On the Loadstone, Bk. I.
Chap. i.
Ancient and Modern Writings on the Loadstone, with certain matters of mention only, various opinions, & vanities.
A t an early period, while philosophy lay as yet rude and uncultivated in the mists of error and ignorance, few were the virtues1 and properties of things that were known and clearly perceived: there was a bristling3 forest of plants and herbs, things metallick were hidden, and the knowledge of stones was unheeded. But no sooner had the talents and toils4 of many brought to light certain commodities necessary for the use and safety of men, and handed them on to others (while at the same time reason and experience had added a larger hope), than a thorough examination began to be made of forests and fields, hills and heights; of seas too, and the depths of the waters, of the bowels5 of the earth's body; and all things began to be looked into. And at length by good luck the magnet-stone was discovered in iron lodes, probably by smelters of iron or diggers of metals. This, on being handled by metal folk, quickly displayed that powerful and strong attraction for iron, a virtue2 not latent and obscure, but easily proved by all, and highly praised and commended. And in after time when it had emerged, as it were out of darkness and deep dungeons6, and had become dignified7 of men on account of its strong and amazing attraction for iron, many philosophers as well as physicians of ancient days discoursed8 of it, in short celebrated10, as it were, its memory only; as for instance Plato in the Io2, Aristotle in the De Anima3, in Book I. only, Theophrastus the Lesbian, Dioscorides, C. Plinius Secundus, and Julius Solinus4. As handed down by them the loadstone merely attracted iron, the rest of its virtues were all undiscovered. But that the story of the loadstone might not appear too bare and too brief, to this singular and sole known quality there were added certain figments and falsehoods, which in the earliest times, no less than nowadays, used to be put forth11 by raw smatterers and copyists to be swallowed of men. As for instance, that if a loadstone be anointed with garlick, or if a diamond be near, it does not attract iron5. Tales of this sort occur in Pliny, and in Ptolemy's Quadripartitum; and the errors have been sedulously12 propagated, and have gained ground (like ill weeds that grow apace) coming down even to our own day, through the writings of a host of men, who, to fill put their volumes to a proper bulk, write and copy out pages upon pages on this, that, and the other subject, of which they knew almost nothing for certain of their own experience. Such fables13 of the loadstone even Georgius Agricola himself, most distinguished15 in letters, relying on the writings of others, has embodied16 as actual history in his books De Natura Fossilium. Galen noted17 its medicinal power in the ninth book of his De Simplicium Medicamentorum Facultatibus, and its natural property of attracting iron in the first book of De Naturalibus Facultatibus; but he failed to recognize the cause, as Dioscorides before him, nor made further inquiry18. But his commentator19 Matthiolus repeats the story of the garlick and the diamond, and moreover introduces Mahomet's shrine20 vaulted21 with loadstones6, and writes that, by the exhibition of this (with the iron coffin22 hanging in the air) as a divine miracle, the public were imposed upon. But this is known by travellers to be false. Yet Pliny relates that Chinocrates the architect had commenced to roof over the temple of Arsinoe at Alexandria with magnet-stone7, that her statue of iron placed therein might appear to hang in space. His own death, however, intervened, and also that of Ptolemy, who had ordered it to be made in honour of his sister. Very little was written by the ancients as to the causes of attraction of iron; by Lucretius and others there are some short notices; others only make slight and meagre mention of the attraction of iron: all of these are censured23 by Cardan for being so careless and negligent24 in a matter of such importance and in so wide a field of philosophizing; and for not supplying an ampler notion of it and a more perfect philosophy: and yet, beyond certain received opinions and ideas borrowed from others and ill-founded conjectures25, he has not himself any more than they delivered to posterity26 in all his bulky works any contribution to the subject worthy27 of a philosopher. Of modern writers some set forth its virtue in medicine only, as 8Antonius Musa Brasavolus, Baptista Montanus, Amatus Lusitanus, as before them Oribasius in his thirteenth chapter De Facultate Metallicorum, Aetius Amidenus, Avicenna, Serapio Mauritanus, Hali Abbas, Santes de Ardoynis, Petrus Apponensis, Marcellus9, Arnaldus. Bare mention is made of certain points relating to the loadstone in very few words by Marbodeus Callus, Albertus, Matthæus Silvaticus, Hermolaus Barbarus, Camillus Leonhardus, Cornelius Agrippa, Fallopius, Johannes Langius, Cardinal28 Cusan, Hannibal Rosetius Calaber; by all of whom the subject is treated very negligently29, while they merely repeat other people's fictions and ravings. Matthiolus compares the alluring30 powers of the loadstone which pass through iron materials, with the mischief31 of the torpedo32, whose venom33 passes through bodies and spreads imperceptibly; Guilielmus Pateanus in his Ratio Purgantium Medicamentorum discusses the loadstone briefly34 and learnedly. Thomas Erastus10, knowing little of magnetical nature, finds in the loadstone weak arguments against Paracelsus; Georgius Agricola, like Encelius11 and other metallurgists, merely states the facts; Alexander Aphrodiseus in his Problemata considers the question of the loadstone inexplicable35; Lucretius Carus, the poet of the Epicurean school, considers that an attraction is brought about in this