but murder and death. Those of our armed men who were still unhurt cheered wildly and opened a scattering109 fire on the soldiers. One or two soldiers fell; and I saw the officers going up and down the ranks urging the men to fire again; but they received the orders in sullen110 silence, and let the butts111 of their guns fall. Only one sergeant112 ran to a machine-gun and began to set it going; but a tall young man, an officer too, ran out of the ranks and dragged him back by the collar; and the soldiers stood there motionless while the horror-stricken crowd, nearly wholly unarmed (for most of the armed men had fallen in that first discharge), drifted out of the Square. I was told afterwards that the soldiers on the west side had fired also, and done their part of the slaughter113. How I got out of the Square I scarcely know: I went, not feeling the ground under me, what with rage and terror and despair.’
“So says our eye-witness. The number of the slain114 on the side of the people in that shooting during a minute was prodigious115; but it was not easy to come at the truth about it; it was probably between one and two thousand. Of the soldiers, six were killed outright116, and a dozen wounded.”
I listened, trembling with excitement. The old man’s eyes glittered and his face flushed as he spoke117, and told the tale of what I had often thought might happen. Yet I wondered that he should have got so elated about a mere massacre118, and I said:
“How fearful! And I suppose that this massacre put an end to the whole revolution for that time?”
“No, no,” cried old Hammond; “it began it!”
He filled his glass and mine, and stood up and cried out, “Drink this glass to the memory of those who died there, for indeed it would be a long tale to tell how much we owe them.”
I drank, and he sat down again and went on.
“That massacre of Trafalgar Square began the civil war, though, like all such events, it gathered head slowly, and people scarcely knew what a crisis they were acting in.
“Terrible as the massacre was, and hideous119 and overpowering as the first terror had been, when the people had time to think about it, their feeling was one of anger rather than fear; although the military organisation of the state of siege was now carried out without shrinking by the clever young general. For though the ruling-classes when the news spread next morning felt one gasp120 of horror and even dread20, yet the Government and their immediate backers felt that now the wine was drawn and must be drunk. However, even the most reactionary of the capitalist papers, with two exceptions, stunned121 by the tremendous news, simply gave an account of what had taken place, without making any comment upon it. The exceptions were one, a so-called ‘liberal’ paper (the Government of the day was of that complexion), which, after a preamble122 in which it declared its undeviating sympathy with the cause of labour, proceeded to point out that in times of revolutionary disturbance it behoved the Government to be just but firm, and that by far the most merciful way of dealing with the poor madmen who were attacking the very foundations of society (which had made them mad and poor) was to shoot them at once, so as to stop others from drifting into a position in which they would run a chance of being shot. In short, it praised the determined action of the Government as the acme123 of human wisdom and mercy, and exulted124 in the inauguration125 of an epoch126 of reasonable democracy free from the tyrannical fads127 of Socialism.
“The other exception was a paper thought to be one of the most violent opponents of democracy, and so it was; but the editor of it found his manhood, and spoke for himself and not for his paper. In a few simple, indignant words he asked people to consider what a society was worth which had to be defended by the massacre of unarmed citizens, and called on the Government to withdraw their state of siege and put the general and his officers who fired on the people on their trial for murder. He went further, and declared that whatever his opinion might be as to the doctrines128 of the Socialists, he for one should throw in his lot with the people, until the Government atoned129 for their atrocity130 by showing that they were prepared to listen to the demands of men who knew what they wanted, and whom the decrepitude131 of society forced into pushing their demands in some way or other.
