On the 15th of June I commenced my preparations for moving; not that I had any reason so to do, but because I could not bring myself to believe that the drought would continue much longer. The felloes and spokes2 of the wheels of the drays had shrunk to nothing, and it was with great difficulty that we wedged them up; but the boat, which had been so long exposed to an ardent3 sun, had, to appearance at least, been but little injured.
As it became necessary to point out the drays that were to go with the home returning party, I was obliged to break my intentions to Mr. Poole, who I also proposed sending in charge of them. He was much affected4, but, seeing the necessity of the measure, said that he was ready to obey my orders in all things. I directed Mr. Piesse to weigh out and place apart the supplies that would be required for Mr. Poole and his men, and to pack the provisions we should retain in the most compact order. On examining our bacon we found that it had lost more than half its weight, and had now completely saturated5 the bran in which it had been packed. Our flour had lost more than 8 per cent., and the tea in a much greater proportion.
The most valuable part of our stock were the sheep, they had kept in excellent condition, and seldom weighed less than 55 lbs. or 65 lbs.; but their flesh was perfectly6 tasteless. Still they were a most valuable stock, and we had enough remaining to give the men a full allowance; for the parties employed on detached excursions, could only take a day or two’s supply with them, and in consequence a quantity of back rations1, if I may so term them, were constantly accumulating.
Mr. Poole’s reduced state of health rendered it necessary that a dray should be prepared for his transport, and I requested Mr. Browne to superintend every possible arrangement for his comfort. A dray was accordingly lined with sheep skins, and had a flannel7 tilt8, as the nights were exceedingly cold, and he could not be moved to a fire. I had also a swing cot made, with pullies to raise him up when he should feel disposed to change his position.
Whilst these necessary preparations were being forwarded, I was engaged writing my public despatches.
In my communication to the Governor of South Australia, I expressed a desire that a supply of provisions might be forwarded to Williorara by the end of December, about which period I hoped I should be on my return from the interior. I regretted exceedingly putting her Majesty’s Government to this additional cost, but I trust a sufficient excuse will have been found for me in the foregoing pages. I would rather that my bones had been left to bleach11 in that desert than have yielded an inch of the ground I had gained at so much expense and trouble.
The 27th of June completed the fifth month of our detention12 at the Depot13, and the prospect14 of our removal appeared to be as distant as ever; there were, it is true, more clouds, but they passed over us without breaking. The month of July, however, opened with every indication of a change, the sky was generally overcast15, and although we had been so often disappointed, I had a presentiment17 that the then appearances would not vanish without rain.
About this time Mr. Poole, whose health on the whole was improving, had a severe attack of inflammation, which Mr. Browne subdued18 with great difficulty. After this attack he became exceedingly restless, and expressed a desire to be moved from the tent in which he had so long been confined, to the underground room, but as that rude apartment was exceedingly cold at night, I thought it advisable to have a chimney built to it before he was taken there. It was not until the 12th that it was ready for him. As the men were carrying him across the camp towards the room he was destined19 to occupy for so short a time, I pointed16 out the pyramid to him, and it is somewhat singular, that the first drops of rain, on the continuance of which our deliverance depended, fell as the men were bearing him along.
Referring back to the early part of the month, I may observe that the indications of a breaking up of the drought, became every day more apparent.
It was now clear, indeed, that the sky was getting surcharged with moisture, and it is impossible for me to describe the intense anxiety that prevailed in the camp. On the morning of the 3rd the firmament20 was again cloudy, but the wind shifted at noon to west, and the sun set in a sky so clear that we could hardly believe it had been so lately overcast. On the following morning he rose bright and clear as he had set, and we had a day of surpassing fineness, like a spring day in England.