way: that as from all things there is an efflux of very minute bodies, so from the iron atoms flow into the space emptied by the elements of the loadstone, between the iron and the loadstone, and that as soon as they have begun to stream towards the loadstone, the iron follows, its corpuscles being entangled36. To much the same effect Johannes Costæus adduces a passage from Plutarch; Thomas Aquinas12, writing briefly on the loadstone in Chapter VII. of his Physica, touches not amiss on its nature, and with his divine and clear intellect would have published much more, had he been conversant37 with magnetick experiments. Plato thinks the virtue divine. But when three or four hundred years afterwards, the magnetick movement to North and South was discovered or again recognized by men, many learned men attempted, each according to the bent38 of his own mind, either by wonder and praise, or by some sort of reasonings, to throw light upon a virtue so notable, and so needful for the use of mankind. Of more modern authors a great number have striven to show what is the cause of this direction and movement to North and South, and to understand this great miracle of nature, and to disclose it to others: but they have lost both their oil and their pains; for, not being practised in the subjects of nature, and being misled by certain false physical systems, they adopted as theirs, from books only, without magnetical experiments, certain inferences based on vain opinions, and many things that are not, dreaming old wives' tales. Marsilius Ficinus ruminates39 over the ancient opinions, and in order to show the reason of the direction seeks the cause in the heavenly constellation40 of the Bear, supposing the virtue of the Bear to prevail in the stone and to be transferred to the iron. Paracelsus asserted that there are stars, endowed with the power of the loadstone, which attract to themselves iron. Levinus Lemnius describes and praises the compass13, and infers its antiquity41 on certain grounds; he does not divulge42 the hidden miracle which he propounds43. In the kingdom of Naples the Amalfians were the first (so it is said) to construct the mariners44' compass: and as Flavius Blondus says the Amalfians14 boast, not without reason, that they were taught by a certain citizen, Johannes Goia, in the year thirteen hundred after the birth of Christ. That town is situated46 in the kingdom of Naples not far from Salerno, near the promontory47 of Minerva; and Charles V. bestowed48 that principality on Andrea Doria, that great Admiral, on account of his signal naval49 services. Indeed it is plain that no invention of man's device has ever done more for mankind than the compass: some notwithstanding consider that it was discovered by others previously50 and used in navigation, judging from ancient writings and certain arguments and conjectures. The knowledge of the little mariners' compass seems to have been brought into Italy by Paolo, the Venetian15, who learned the art of the compass in the Chinas about the year MCCLX.; yet I do not wish the Amalfians to be deprived of an honour so great as that of having first made the construction common in the Mediterranean51 Sea. Goropius16 attributes the discovery to the Cimbri or Teutons, forsooth because the names of the thirty-two winds inscribed52 on the compass are pronounced in the German tongue by all ship-masters, whether they be French, British, or Spaniards; but the Italians describe them in their own vernacular53. Some think that Solomon, king of Judæa, was acquaint with the use of the mariners' compass, and made it known to his ship-masters in the long voyages when they brought back such a power of gold from the West Indies: whence also, from the Hebrew word Parvaim17, Arias54 Montanus maintains that the gold-abounding56 regions of Peru are named But it is more likely to have come from the coast of lower Æthiopia, from the region of Cephala, as others relate. Yet that account seems to be less true, inasmuch as the Phœnicians, on the frontier of Judæa, who were most skilled in navigation in former ages (a people whose talents, work, and counsel Solomon made use of in constructing ships and in the actual expeditions, as well as in other operations), were ignorant of magnetick aid, the art of the mariners' compass: For had it been in use amongst them, without doubt the Greeks and also Italians and all barbarians57 would have understood a thing so necessary and made famous by common use; nor could matters of much repute, very easily known, and so highly requisite58 ever have perished in oblivion; but either the learning would have been handed down to posterity, or some memorial of it would be extant in writing. Sebastian Cabot was the first to discover that the magnetick iron varied18. Gonzalus Oviedus19 is the first to write, as he does in the Historia, that in the south of the Azores it does not vary. Fernelius in his book De Abditis Rerum Causis says that in the loadstone there is a hidden and abstruse59 cause, elsewhere calling it celestial60; and he brings forth nothing but the unknown by means of what is still more unknown. For clumsy, and meagre, and pointless is his inquiry into hidden causes. The ingenious Fracastorio, a distinguished philosopher, in seeking the reason for the direction of the loadstone, feigns61 Hyperborean magnetick mountains attracting magnetical things of iron: this view, which has found acceptance in part by others, is followed by many authors and finds a place not in their writings only, but in geographical62 tables, marine45 charts, and maps of the globe: dreaming, as they do, of magnetick poles and huge rocks, different from the poles of the earth. More than two hundred years earlier than Fracastorio there exists a little work, fairly learned for the time, going under the name of one Peter Peregrinus20, which some