“Of course, this editor was immediately arrested by the military power; but his bold words were already in the hands of the public, and produced a great effect: so great an effect that the Government, after some vacillation132, withdrew the state of siege; though at the same time it strengthened the military organisation and made it more stringent133. Three of the Committee of Public Safety had been slain in Trafalgar Square: of the rest the greater part went back to their old place of meeting, and there awaited the event calmly. They were arrested there on the Monday morning, and would have been shot at once by the general, who was a mere military machine, if the Government had not shrunk before the responsibility of killing134 men without any trial. There was at first a talk of trying them by a special commission of judges, as it was called — i.e., before a set of men bound to find them guilty, and whose business it was to do so. But with the Government the cold fit had succeeded to the hot one; and the prisoners were brought before a jury at the assizes. There a fresh blow awaited the Government; for in spite of the judge’s charge, which distinctly instructed the jury to find the prisoners guilty, they were acquitted135, and the jury added to their verdict a presentment, in which they condemned136 the action of the soldiery, in the queer phraseology of the day, as ‘rash, unfortunate, and unnecessary.’ The Committee of Public Safety renewed its sittings, and from thenceforth was a popular rallying-point in opposition to the Parliament. The Government now gave way on all sides, and made a show of yielding to the demands of the people, though there was a widespread plot for effecting a coup137 d’etat set on foot between the leaders of the two so-called opposing parties in the parliamentary faction138 fight. The well-meaning part of the public was overjoyed, and thought that all danger of a civil war was over. The victory of the people was celebrated139 by huge meetings held in the parks and elsewhere, in memory of the victims of the great massacre.
“But the measures passed for the relief of the workers, though to the upper classes they seemed ruinously revolutionary, were not thorough enough to give the people food and a decent life, and they had to be supplemented by unwritten enactments140 without legality to back them. Although the Government and Parliament had the law-courts, the army, and ‘society’ at their backs, the Committee of Public Safety began to be a force in the country, and really represented the producing classes. It began to improve immensely in the days which followed on the acquittal of its members. Its old members had little administrative141 capacity, though with the exception of a few self-seekers and traitors, they were honest, courageous men, and many of them were endowed with considerable talent of other kinds. But now that the times called for immediate action, came forward the men capable of setting it on foot; and a new network of workmen’s associations grew up very speedily, whose avowed142 single object was the tiding over of the ship of the community into a simple condition of Communism; and as they practically undertook also the management of the ordinary labour-war, they soon became the mouthpiece and intermediary of the whole of the working classes; and the manufacturing profit-grinders now found themselves powerless before this combination; unless THEIR committee, Parliament, plucked up courage to begin the civil war again, and to shoot right and left, they were bound to yield to the demands of the men whom they employed, and pay higher and higher wages for shorter and shorter day’s work. Yet one ally they had, and that was the rapidly approaching breakdown143 of the whole system founded on the World-Market and its supply; which now became so clear to all people, that the middle classes, shocked for the moment into condemnation144 of the Government for the great massacre, turned round nearly in a mass, and called on the Government to look to matters, and put an end to the tyranny of the Socialist leaders.
“Thus stimulated145, the reactionist plot exploded probably before it was ripe; but this time the people and their leaders were forewarned, and, before the reactionaries could get under way, had taken the steps they thought necessary.
“The Liberal Government (clearly by collusion) was beaten by the Conservatives, though the latter were nominally146 much in the minority. The popular representatives in the House understood pretty well what this meant, and after an attempt to fight the matter out by divisions in the House of Commons, they made a protest, left the House, and came in a body to the Committee of Public Safety: and the civil war began again in good earnest.
“Yet its first act was not one of mere fighting. The new Tory Government determined to act, yet durst not re-enact the state of siege, but it sent a body of soldiers and police to arrest the Committee of Public Safety in the lump. They made no resistance, though they might have done so, as they had now a considerable body of men who were quite prepared for extremities147. But they were determined to try first a weapon which they thought stronger than street fighting.
“The members of the Committee went off quietly to prison; but they had left their soul and their organisation behind them. For they depended not on a carefully arranged centre with all kinds of checks and counter-checks about it, but on a huge mass of people in thorough sympathy with the movement, bound together by a great number of links of small centres with very simple instructions. These instructions were now carried out.
