CAIRNS is simply a little tropical heaven, tucked into the Queensland coast line, I know of no other place at all like it. Situated2 in Trinity Bay, at I he entrance to Trinity Inlet, it was so named by Captain Cook, who, after a series of extraordinary hardships, put in here on Trinity Sunday 1770. Taken with the Inlet, Trinity Bay constitutes one of the most perfect harbours along the entire length of the East Australian coast.
The inlet, a splendid land-locked sheet of water seven miles in length, with an average width of two, was discovered by some police officers and cedar3 cutters in 1877, but for many years was put to no practical use. Now the entrance has been carefully dredged, and vessels4, drawing even as much as twenty-four feet of water, can enter it with perfect ease and safety. With these advantages it would certainly seem destined5 to become the real harbour of Cairns at no very distant date.
Trinity Bay itself stretches from Cape6 Grafton to Cape Tribulation7, and is protected from the violence of the open ocean by the Great Barrier Reef which lies about twelve miles out. Immediately opposite the bay, the reef has an opening called Trinity Channel, which is certified8 as of sufficient width to contain the largest man of war afloat.
The new comer, reviewing in his mind all these advantages, cannot help being impressed with the fact that Cairns would make an admirable naval9 depot10, the inlet alone being capable of containing the entire Australian squadron at one and the same time. I recommend this idea to the Admiralty, for surely Nature must have had some thought of the use it might be put to when she constructed it.
The town itself, called after Sir William Wellington Cairns, once Governor of Queensland, was commenced in 1877, and cannot be said to be well situated. Its history, a strange and chequered one, illustrates11 the peculiar12 ups and downs of pioneering in new countries. Early in that year a few settlers were attracted to the district by the wonderful stories told them by mariners14 who had chanced to touch there. These adventurous15 ones pitched their tents where Cairns now stands, but before they had been there very long, news came to them of the discovery of a river running into the sea, about two miles north of Trinity Inlet. On going to ascertain16 the truth of this statement for themselves they found a river navigable for over ten miles, winding17 its way across a beautiful alluvial18 plain covered with dense19 tropical vegetation, such as tree-ferns, areca palms, fan palms, wild nutmegs, native indiarubber trees, red cedars20, kauri pines, wild bananas, and a conglomeration21 of beautiful creepers and orchids22 too numerous for description. On this plain, so the discoverers said, stalked multitudes of huge cassowaries and kangaroo, while at night-fall millions of large bats and flying foxes flew overhead. Butterflies and beetles23 fluttered on every side, and snakes of terrible dimensions crawled through the undergrowth. Alligators24 were also numerous.
With this discovery, trade, traffic, and shipping25 were immediately diverted from the inlet to the mouth of the river, at a spot to be soon afterwards named Smithfield. This Smithfield, from ]877 to 1879 became the port for the Hodgekinson Gold Fields, and quite a thriving town, boasting no less than fourteen public-houses (a sure sign of a Queensland township’s prosperity), and a score of large business premises27. In 1879, however, an easier track over the Ranges was discovered from another point twenty miles to the northward28 (now Port Douglas), and that discovery sounded the death knell29 of Smithfield. Trade moved to the new spot, the people naturally followed the trade, the township was deserted30, not even a nigger remained to grace it, and now dense jungle covers the place where once it stood.
In 1880 a sugar boom set in and raged with exceeding violence. As a result the land round about Trinity Inlet, and where Cairns now stands, became highly valuable, and was immediately taken up for plantations32. ‘The Hambledon,’ ‘The Pyramid,’ and the ‘Hap Wah’ Companies were the first to start in that neighbourhood; while the whole of the magnificent plain on the banks of the Barron River, stretching from the ranges to the sea for about ten miles, and from the town of Cairns northward for fifteen, was, at the same time, purchased for agricultural purposes by Mr. Thomatis, an enthusiastic agriculturist and a native of Northern Italy; by Messrs. Blair & Co., of Melbourne; and Mr. Brinsmead, of London, together with a few other enterprising colonists34.
The fame of the land soon spread, and with this increased importance the baby town of Cairns began to assert itself. Town allotments were pegged35 out and boomed. Speculation36 in land followed, with the result that about four years ago the Government, at one of these land sales, pocketed no less than 40,000l.