The night of the 6th was the coldest night we experienced at the Depot, when the thermometer descended21 to 24 degrees. On the 7th a south wind made the barometer22 rise to 30 degrees 180 minutes, and with it despair once more stared us in the face, for with the wind in that quarter there was no hope of rain. On the 8th it still blew heavily from the south, and the barometer rose to 30 degrees 200 minutes; but the evening was calm and frosty, and the sky without a cloud. I may be wearying my reader, by entering thus into the particulars of every change that took place in the weather at this, to us, intensely anxious period, but he must excuse me; my narrative23 may appear dull, and should not have been intruded24 on the notice of the public, had I not been influenced by a sense of duty to all concerned.
No one but those who were with me at that trying time and in that fearful solitude25, can form an idea of our feelings. To continue then, on the morning of the 9th it again blew fresh from the south, the sky was cloudless even in the direction of Mount Serle, and all appearance of rain had passed away.
On the 10th, to give a change to the current of my thoughts, and for exercise, I walked down the Depot creek26 with Mr. Browne, and turning northwards up the main branch when we reached the junction27 of the two creeks28, we continued our ramble29 for two or three miles. I know not why it was, that, on this occasion more than any other, we should have contemplated30 the scene around us, unless it was that the peculiar31 tranquillity32 of the moment made a greater impression on our minds. Perhaps the death-like silence of the scene at that moment led us to reflect, whilst gazing on the ravages33 made by the floods, how fearfully that silence must sometimes be broken by the roar of waters and of winds. Here, as in other places, we observed the trunks of trees swept down from the hills, lodged34 high in the branches of the trees in the neighbourhood of the creek, and large accumulations of rubbish lying at their butts35, whilst the line of inundation36 extended so far into the plains that the country must on such occasions have the appearance of an inland sea. The winds on the other hand had stripped the bark from the trees to windward (a little to the south of west), as if it had been shaved off with an instrument, but during our stay at the Depot we had not experienced any unusual visitation, as a flood really would have been; for any torrent37, such as that which it was evident sometimes swells38 the creek, would have swept us from our ground, since the marks of inundation reached more than a mile beyond our encampment, and the trunk of a large gum-tree was jambed between the branches of one overhanging the creek near us at an altitude exceeding the height of our tents.
On the 11th the wind shifted to the east, the whole sky becoming suddenly overcast, and on the morning of the 12th it was still at east, but at noon veered39 round to the north, when a gentle rain set in, so gentle that it more resembled a mist, but this continued all the evening and during the night. It ceased however at 10 a.m. of the 13th, when the wind shifted a little to the westward40 of north. At noon rain again commenced, and fell steadily41 throughout the night, but although the ground began to feel the effects of it, sufficient had not fallen to enable us to move. Yet, how thankful was I for this change, and how earnestly did I pray that the Almighty42 would still farther extend his mercy to us, when I laid my head on my pillow. All night it poured down without any intermission, and as morning dawned the ripple43 of waters in a little gully close to our tents, was a sweeter and more soothing44 sound than the softest melody I ever heard. On going down to the creek in the morning I found that it had risen five inches, and the ground was now so completely saturated that I no longer doubted the moment of our liberation had arrived.
I had made every necessary preparation for Mr. Poole’s departure on the 13th, and as the rain ceased on the morning of the 14th the home returning party mustered45 to leave us. Mr. Poole felt much when I went to tell him that the dray in which he was to be conveyed, was ready for his reception. I did all that I could to render his mind easy on every point, and allowed him to select the most quiet and steady bullocks for the dray he was to occupy; together with the most careful driver in the party. I also consented to his taking Joseph, who was the best man I had, to attend personally upon him, and Mr. Browne put up for his use all the little comforts we could spare. I cheered him with the hope of returning to meet us after we should have terminated our labours, and assured him that I considered his services on the duty I was about to send him as valuable and important as if he continued with me. He was lifted on his stretcher into the dray, and appeared gratified at the manner in which it had been arranged. I was glad to see that his feelings did not give way at this painful moment; on my ascending46 the dray, however, to bid him adieu, he wept bitterly, but expressed his hope that we should succeed in our enterprise.