“The next morning, when the leaders of the reaction were chuckling148 at the effect which the report in the newspapers of their stroke would have upon the public — no newspapers appeared; and it was only towards noon that a few straggling sheets, about the size of the gazettes of the seventeenth century, worked by policemen, soldiers, managers, and press-writers, were dribbled149 through the streets. They were greedily seized on and read; but by this time the serious part of their news was stale, and people did not need to be told that the GENERAL STRIKE had begun. The railways did not run, the telegraph-wires were unserved; flesh, fish, and green stuff brought to market was allowed to lie there still packed and perishing; the thousands of middle-class families, who were utterly150 dependant151 for the next meal on the workers, made frantic152 efforts through their more energetic members to cater153 for the needs of the day, and amongst those of them who could throw off the fear of what was to follow, there was, I am told, a certain enjoyment154 of this unexpected picnic — a forecast of the days to come, in which all labour grew pleasant.
“So passed the first day, and towards evening the Government grew quite distracted. They had but one resource for putting down any popular movement — to wit, mere brute-force; but there was nothing for them against which to use their army and police: no armed bodies appeared in the streets; the offices of the Federated Workmen were now, in appearance, at least, turned into places for the relief of people thrown out of work, and under the circumstances, they durst not arrest the men engaged in such business, all the more, as even that night many quite respectable people applied155 at these offices for relief, and swallowed down the charity of the revolutionists along with their supper. So the Government massed soldiers and police here and there — and sat still for that night, fully8 expecting on the morrow some manifesto156 from ‘the rebels,’ as they now began to be called, which would give them an opportunity of acting in some way or another. They were disappointed. The ordinary newspapers gave up the struggle that morning, and only one very violent reactionary paper (called the Daily Telegraph) attempted an appearance, and rated ‘the rebels’ in good set terms for their folly157 and ingratitude158 in tearing out the bowels159 of their ‘common mother,’ the English Nation, for the benefit of a few greedy paid agitators160, and the fools whom they were deluding161. On the other hand, the Socialist papers (of which three only, representing somewhat different schools, were published in London) came out full to the throat of well-printed matter. They were greedily bought by the whole public, who, of course, like the Government, expected a manifesto in them. But they found no word of reference to the great subject. It seemed as if their editors had ransacked162 their drawers for articles which would have been in place forty years before, under the technical name of educational articles. Most of these were admirable and straightforward163 expositions of the doctrines and practice of Socialism, free from haste and spite and hard words, and came upon the public with a kind of May-day freshness, amidst the worry and terror of the moment; and though the knowing well understood that the meaning of this move in the game was mere defiance164, and a token of irreconcilable165 hostility166 to the then rulers of society, and though, also, they were meant for nothing else by ‘the rebels,’ yet they really had their effect as ‘educational articles.’ However, ‘education’ of another kind was acting upon the public with irresistible167 power, and probably cleared their heads a little.
“As to the Government, they were absolutely terrified by this act of ‘boycotting’ (the slang word then current for such acts of abstention). Their counsels became wild and vacillating to the last degree: one hour they were for giving way for the present till they could hatch another plot; the next they all but sent an order for the arrest in the lump of all the workmen’s committees; the next they were on the point of ordering their brisk young general to take any excuse that offered for another massacre. But when they called to mind that the soldiery in that ‘Battle’ of Trafalgar Square were so daunted168 by the slaughter which they had made, that they could not be got to fire a second volley, they shrank back again from the dreadful courage necessary for carrying out another massacre. Meantime the prisoners, brought the second time before the magistrates169 under a strong escort of soldiers, were the second time remanded.