With true Australian go-a-headness Cairns lost no time in improving her position, and her devoted37 mother, Nature, prodigal38 of gifts, helped her. The Northcote Antimony, the Herberton Tin, the Muldiva Silver mines, the Etheridge, Croydon, and Georgetown Gold Fields, all situated over the Ranges at the back of the town, lent their aid.
The next move was a claim on Government for a railway, whereby the vast wealth of these places might be brought to Cairns for shipment. After a while this claim was recognised, specifications39 were prepared, the contract let, and now a line is in course of construction which has but few equals, and is perhaps without its superior, in the whole railway-making world. Already it creeps over the Ranges towards Herberton. Eventually it will take in the various fields mentioned above, cross the base of the Peninsula, and penetrate40 even to the distant shores of the Gulf41 of Carpentaria. About fifty miles are at present completed. The second section of sixteen miles is said to be the most expensive known, costing no less than 1? million pounds sterling42, or a good deal more than a pound an inch. Of the beauties of the line I shall speak presently. In the meantime, let me give some idea of one of the principal seats of the sugar industry in the neighbourhood of Cairns.
Hambledon Plantation31, the property of Messrs. Swallow Brothers, is one of the many model plantations of the district, and may well be taken as typical. Situated at the foot of the Islay Hills, it is surrounded by an amphitheatre of jungle-clad eminences43. Seen in the early morning, with the sun straggling in long shafts44 through the clouds which veil the highest peaks, or at twilight45, when the weird46 gullies are filling with the shadows of approaching night, Hambledon is a sight to remember for ever. But these hills have another charm apart from their scenic47 beauty, they protect the young cane48 from biting winds, and condense into needful rain the clouds that linger on them. Perhaps as a result, two bewitching waterfalls exist near by, and I am assured that the whole water supply of the mill is drawn49 from ever — running rivulets50 whose birthplaces are in these ranges. Altogether the view is as charming as an artistic51 eye could wish, and it is no wonder that Hambledon, being one of the few properties that survived the depression in the sugar industry a few years back, is considered a show place of the district.
The business arrangements of the plantation are most complete, even to a tramway, 4? miles long, leading to a neat little wharf52 on Trinity Inlet, where vessels of the deepest draught53 can load in comfort. It must be remembered that, besides sugar, large quantities of fruit and timber are exported from Cairns annually54.
From the fields of growing cane we pass to the mill itself, which is of the latest pattern, even to the Decauville railway for carrying the cane into the works. It is calculated that this mill can turn out ten tons of sugar per day, and, if one doesn’t try to understand the mechanism55, the working is simplicity56 itself.
Hambledon, with its numerous buildings, overseer’s residence, mill, huts (both of white hands and Kanakas), lathe57 room, lamp room, laboratory, engineers’ stores, blacksmiths’, carpenters’, and fitters’ shops, etc., presents the appearance of a small township. The owner’s residence is situated on the top of a knoll58, commanding a lovely view of Trinity Harbour and the town of Cairns, with the Inlet in the dim distance showing like a streak59 of silver. In the gardens, which are beautifully laid out, we recognise many tropical friends, such as cocoanuts, mangoes, and many varieties of bamboo.
The Kanakas on the plantation have roomy domiciles, and are in every way exceedingly well cared for; we have met whites who would have been thankful for half as much attention. They (the Kanakas) have three meals per diem, consisting of meat, bread, rice, potatoes, and tea, besides as much fruit as they have room or inclination60 for. When they are sick a doctor is paid to attend them. They are found in clothes, and have an excellent school, where a properly qualified61 teacher instructs them in the three E’s. Some of the boys make good progress, and can read and . write excellently. But where they come in really strong is in religion; they take to it like ducks to water, and hold prayer meetings and services whenever opportunity offers. A Kanaka service is a solemn business.
And this brings me to the principles of this much talked of, but little understood. Kanaka labour question. For some reasons I favour the retention62 of the Kanaka, for others I do not. But whether I do or do not, cannot alter the fact — and I assert it, knowing it to be true — that the majority of the boys themselves prefer plantation life in Queensland to life in their own proper island homes. This is evidenced by the number of time-expired boys who sign for a second or even a third term. And pray, how does this read against the absurd stories of ‘white slavery,’ ‘awful cruelty,’ ‘barbarous practices,’ etc., etc., published on the Kanaka labour question in England and elsewhere. It stands to reason that, if badly treated, they would be only too glad to get away. Then why do they reengage?