consider to have originated from the views of Roger Bacon, the Englishman of Oxford63: In which book causes for magnetick direction are sought from the poles of the heaven and from the heaven itself. From this Peter Peregrinus, Johannes Taisnier of Hainault21 extracted materials for a little book, and published it as new. Cardan talks much of the rising of the star in the tail of the Greater Bear, and has attributed to its rising the cause of the variation: supposing that the variation is always the same, from the rising of the star. But the difference of the variation according to the change of position, and the changes which occur in many places, and are even irregular in southern regions, preclude64 the influence of one particular star at its northern rising. The College of Coimbra22 seeks the cause in some part of the heaven near the pole: Scaliger in section CXXXI. of his Exercitationes on Cardan suggests a heavenly cause unknown to himself, and terrestrial loadstones nowhere yet discovered. A cause not due to those sideritic mountains named above, but to that power which fashioned them, namely that portion of the heaven which overhangs that northern point. This view is garnished65 with a wealth of words by that erudite man, and crowned with many marginal subtilities; but with reasonings not so subtile. Martin Cortes23 considers that there is a place of attraction beyond the poles, which he judges to be the moving heavens. One Bessardus24, a Frenchman, with no less folly66 notes the pole of the zodiack. Jacobus Severtius25, of Paris, while quoting a few points, fashions new errors as to loadstones of different parts of the earth being different in direction: and also as to there being eastern and western parts of the loadstone. Robert Norman26, an Englishman, fixes a point and region respective, not attractive; to which the magnetical iron is collimated, but is not itself attracted. Franciscus Maurolycus27 treats of a few problems on the loadstone, taking the trite67 views of others, and avers68 that the variation is due to a certain magnetical island mentioned by Olaus Magnus28. Josephus Acosta29, though quite ignorant about the loadstone, nevertheless pours forth vapid69 talk upon the loadstone. Livio Sanuto30 in his Italian Geographia, discusses at length the question whether the prime magnetick meridian70 and the magnetick poles are in the heavens or in the earth; also about an instrument for finding the longitude71: but through not understanding magnetical nature, he raises nothing but errors and mists in that so important notion. Fortunius Affaytatus31 philosophizes foolishly enough on the attraction of iron, and its turning to the poles. Most recently, Baptista Porta32, no ordinary philosopher, in his Magia Naturalis, has made the seventh book a custodian72 and distributor of the marvels73 of the loadstone; but little did he know or ever see of magnetick motions; and some things that he noted of the powers which it manifested, either learned by him from the Reverend Maestro Paolo, the Venetian33, or evolved from his own vigils, were not so well discovered or observed; but abound55 in utterly74 false experiments, as will be clear in due place: still I deem him worthy of high praise for having attempted so great a subject (as he has done with sufficient success and no mean result in many other instances), and for having given occasion for further research. All these philosophizers of a previous age, philosophizing about attraction from a few vague and untrustworthy experiments, drawing their arguments from the hidden causes of things; and then, seeking for the causes of magnetick directions in a quarter of the heavens, in the poles, the stars, constellations75, or in mountains, or rocks, space, atoms, attractive or respective points beyond the heavens, and other such unproven paradoxes76, are whole horizons wrong, and wander about blindly. And as yet we have not set ourselves to overthrow77 by argument those errors and impotent reasonings of theirs, nor many other fables told about the loadstone, nor the superstitions78 of impostors and fabulists: for instance, Franciscus Rueus'34 doubt whether the loadstone were not an imposture79 of evil spirits: or that, placed underneath80 the head of an unconscious woman while asleep, it drives her away from the bed if an adulteress: or that the loadstone is of use to thieves by its fume81 and sheen, being a stone born, as it were, to aid theft: or that it opens bars and locks, as Serapio35 crazily writes: or that iron held up by a loadstone, when placed in the scales, added nothing to the weight of the loadstone, as though the gravity of the iron were absorbed by the force of the stone: or that, as Serapio and the Moors82 relate, in India there exist certain rocks of the sea abounding in loadstone, which draw out all the nails of the ships which are driven toward them, and so stop their sailing; which fable14 Olaus Magnus36 does not omit, saying that there are mountains in the north of such great powers of attraction, that ships are built with wooden pegs83, lest the iron nails should be drawn84 from the timber as they passed by amongst the magnetick crags. Nor this: that a white loadstone may be procured85 as a love potion: or as Hali Abbas37 thoughtlessly reports, that if held in the hand it will cure gout and spasms86: Or that it makes one acceptable and in favour with princes, or eloquent87, as Pictorio38 has sung; Or as Albertus Magnus39 teaches, that there are two kinds of loadstones, one which points to the North, the other to the South: Or that iron is directed toward the Northern stars by an influence imparted by the polar stars, even as plants follow the sun, as Heliotrope88 does: Or that there is a magnet-stone situated under the tail of the Greater Bear, as Lucas Gauricus the Astrologer stated: He would even