“The strike went on this day also. The workmen’s committees were extended, and gave relief to great numbers of people, for they had organised a considerable amount of production of food by men whom they could depend upon. Quite a number of well-to-do people were now compelled to seek relief of them. But another curious thing happened: a band of young men of the upper classes armed themselves, and coolly went marauding in the streets, taking what suited them of such eatables and portables that they came across in the shops which had ventured to open. This operation they carried out in Oxford171 Street, then a great street of shops of all kinds. The Government, being at that hour in one of their yielding moods, thought this a fine opportunity for showing their impartiality172 in the maintenance of ‘order,’ and sent to arrest these hungry rich youths; who, however, surprised the police by a valiant173 resistance, so that all but three escaped. The Government did not gain the reputation for impartiality which they expected from this move; for they forgot that there were no evening papers; and the account of the skirmish spread wide indeed, but in a distorted form for it was mostly told simply as an exploit of the starving people from the East-end; and everybody thought it was but natural for the Government to put them down when and where they could.
“That evening the rebel prisoners were visited in their cells by VERY polite and sympathetic persons, who pointed92 out to them what a suicidal course they were following, and how dangerous these extreme courses were for the popular cause. Says one of the prisoners: ‘It was great sport comparing notes when we came out anent the attempt of the Government to “get at” us separately in prison, and how we answered the blandishments of the highly “intelligent and refined” persons set on to pump us. One laughed; another told extravagant174 long-bow stories to the envoy175; a third held a sulky silence; a fourth damned the polite spy and bade him hold his jaw176 — and that was all they got out of us.’
“So passed the second day of the great strike. It was clear to all thinking people that the third day would bring on the crisis; for the present suspense177 and ill-concealed178 terror was unendurable. The ruling classes, and the middle-class non-politicians who had been their real strength and support, were as sheep lacking a shepherd; they literally179 did not know what to do.
“One thing they found they had to do: try to get the ‘rebels’ to do something. So the next morning, the morning of the third day of the strike, when the members of the Committee of Public Safety appeared again before the magistrate170, they found themselves treated with the greatest possible courtesy — in fact, rather as envoys180 and ambassadors than prisoners. In short, the magistrate had received his orders; and with no more to do than might come of a long stupid speech, which might have been written by Dickens in mockery, he discharged the prisoners, who went back to their meeting-place and at once began a due sitting. It was high time. For this third day the mass was fermenting181 indeed. There was, of course, a vast number of working people who were not organised in the least in the world; men who had been used to act as their masters drove them, or rather as the system drove, of which their masters were a part. That system was now falling to pieces, and the old pressure of the master having been taken off these poor men, it seemed likely that nothing but the mere animal necessities and passions of men would have any hold on them, and that mere general overturn would be the result. Doubtless this would have happened if it had not been that the huge mass had been leavened182 by Socialist opinion in the first place, and in the second by actual contact with declared Socialists, many or indeed most of whom were members of those bodies of workmen above said.
If anything of this kind had happened some years before, when the masters of labour were still looked upon as the natural rulers of the people, and even the poorest and most ignorant man leaned upon them for support, while they submitted to their fleecing, the entire break-up of all society would have followed. But the long series of years during which the workmen had learned to despise their rulers, had done away with their dependence183 upon them, and they were now beginning to trust (somewhat dangerously, as events proved) in the non-legal leaders whom events had thrust forward; and though most of these were now become mere figure-heads, their names and reputations were useful in this crisis as a stop-gap.
“The effect of the news, therefore, of the release of the Committee gave the Government some breathing time: for it was received with the greatest joy by the workers, and even the well-to-do saw in it a respite184 from the mere destruction which they had begun to dread, and the fear of which most of them attributed to the weakness of the Government. As far as the passing hour went, perhaps they were right in this.”
“How do you mean?” said I. “What could the Government have done? I often used to think that they would be helpless in such a crisis.”
Said old Hammond: “Of course I don’t doubt that in the long run matters would have come about as they did. But if the Government could have treated their army as a real army, and used them strategically as a general would have done, looking on the people as a mere open enemy to be shot at and dispersed185 wherever they turned up, they would probably have gained the victory at the time.”
“But would the soldiers have acted against the people in this way?” said I.