While on this subject, let me say that the boys when newly arrived are designated ‘new chums,’ while every girl is invariably called ‘Mary.’ No Kanaka man or woman is recruited at a less sum than 6l. a year; but when a boy has reengaged once or twice, and knows a little about his work, he can command a much higher wage, sometimes as much as 10l., and not unfrequently more. And out of that they manage to save, for they are, as a rule, a thrifty63 people. In one district alone, of 3,000 Kanakas, something like seven hundred of them have savings64 bank deposits, the whole totalling over 3,500l. At the beginning of the year there were 8,627 islanders in Queensland, and their savings bank credits reached the large sum of 19,246l. How does your average labouring white man compare with that?
By his agreement, the planter has also to pay something like 20l. a head to the recruiting boat, 5l. as return passage money, 3l. Government capitation fee, and 1l. hospital capitation fee. He is also compelled to supply his hands with rations65 and clothing as follows:
Clothing per Annum. Males (each).
Hats 2
Shirts (flannel) 4
Trousers, pairs (moleskin or serge) 4
Blankets, pairs 1
Females (each).
Chemises 4
Dresses (wincey) 4
Petticoats (flannel) 4
Hats 2
Blankets, pairs 1
Rations per Diem. lb. oz.
Bread or flour 2 0
Beef or mutton 1 8
Sugar 0 5
Tea 0 0?
Potatoes (or rice G oz.) . 3 0
Tobacco, per week 0 1?
Salt 0 2
Soap, per week 0 4
From these few remarks it will be seen that the lot of the Kanaka in Queensland is not quite the slavery that it has sometimes been depicted66!
Hambledon usually employs 3–5 white men, 200 Kanakas, 20 Cinghalese, and 25 Chinese. In 1888 it produced 1,030 tons of sugar from 700 acres of cane. In 1891, 1,180 tons from 943? acres, and in 1892, 1,465 tons from 950 acres. 1889 and 1890 were bad seasons, when the cane was much infected with grubs, which destroyed the roots. 1892 was, however, a very good one, and this coming season promises equally favourable67 results.
The crushing season usually lasts six months, from the end of June to the end of December — a time of ceaseless activity for every soul on the plantation.
The varieties of cane grown are the Green Ribbon, Red Bamboo, and Cheriboa. The soil is a rich chocolate loam68, and is easily ploughed by teams of two horses. Besides cane, a large area is planted with pineapples, mangoes, and oranges.
Leaving Hambledon, we pass on to another plantation, Caravonica Park, the property of Mr. David Thomatis, before mentioned. It is situated between the Barron River and Thomatis Creek69, the Ranges, and the sea coast, and has the wonderful new railway running beside it. It is in every way an ideal spot for a plantation, possessing as it does natural drainage, natural irrigation, the railway, and a soil not to be surpassed in Queensland, over 10 feet deep of black alluvial loam, composed mostly of decayed vegetable matter, and for bottom a pure sea gravel70. The plantation has a frontage of one mile and a half to the deep waters of the superb River Barron; while on the north-eastern corner it touches the shores of Trinity Bay, whence Thomatis Creek runs inland.
The land was selected by the present owner, who, besides being an enterprising colonist33, is an exceedingly able agriculturist, a profound thinker, and a decided71 philanthropist. To him I am indebted for very much valuable information.
I am bound to admit that Mr. Thomatis has always shown himself a great opponent to Kanaka labour, not because he dislikes the islanders themselves, but because he has always cherished the hope of getting his blocks worked by white men. His stories of the first settlement of his land are most interesting. At the outset he leased a portion of it to Chinamen, each party taking at a moderate figure, on an average, ten acres. The Celestials72, with their usual savee, went in mostly for bananas, and so great did this industry soon become that no less than 6,000 bunches (each containing about 20 dozen and weighing about 70 pounds) were exported weekly from the estate.
The first year of culture the tenant73 would perhaps realise 1s. or 1s. 6d. for each bunch, and reckoning that over 700 bunches an acre can be obtained yearly, a fair idea may be gained of the revenue to be derived74 therefrom. Since then, however, the price has fallen, and maize75, ginger76, and rice have taken the banana’s place.
Among other things, Mr. Thomatis has great faith in the future of the Queensland rice industry. I submit an extract from the ‘Cairns Post’ (a bright and interesting little paper) upon the subject.
RICE CULTURE
IN NORTHERN QUEENSLAND.