assign the loadstone, like the Sardonyx and onyx, to the planet Saturn89, yet at the same time he assigns it with the adamant90, Jasper, and Ruby91, to Mars; so that it is ruled by two planets. The loadstone moreover is said by him to pertain92 to the sign Virgo; and he covers many such shameful93 pieces of folly with a veil of mathematical erudition. Such as that an image of a bear is engraved94 on a loadstone when the Moon faces towards the north, so that when hung by an iron wire it may conciliate the influence of the celestial Bear, as Gaudentius Merula40 relates: Or that the loadstone drew iron and directed it to the north, because it is superior in rank to iron, at the Bear, as Ficinus writes, and Merula repeats: Or that by day it has a certain power of attracting iron, but by night the power is feeble, or rather null: Or that when weak and dulled the virtue is renewed by goats' blood, as Ruellius41 writes: Or that Goats' blood sets a loadstone free from the venom of a diamond, so that the lost power is revived when bathed in goats' blood by reason of the discord95 between that blood and the diamond: Or that it removed sorcery from women, and put to flight demons96, as Arnaldus de Villanova dreams: Or that it has the power to reconcile husbands to their wives, or to recall brides to their husbands, as Marbodeus Gallus42, chorus-leader of vanities, teaches: Or that in a loadstone pickled in the salt of a sucking fish43 there is power to pick up gold which has fallen into the deepest wells, according to the narratives97 of Cælius Calcagninus. With such idle tales and trumpery98 do plebeian99 philosophers delight themselves and satiate readers greedy for hidden things, and unlearned devourers of absurdities100: But after the magnetick nature shall have been disclosed by the discourse9 that is to follow, and perfected by our labours and experiments, then will the hidden and abstruse causes of so great an effect stand out, sure, proven, displayed and demonstrated; and at the same time all darkness will disappear, and all error will be torn up by the roots and will lie unheeded; and the foundations of a grand magnetick philosophy which have been laid will appear anew, so that high intellects may be no further mocked by idle opinions. Some learned men there are who in the course of long voyages have observed the differences of magnetick variation: the most scholarly Thomas Hariot44, Robert Hues101, Edward Wright, Abraham Kendall, all Englishmen; Others there are who have invented and produced magnetical instruments, and ready methods of observation, indispensable for sailors and to those travelling afar: as William Borough45 in his little book on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle, William Barlowe46 in his Supply, Robert Norman in his Newe Attractive. And this is that Robert Norman47 (a skilful102 seaman103 and ingenious artificer) who first discovered the declination of the magnetick needle. Many others I omit wittingly; modern Frenchmen, Germans, and Spaniards, who in books written for the most part in their native tongues either misuse104 the placets of others, and send them forth furbished with new titles and phrases as tricky105 traders do old wares106 with meretricious107 ornaments108; or offer something not worthy of mention even: and these lay hands on some work filched109 from other authors and solicit110 some one as their patron, or go hunting after renown111 for themselves among the inexperienced and the young; who in all branches of learning are seen to hand on errors and occasionally add something false of their own.
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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bristling
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toils
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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discoursed
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| 演说（discourse的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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sedulously
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| ad.孜孜不倦地 | |
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fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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commentator
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| n.注释者，解说者；实况广播评论员 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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vaulted
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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negligent
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| adj.疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的 | |
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conjectures
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| 推测，猜想( conjecture的名词复数 ) | |
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posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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negligently
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alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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torpedo
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| n.水雷，地雷；v.用鱼雷破坏 | |
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venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conversant
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| adj.亲近的，有交情的，熟悉的 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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ruminates
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| v.沉思( ruminate的第三人称单数 )；反复考虑；反刍；倒嚼 | |
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constellation
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| n.星座n.灿烂的一群 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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divulge