As I knew his mind would be agitated47, and that his greatest trial would be on the first day, I requested Mr. Browne to accompany him, and to return to me on the following day. On Mr. Poole’s departure I prepared for our own removal, and sent Flood after the horses, but having an abundance of water everywhere, they had wandered, and he returned with them too late for me to move. He said, that in crossing the rocky range he heard a roaring noise, and that on going to the glen he saw the waters pouring down, foaming48 and eddying49 amongst the rocks, adding that he was sure the floods would be down upon us ere long. An evident proof that however light the rain appeared to be, an immense quantity must have fallen, and I could not but hope and believe that it had been general.
Before we left the Depot Flood’s prediction was confirmed, and the channel which, if the drought had continued a few days longer, would have been perfectly waterless, was thus suddenly filled up to the brim; no stronger instance of the force of waters in these regions can be adduced than this, no better illustration of the character of the creeks can be given. The head of the Depot creek was not more than eight miles from us, its course to its junction with the main creek was not ten, yet it was a watercourse that without being aware of its commencement or termination might have been laid down by the traveller as a river. Such however is the uncertain nature of the rivers of those parts of the continent of Australia over which I have wandered. I would not trust the largest farther than the range of vision; they are deceptive50 all of them, the offsprings of heavy rains, and dependent entirely51 on local circumstances for their appearance and existence.
Having taken all our circumstances into consideration, our heart-breaking detention, the uncertainty52 that involved our future proceedings53, and the ceaseless anxiety of mind to which we should be subjected, recollecting54 also that Mr. Browne had joined me for a limited period only, and that a protracted55 journey might injure his future prospects56, I felt that it was incumbent57 on me to give him the option of returning with Mr. Poole if he felt disposed to do so, but he would not desert me, and declined all my suggestions.
On the morning of the 16th I struck the tents, which had stood for six months less eleven days, and turned my back on the Depot in grateful thankfulness for our release from a spot where my feelings and patience had been so severely58 tried. When we commenced our journey, we found that our progress would be slow, for the ground was dreadfully heavy, and the bullocks, so long unaccustomed to draught59, shrunk from their task. One of the drays stuck in the little gully behind our camp, and we were yet endeavouring to get it out, when Mr. Browne returned from his attendance on Mr. Poole, and I was glad to find that he had left him in tolerable spirits, and with every hope of his gradual improvement.
As we crossed the creek, between the Depot and the glen, we found that the waters, as Flood predicted, had descended so far, and waded61 through them to the other side. We then rode to the glen, to see how it looked under such a change, and remained some time watching the current as it swept along.
On our return to the party I found that it would be impossible to make a lengthened62 journey; for, having parted with two drays, we had necessarily been obliged to increase the loads on the others, so that they sank deep into the ground. I therefore halted, after having gone about four miles only.
About seven o’clock p.m. we were surprised by the sudden return of Joseph, from the home returning party; but, still more so at the melancholy63 nature of the information he had to communicate. Mr. Poole, he said, had breathed his last at three o’clock. This sad event necessarily put a stop to my movements, and obliged me to consider what arrangements I should now have to make.
It appeared, from Joseph’s account, that Mr. Poole had not shewn any previous indications of approaching dissolution. About a quarter before three he had risen to take some medicine, but suddenly observed to Joseph that he thought he was dying, and falling on his back, expired without a struggle.
Early on the morning of this day, and before we ourselves started, I had sent Mr. Stuart and Mr. Piesse in advance with the chainers, to carry on the chaining. On the morning of the 17th, before I mounted my horse to accompany Mr. Browne to examine the remains64 of our unfortunate companion, which I determined65 to inter9 at the Depot, I sent a man to recall them.
The suddenness of Mr. Poole’s death surprised both Mr. Browne and myself; but the singular fairness of his countenance66 left no doubt on his mind but that internal haemorrhage had been the immediate67 cause of that event.