Some two years ago private experiments were made in rice-growing on the rich land fronting the Barron River near Cairns, North Queensland. This example was followed by several settlers near Port Douglas, about 50 miles northwards, and also at Mackay, with the result that the yearly yield was: at Cairns, 50–42; Port Douglas, 37–33; and Mackay, 38 bushels of rice per acre, which, at 91, per ton for paddy or undressed rice, means a value of 221. 10s, per crop to the acre, and reckoning at least two full crops a year the full annual value would be 45l. per acre! The results of these experiments were that within the last twelve months over 2,000 acres of virgin77 scrub along the Barron River, and only five miles from Cairns wharves78, were cleared and planted, of which over 500 acres are situated in the fine large estate, Caravonica Park, owned by Mr. Thomatis, who both in the old country and in Queensland has always taken great interest in agriculture and in technology. This large tract13 of rich land, which had hitherto been lying idle, now became rich in orchards79 and gave employment to several hundreds of people, circulated money and wages, and created general wealth. A large steam mill was erected80 at Cairns, and it is believed that the shareholders81, who are mostly the settlers themselves, will receive a net dividend82 of over 25 per cent, yearly. The Queensland Government lately put a Protective duty of Id, per lb., or 91, per ton, on imported Chinese rice; hence the Chinese residents throughout the colony have to consume Cairns rice and abandon the importation of China-grown rice, and all this without the price of the commodity being raised one farthing in the Queensland market. Of course the Chinese markets suffer, and the Chinese importers; but the country at large — agriculture and settlers — reap all the benefit.
This is an instance of the clear, palpable, practical advantage of the Protective policy. “What has been done. and is going on around Cairns, could be done in the districts of New South Wales. Those experts who have seen the Manning River district, where all around Taree, Wingham, and Coopernook immense plains of moist soil exist, say that rice would thrive much better than corn, and yield at least its full yearly crop, without being injured by flood-waters, which would, indeed, benefit the rice in its growth. But our legislators must wake up and protect our rice-growers, as has been done in Queensland, against the rice grown in China. From statistics we gather that Queensland consumed nearly 5,000 tons of rice yearly, imported from China, which demand the Cairns farmers will entirely83 supply. A gentleman who knows much of rice culture in America and North Italy states that the seed should be sown just before the ear is expected to fall. In a fortnight it will germinate84, and then for two months it can live and prosper26 best under water, thus turning into some useful purpose the heavy floods that now cause destruction to crops and ruin to farmers. Then, in two months more the crop is ripe to be cut and threshed. The rich land on the Manning River would yield a splendid yearly crop of two tons of paddy, which, on being dressed at the mill, would give 25 cwt. of clean rice, worth 28l.; 10 cwt. of skin, which can be used as winter food for horses, worth 3s. per bushel; and 5 cwt. of rice pollard, worth 4s. a bushel; total value of the yearly crop, per acre, about 40l.; besides the straw, which affords a splendid chaff85 for cattle.
Caravonica Park has now over 800 acres under cultivation — they are made up of bananas, rice, maize, ginger, &c., and are subdivided86 into about a hundred leases, each of which possesses a comfortable homestead. OS the same ground, three crops yearly may be obtained: rice, early in December, ripe in April; maize, first crop sown in May, and ripe in August; maize, second crop sown in August, ripe in November; after which rice is again sown.
Mr. Thomatis is nothing if not enterprising, and he is gradually settling his estate with Europeans on the Metayer system. A large number of Italians have already been located, and are making a good thing of it.
The idea of the Metayer system in vogue87 on this property is as follows: the landlord furnishes land, machinery88, and implements89; the tenant his labour and care. They share as follows: one-fifth goes to the former, and four-fifths to the latter, of all crops, after deducting90 the necessary seed for the next sowing. By this system, Mr. Thomatis hopes the country will gradually become populated with that Utopian class — a happy, independent, thankful yeomanry — whose children will have had an opportunity of gaining practical experience, which should stand them in good stead when they come to that age at which it will be necessary for them to strike out for themselves.
Cairns has but two seasons, the wet and dry, or, in other words, the rainy and the fine. The former extends from January to May, and the latter from May to December. During the rainy season, copious91 showers fall — sometimes for a week at a stretch — varied92 by bright, sunny days, with heavy rain at night. During this period, refreshing93 breezes blow almost continuously. In the fine weather the climate is simply a Paradise, deliciously cool nights and mornings, bright sunny days occasionally interspersed94 with showers, predominating. In 1890 the Cairns district was never more than seven days without rain during the whole of the dry season. And I say, therefore, whosoever wishes to taste the delight of living, let him spend May, June, July, and August in North Queensland.