Said he: “I think from all I have heard that they would have done so if they had met bodies of men armed however badly, and however badly they had been organised. It seems also as if before the Trafalgar Square massacre they might as a whole have been depended upon to fire upon an unarmed crowd, though they were much honeycombed by Socialism. The reason for this was that they dreaded186 the use by apparently187 unarmed men of an explosive called dynamite188, of which many loud boasts were made by the workers on the eve of these events; although it turned out to be of little use as a material for war in the way that was expected. Of course the officers of the soldiery fanned this fear to the utmost, so that the rank and file probably thought on that occasion that they were being led into a desperate battle with men who were really armed, and whose weapon was the more dreadful, because it was concealed. After that massacre, however, it was at all times doubtful if the regular soldiers would fire upon an unarmed or half-armed crowd.”
Said I: “The regular soldiers? Then there were other combatants against the people?”
“Yes,” said he, “we shall come to that presently.”
“Certainly,” I said, “you had better go on straight with your story. I see that time is wearing.”
Said Hammond: “The Government lost no time in coming to terms with the Committee of Public Safety; for indeed they could think of nothing else than the danger of the moment. They sent a duly accredited189 envoy to treat with these men, who somehow had obtained dominion190 over people’s minds, while the formal rulers had no hold except over their bodies. There is no need at present to go into the details of the truce191 (for such it was) between these high contracting parties, the Government of the empire of Great Britain and a handful of working-men (as they were called in scorn in those days), amongst whom, indeed, were some very capable and ‘square-headed’ persons, though, as aforesaid, the abler men were not then the recognised leaders. The upshot of it was that all the definite claims of the people had to be granted. We can now see that most of these claims were of themselves not worth either demanding or resisting; but they were looked on at that time as most important, and they were at least tokens of revolt against the miserable system of life which was then beginning to tumble to pieces. One claim, however, was of the utmost immediate importance, and this the Government tried hard to evade192; but as they were not dealing with fools, they had to yield at last. This was the claim of recognition and formal status for the Committee of Public Safety, and all the associations which it fostered under its wing. This it is clear meant two things: first, amnesty for ‘the rebels,’ great and small, who, without a distinct act of civil war, could no longer be attacked; and next, a continuance of the organised revolution. Only one point the Government could gain, and that was a name. The dreadful revolutionary title was dropped, and the body, with its branches, acted under the respectable name of the ‘Board of Conciliation193 and its local offices.’ Carrying this name, it became the leader of the people in the civil war which soon followed.”
“O,” said I, somewhat startled, “so the civil war went on, in spite of all that had happened?”
“So it was,” said he. “In fact, it was this very legal recognition which made the civil war possible in the ordinary sense of war; it took the struggle out of the element of mere massacres194 on one side, and endurance plus strikes on the other.”
“And can you tell me in what kind of way the war was carried on?” said I.
“Yes” he said; “we have records and to spare of all that; and the essence of them I can give you in a few words. As I told you, the rank and file of the army was not to be trusted by the reactionists; but the officers generally were prepared for anything, for they were mostly the very stupidest men in the country. Whatever the Government might do, a great part of the upper and middle classes were determined to set on foot a counter revolution; for the Communism which now loomed195 ahead seemed quite unendurable to them. Bands of young men, like the marauders in the great strike of whom I told you just now, armed themselves and drilled, and began on any opportunity or pretence196 to skirmish with the people in the streets. The Government neither helped them nor put them down, but stood by, hoping that something might come of it. These ‘Friends of Order,’ as they were called, had some successes at first, and grew bolder; they got many officers of the regular army to help them, and by their means laid hold of munitions197 of war of all kinds. One part of their tactics consisted in their guarding and even garrisoning198 the big factories of the period: they held at one time, for instance, the whole of that place called Manchester which I spoke of just now. A sort of irregular war was carried on with varied199 success all over the country; and at last the Government, which at first pretended to ignore the struggle, or treat it as mere rioting, definitely declared for ‘the Friends of Order,’ and joined to their bands whatsoever200 of the regular army they could get together, and made a desperate effort to overwhelm ‘the rebels,’ as they were now once more called, and as indeed they called themselves.