On the 17th the whole party, which had so lately separated, once more assembled at the Depot. We buried Mr. Poole under a Grevillia that stood close to our underground room; his initials, and the year, are cut in it above the grave, “J. P. 1845,” and he now sleeps in the desert.
The sad event I have recorded, obliged me most reluctantly to put Mr. Piesse in charge of the home returning party, for I had had every reason to be satisfied with him, and I witnessed his departure with regret. A more trustworthy, or a more anxious officer could not have been attached to such a service as that in which he was employed.
The funeral of Mr. Poole was a fitting close to our residence at the Depot. At the conclusion of that ceremony the party again separated, and I returned to my tent, to prepare for moving on the morrow.
At 9 a.m. accordingly of the 18th we pushed on to the N.W. The ground had become much harder, but the travelling was still heavy. At three miles we passed a small creek, about seven miles from the Depot, at which I intended to have halted on leaving that place. We passed over stony68 plains, or low, sandy, and swampy69 ground, since the valleys near the hills opened out as we receded70 from them. On the 19th I kept the chained line, but in consequence of the heavy state of the ground we did not get on more than 8 1/2 miles. The character of the country was that of open sandy plains, the sand being based upon a stiff, tenacious71 clay, impervious72 to water. With the exception of a few salsolae and atriplex, the plains were exceedingly bare, and had innumerable patches of water over them, not more than two or three inches deep. At intervals73 pure sand hills occurred, on which there were a few stunted74 casuarina and mimosae, but a good deal of grass and thousands of young plants already springing up. As the ground was still very soft, I should not have moved on the 20th, but was anxious to push on. Early in the day, and at less than 18 miles from the hills, we encountered the sandy ridges75, and found the pull over them much worse than over the flats. The wheels of the drays sank deep into the ground, and in straining to get them clear we broke seven yokes76. Two flights of swans, and a small flight of ducks, passed over our heads at dusk, coming from the W.N.W. The brushes were full of the Calodera, but being very wild we could not procure77 a specimen78.
The chainers had no difficulty in keeping pace with us, and on the 26th we found ourselves in lat. 29 degrees 6 minutes, having then chained 61 miles on a bearing of 55 degrees to the west of north, as originally determined upon. Finding that I had thus passed to the south-west of the grassy79 plain, I halted, and rode with Flood to the eastward80; when at seven miles we descended into it, and finding that there was an abundance of water in the creek (the channel we had before noticed), I returned to Mr. Browne; but as it was late in the afternoon when we regained81 the tents, we did not move that evening, and the succeeding day being Sunday we also remained stationary82. We had halted close to one of those clear patches on which the rain water lodges83, but it had dried up, and there was only a little for our use in a small gutter84 not far distant. Whilst we were here encamped a little jerboa was chased by the dogs into a hole close to the drays; which, with four others, we succeeded in capturing, by digging for them. This beautiful little animal burrows85 in the ground like a mouse, but their habitations have several passages, leading straight, like the radii86 of a circle, to a common centre, to which a shaft87 is sunk from above, so that there is a complete circulation of air along the whole. We fed our little captives on oats, on which they thrived, and became exceedingly tame. They generally huddled88 together in a corner of their box, but, when darting89 from one side to the other, they hopped90 on their hind60 legs, which, like the kangaroo, were much longer than the fore10, and held the tail perfectly straight and horizontal. At this date they were a novelty to us, but we subsequently saw great numbers of them, and ascertained91 that the natives frequented the sandy ridges in order to procure them for food. Those we succeeded in capturing were, I am sorry to say, lost from neglect.
On Monday I conducted the whole party to the new depot, which for the present I shall call the Park, but as I was very unwilling92 that any more time should be lost in pushing to the west, I instructed Mr. Stuart to change the direction of the chained line to 75 degrees to the west of south, direct upon Mount Hopeless, and to continue it until I should overtake him. In this operation Mr. Browne kindly93 volunteered to assist Mr. Stuart, as the loss of Mr. Piesse had so reduced my strength.