People suffering from weak constitutions, rheumatism95, or asthma96, should certainly try it. In fact, Providence97 has placed there, as if to signify the use they should be put to, the Euphorbia pilulifera for asthma, and the mango, paw-paw, and ginger for dyspepsia. In November and December the weather becomes too warm and oppressive for comfort, except to those inured98 to it by long residence. Once acclimatised, however, nothing more need be feared. Frost and cold are unknown, save only in a mild degree; and no more clothing is ever required than is agreeable to the sight. It is, indeed, a wonderful country.
After a brisk drive through the quaint99 tree-shaded streets of Cairns, and along the handsome Esplanade, with its lovely glimpses of the sea and of the heights of Cape Grafton rising to the right, we make for the railway station, to experience for ourselves some of the beauties and perils100 of this wonderful line.
We find the station a neat, well-made Government building, and the train which is to bear us on our adventurous journey is not behind it in point of completeness. A powerful engine, well-built carriages, perfect brakes (and they are needed) — everything required is there. We take our places, and the train winds slowly out of the station.
For the first mile or two the road lies through uninteresting jungle, where nothing but dark tree-stems, rotting vegetation, and evil-looking water greet the eye. But presently all this is left behind, and we emerge into the open country, to overlook plantations of all sizes and descriptions, whose different growths lie pleasantly basking101 in the warm sunshine of the tropical morning. Now and again we catch glimpses of the Barron River, flashing its way across the plain to the blue sea beyond. But we have small attention for such trivial things. We are too much occupied watching the marvellous and seemingly unscalable heights that lie before us. Every few minutes we stop at tiny wayside stations — charming little nooks nestling amid a wealth of vegetation that contrasts very pleasantly with the vulgar advertisements obtruding102 their painted faces from every notice-board.
Then, after a run of eight miles, we reach the famous second section, and commence our work of ascent103.
The line to Kandy, which hitherto we had thought so wonderful, begins to fade into nothing compared with what is now before us. Twisting and twining through deep chocolate-coloured cuttings, across spider bridges, in and out of black tunnels, and through dense jungle, we creep from elevation104 to elevation, from seemingly impossible to possible. The growth on every side is marvellous: gigantic staghorns, and orchids of every shape and hue105, gorgeous creepers, yellow hibiscus, wild bananas, paw-paw apples, granadillas, mix with palms of all varieties, many as much as 60 feet high (their graceful106 fronds107 gently swaying in the sunshine) wild nutmegs, indiarubber trees, kauri pines, red cedars, and, in fact, every possible description of foliage108 and vegetation is here. Lovely butterflies flit hither and thither109, birds of wondrous110 plumage fly from tree to tree, while over all is the blue sky and the soft, warm, tropical sunshine.
As soon as the actual work of ascent is accomplished111, the view loses its quieter loveliness, and becomes almost terrifying in its grandeur112. We are now on the topmost heights of the Range, whence glimpses can be obtained of the plains deep down below. But, though our climbing is finished, the danger is not yet over. Sometimes we seem suspended in mid-air over yawning gulfs a thousand feet or more in depth, at the bottom of which, like a silver streak, flashes the ever-present Barron River. Looking down, an almost irresistible113 desire to hurl114 one’s self from the window seizes one. And I can quite believe what I have been told, that not only scores of women, but many men, have been unable to refrain from crying at the view presented, and have been compelled to move to the other side of the carriage, so frightful115 is the sense of depth and utter helplessness that seizes one.
Presently we cross the Stony116 Creek Falls (see page 145), so close that the spray from the water wets the carriage windows. Then, as before, we dash on from loveliness to loveliness; till, more than satisfied, we come to a halt at the clearing which does duty for a station, and have visible evidence before us that we are arrived at the terminus of the section.
As we alight, a team of pack-mules, laden117 with tin from the Herberton mines, winds down the track, their bells jingling118 musically. And, later on, at the small hostelry on the hillside, the stage coach, drawn by five panting horses, puts in an appearance, and pulls up at. the door, when the driver, as if to lend an additional Bret Harte flavour to the incident, recounts his adventures with the floods further up the valley.