“It was too late. All ideas of peace on a basis of compromise had disappeared on either side. The end, it was seen clearly, must be either absolute slavery for all but the privileged, or a system of life founded on equality and Communism. The sloth201, the hopelessness, and if I may say so, the cowardice202 of the last century, had given place to the eager, restless heroism203 of a declared revolutionary period. I will not say that the people of that time foresaw the life we are leading now, but there was a general instinct amongst them towards the essential part of that life, and many men saw clearly beyond the desperate struggle of the day into the peace which it was to bring about. The men of that day who were on the side of freedom were not unhappy, I think, though they were harassed204 by hopes and fears, and sometimes torn by doubts, and the conflict of duties hard to reconcile.”
“But how did the people, the revolutionists, carry on the war? What were the elements of success on their side?”
I put this question, because I wanted to bring the old man back to the definite history, and take him out of the musing205 mood so natural to an old man.
He answered: “Well, they did not lack organisers; for the very conflict itself, in days when, as I told you, men of any strength of mind cast away all consideration for the ordinary business of life, developed the necessary talent amongst them. Indeed, from all I have read and heard, I much doubt whether, without this seemingly dreadful civil war, the due talent for administration would have been developed amongst the working men. Anyhow, it was there, and they soon got leaders far more than equal to the best men amongst the reactionaries. For the rest, they had no difficulty about the material of their army; for that revolutionary instinct so acted on the ordinary soldier in the ranks that the greater part, certainly the best part, of the soldiers joined the side of the people. But the main element of their success was this, that wherever the working people were not coerced206, they worked, not for the reactionists, but for ‘the rebels.’ The reactionists could get no work done for them outside the districts where they were all-powerful: and even in those districts they were harassed by continual risings; and in all cases and everywhere got nothing done without obstruction207 and black looks and sulkiness; so that not only were their armies quite worn out with the difficulties which they had to meet, but the non-combatants who were on their side were so worried and beset208 with hatred and a thousand little troubles and annoyances209 that life became almost unendurable to them on those terms. Not a few of them actually died of the worry; many committed suicide. Of course, a vast number of them joined actively210 in the cause of reaction, and found some solace211 to their misery in the eagerness of conflict. Lastly, many thousands gave way and submitted to ‘the rebels’; and as the numbers of these latter increased, it at last became clear to all men that the cause which was once hopeless, was now triumphant212, and that the hopeless cause was that of slavery and privilege.”
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1
trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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4
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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communal
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| adj.公有的，公共的，公社的，公社制的 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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loathing
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| n.厌恶，憎恨v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的现在分词)；极不喜欢 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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piecemeal
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| adj.零碎的；n.片，块；adv.逐渐地；v.弄成碎块 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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federation
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| n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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misused
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| v.使用…不当( misuse的过去式和过去分词 )；把…派作不正当的用途；虐待；滥用 | |
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wriggled
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的过去式和过去分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等） | |
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rascality
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| 流氓性，流氓集团 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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begot
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| v.为…之生父( beget的过去式 )；产生，引起 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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43
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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reactionaries
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| n.反动分子，反动派( reactionary的名词复数 ) | |
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wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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perilously
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| adv.充满危险地，危机四伏地 | |
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47
doling
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| 救济物( dole的现在分词 )； 失业救济金 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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50
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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51
cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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beleaguered
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| adj.受到围困[围攻]的；包围的v.围攻( beleaguer的过去式和过去分词)；困扰；骚扰 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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feverishly
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| adv. 兴奋地 | |
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inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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formulated
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| v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
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58
pensioners
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| n.领取退休、养老金或抚恤金的人( pensioner的名词复数 ) | |
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59
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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60
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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61
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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62
radicals
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| n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数 | |
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63
pedantry
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| n.迂腐，卖弄学问 | |
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64
reprobation
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| n.斥责 | |
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65
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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66
reactionary
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| n.反动者，反动主义者；adj.反动的，反动主义的，反对改革的 | |
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67
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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68
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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69
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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70
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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71
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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72
bourgeois
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| adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子 | |
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73
melee
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| n.混战；混战的人群 | |
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74
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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75
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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76
gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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77
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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78
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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79
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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80
turmoil
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| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
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81
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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82
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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83
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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84
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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85
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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86
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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87
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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88
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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89
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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91
deftest
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的( deft的最高级 ) | |
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92
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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93
fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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94
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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95
meddle
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| v.干预，干涉，插手 | |
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96
quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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98
growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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99
influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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100
denser
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| adj. 不易看透的, 密集的, 浓厚的, 愚钝的 | |
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101
budge
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| v.移动一点儿；改变立场 | |
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102
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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103
prancing
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| v.（马）腾跃( prance的现在分词 ) | |
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104
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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105
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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106
mowed
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| v.刈，割( mow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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108
wails
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| 痛哭，哭声( wail的名词复数 ) | |
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109