By the 30th I had arranged the camp in its new position, and felt myself at liberty to follow after the chainers. Before I left, however, I directed a stockyard to be made, in which to herd94 the cattle at night, and instructed Davenport to prepare some ground for a garden, with a view to planting it out with vegetables — pumpkins95 and melons. I left the camp with Flood, at 10 a.m. on the above day, judging that Mr. Browne was then about 42 miles a-head of me, and stopped for the night in a little sheltered valley between two sand hills, after a ride of 28 miles. The country continued unchanged. Valleys or flats, more or less covered with water, alternated with sandy ridges, on some of which there was no scarcity96 of grass.
We had not ridden far on the following morning when a partial change was perceptible in the aspect of the country. The flats became broader and the sand hills lower, but this change was temporary. We gradually rose somewhat from the general level, and crossed several sand hills, higher than any we had seen. These sand hills had very precipitous sides and broken summits, and being of a bright red colour, they looked in the distance like long lines of dead brick walls, being perfectly bare, or sparingly covered with spinifex at the base. They succeeded each other so rapidly, that it was like crossing the tops of houses in some street; but they were much steeper to the eastward than to the westward, and successive gales97 appeared to have lowered them, and in some measure to have filled up the intervening flats with the sand from their summits.
The basis of the country was sandstone, on which clay rested in a thin layer, and on this clay the sandy ridges reposed98.
We overtook Mr. Browne about half an hour before sunset, and all halted together, when the men had completed their tenth mile.
On the 1st of August we did not find the country so heavy or so wet as it had been. It was indeed so open and denuded99 of every thing like a tree or bush, that we had some difficulty in finding wood to boil our tea. In the afternoon when we halted the men had chained 46 miles on the new bearing, but as yet we could not see any range or hill to the westward.
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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spokes
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| n.（车轮的）辐条( spoke的名词复数 )；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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flannel
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| n.法兰绒；法兰绒衣服 | |
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8
tilt
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| v.(使)倾侧；(使)倾斜；n.倾侧；倾斜 | |
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inter
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| v.埋葬 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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bleach
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| vt.使漂白；vi.变白；n.漂白剂 | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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overcast
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| adj.阴天的，阴暗的，愁闷的；v.遮盖，（使）变暗，包边缝；n.覆盖，阴天 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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firmament
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| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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barometer
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| n.气压表，睛雨表，反应指标 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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intruded
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| n.侵入的，推进的v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的过去式和过去分词 )；把…强加于 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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ramble
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| v.漫步，漫谈，漫游；n.漫步，闲谈，蔓延 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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butts
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| 笑柄( butt的名词复数 )； （武器或工具的）粗大的一端； 屁股； 烟蒂 | |
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inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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swells
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| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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39
veered
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| v.（尤指交通工具）改变方向或路线( veer的过去式和过去分词 )；（指谈话内容、人的行为或观点）突然改变；（指风） （在北半球按顺时针方向、在南半球按逆时针方向）逐渐转向；风向顺时针转 | |
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40
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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41
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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42
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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43
ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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44
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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45
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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eddying
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| 涡流，涡流的形成 | |
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deceptive
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| adj.骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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recollecting
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| v.记起，想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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receded
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的过去式和过去分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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yokes
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| 轭( yoke的名词复数 )； 奴役； 轭形扁担； 上衣抵肩 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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gutter
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| n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟 | |
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burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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radii
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| n.半径；半径（距离）( radius的名词复数 )；用半径度量的圆形面积；半径范围；桡骨 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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hopped
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| 跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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pumpkins
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| n.南瓜( pumpkin的名词复数 )；南瓜的果肉，南瓜囊 | |
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scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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98
reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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