As soon as we have finished lunch, we make our way, along the railway line, to the nearest point to the falls, where commences a long descent into the valley below, the deep boom of the mighty119 waters being ever present in our ears. Then, suddenly, without warning, we step from the undergrowth into a full view of the Barron Fall — this stupendous work of nature. Even to remember it is sufficient to take one’s breath away, and how to give an adequate description of it in words, I know not.
Imagine yourself standing120 on a mass of rock, with high jungle-covered hills rising, on either hand, a thousand feet above your head. Imagine yourself overlooking a river, in low water, perhaps a hundred and fifty yards in width, rushing headlong, tearing, racing121 in wildest confusion to hurl itself over the side of one of the most gigantic precipices123 the mind of mortal man can conceive, a precipice122 of solid rock a thousand feet or more in height. Then fancy that fall of water crashing with the roar of a mighty ocean — a roar that can be heard many miles away — deep down, down, down into a seething124, boiling cauldron of whitest foam125, lying small as a half-crown in the great abyss below, out of which rises continually a dense mist holding all the colours of a king opal. Imagine all that and you have grasped but a hundredth part of its beauty. Everything resounds126 with the force and majesty127 of the fall. Its thunder is awful; its grandeur is terrific. It is five hundred feet higher than Niagara. It is more than that — it is surely without its equal upon the face of the known globe.
As we look, a gorgeous butterfly floats down the breeze. Passing us, his wings catch all the colours of the opal mist. For some unknown reason tears rise in our eyes. We have seen enough; we are satiated with loveliness. Let us get back to our boat before we are killed by sheer wonder at Nature’s awful majesty!
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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tribulation
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| n.苦难，灾难 | |
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certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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ascertain
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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alluvial
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| adj.冲积的；淤积的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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conglomeration
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| n.团块，聚集，混合物 | |
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orchids
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beetles
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alligators
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shipping
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prosper
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| v.成功，兴隆，昌盛；使成功，使昌隆，繁荣 | |
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premises
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northward
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knell
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| n.丧钟声；v.敲丧钟 | |
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30
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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31
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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32
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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33
colonist
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| n.殖民者，移民 | |
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34
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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35
pegged
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| v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的过去式和过去分词 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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36
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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37
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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38
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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39
specifications
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| n.规格；载明；详述；（产品等的）说明书；说明书( specification的名词复数 )；详细的计划书；载明；详述 | |
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40
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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41
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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42
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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43
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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44
shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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45
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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46
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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47
scenic
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| adj.自然景色的，景色优美的 | |
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48
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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49
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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50
rivulets
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| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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51
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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52
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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53
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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54
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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55
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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56
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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57
lathe
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| n.车床，陶器，镟床 | |
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58
knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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59
streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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60
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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61
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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62
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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63
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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64
savings
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| n.存款，储蓄 | |
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65
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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68
loam
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| n.沃土 | |
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69
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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70
gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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71
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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72
celestials
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| n.天的，天空的( celestial的名词复数 ) | |
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73
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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74
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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75
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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76
ginger
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| n.姜，精力，淡赤黄色；adj.淡赤黄色的；vt.使活泼，使有生气 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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78
wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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79
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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80
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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81
shareholders
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| n.股东( shareholder的名词复数 ) | |
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82
dividend
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| n.红利，股息；回报，效益 | |
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83
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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84
germinate
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| v.发芽；发生；发展 | |
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85
chaff
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| v.取笑，嘲笑；n.谷壳 | |
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86
subdivided
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| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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88
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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89
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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90
deducting
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| v.扣除，减去( deduct的现在分词 ) | |
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91
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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92
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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93
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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95
rheumatism
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| n.风湿病 | |
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96
asthma
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| n.气喘病，哮喘病 | |
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97
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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98
inured
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| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
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99
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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100
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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101
basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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102
obtruding
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的现在分词 ) | |
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103
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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104
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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105
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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106
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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107
fronds
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| n.蕨类或棕榈类植物的叶子( frond的名词复数 ) | |
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108
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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109
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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110
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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111
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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112
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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113
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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114
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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115
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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116
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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117
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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118
jingling
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| 叮当声 | |
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119
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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120
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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121
racing
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| n.竞赛，赛马；adj.竞赛用的，赛马用的 | |
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122
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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123
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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124
seething
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| 沸腾的，火热的 | |
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125
foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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126
resounds
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的第三人称单数 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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127
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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