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| v.泄漏(秘密等)；宣布，公布 | |
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propounds
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| v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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vernacular
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| adj.地方的，用地方语写成的；n.白话；行话；本国语；动植物的俗名 | |
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54
arias
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| n.咏叹调( aria的名词复数 ) | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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57
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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58
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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59
abstruse
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| adj.深奥的，难解的 | |
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60
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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61
feigns
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| 假装，伪装( feign的第三人称单数 )； 捏造（借口、理由等） | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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65
garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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trite
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| adj.陈腐的 | |
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68
avers
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| v.断言( aver的第三人称单数 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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vapid
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| adj.无味的；无生气的 | |
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meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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72
custodian
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| n.保管人，监护人；公共建筑看守 | |
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73
marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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constellations
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| n.星座( constellation的名词复数 )；一群杰出人物；一系列（相关的想法、事物）；一群（相关的人） | |
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paradoxes
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| n.似非而是的隽语，看似矛盾而实际却可能正确的说法( paradox的名词复数 )；用于语言文学中的上述隽语；有矛盾特点的人[事物，情况] | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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imposture
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| n.冒名顶替，欺骗 | |
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80
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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81
fume
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| n.(usu pl.)(浓烈或难闻的)烟，气，汽 | |
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82
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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84
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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heliotrope
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| n.天芥菜；淡紫色 | |
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Saturn
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| n.农神，土星 | |
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adamant
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| adj.坚硬的，固执的 | |
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ruby
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| n.红宝石，红宝石色 | |
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pertain
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| v.(to)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称 | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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98
trumpery
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| n.无价值的杂物；adj.（物品）中看不中用的 | |
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99
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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100
absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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101
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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102
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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103
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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104
misuse
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| n.误用，滥用；vt.误用，滥用 | |
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105
tricky
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| adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的 | |
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106
wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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107
meretricious
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| adj.华而不实的，俗艳的 | |
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108
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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109
filched
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| v.偷（尤指小的或不贵重的物品）( filch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
solicit
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| vi.勾引；乞求；vt.请求，乞求；招揽(生意) | |
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111
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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