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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110
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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111
butts
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| 笑柄( butt的名词复数 )； （武器或工具的）粗大的一端； 屁股； 烟蒂 | |
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112
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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113
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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114
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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115
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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116
outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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117
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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118
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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119
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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120
gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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121
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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122
preamble
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| n.前言；序文 | |
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123
acme
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| n.顶点，极点 | |
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124
exulted
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| 狂喜，欢跃( exult的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
inauguration
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| n.开幕、就职典礼 | |
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126
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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127
fads
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| n.一时的流行，一时的风尚( fad的名词复数 ) | |
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128
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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129
atoned
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的过去式和过去分词 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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130
atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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131
decrepitude
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| n.衰老；破旧 | |
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132
vacillation
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| n.动摇；忧柔寡断 | |
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133
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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134
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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135
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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136
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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137
coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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138
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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139
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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140
enactments
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| n.演出( enactment的名词复数 )；展现；规定；通过 | |
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141
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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142
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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143
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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144
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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145
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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146
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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147
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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148
chuckling
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| 轻声地笑( chuckle的现在分词 ) | |
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149
dribbled
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| v.流口水( dribble的过去式和过去分词 )；（使液体）滴下或作细流；运球，带球 | |
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150
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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151
dependant
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| n.依靠的，依赖的，依赖他人生活者 | |
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152
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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153
cater
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| vi.(for/to)满足，迎合；(for)提供饮食及服务 | |
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154
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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155
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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156
manifesto
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| n.宣言，声明 | |
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157
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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158
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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159
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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160
agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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161
deluding
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的现在分词 ) | |
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162
ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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163
straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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164
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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165
irreconcilable
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| adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的 | |
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166
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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167
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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168
daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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169
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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170
magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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171
Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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172
impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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173
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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174
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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175
envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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176
jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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177
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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178
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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179
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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180
envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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181
fermenting
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的现在分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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182
leavened
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| adj.加酵母的v.使（面团）发酵( leaven的过去式和过去分词 )；在…中掺入改变的因素 | |
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183
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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184
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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185
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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186
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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187
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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188
dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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189
accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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190
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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191
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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192
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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193
conciliation
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| n.调解，调停 | |
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194
massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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195
loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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196
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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197
munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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198
garrisoning
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的现在分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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199
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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200
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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201
sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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202
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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203
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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204
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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205
musing
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| n. 沉思，冥想 adj. 沉思的, 冥想的 动词muse的现在分词形式 | |
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206
coerced
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| v.迫使做( coerce的过去式和过去分词 )；强迫；（以武力、惩罚、威胁等手段）控制；支配 | |
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207
obstruction
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| n.阻塞，堵塞；障碍物 | |
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208
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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209
annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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210
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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211
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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212
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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