In a country where all the inhabitants went bare-footed, could luxury be imputed1 to the first man who made a pair of shoes for himself? Or rather, was he not a man of sense and industry?
Is it not just the same with him who procured2 the first shirt? With respect to the man who had it washed and ironed, I consider him as an absolute genius, abundant in resources, and qualified3 to govern a state. Those however who were not used to wear clean shirts, considered him as a rich, effeminate coxcomb4 who was likely to corrupt5 the nation.
“Beware of luxury,” said Cato to the Romans; “you have conquered the province of Phasis, but never eat any pheasants. You have subjugated6 the country in which cotton grows; still however continue to sleep on the bare ground. You have plundered8 the gold, and silver, and jewels of innumerable nations, but never become such fools as to use them. After taking everything, remain destitute9 of everything. Highway robbers should be virtuous10 and free.”
Lucullus replied, “You should rather wish, my good friend, that Crassus, and Pompey, and C?sar, and myself should spend all that we have taken in luxury. Great robbers must fight about the division of the spoil; but Rome will inevitably11 be enslaved, and it will be enslaved by one or other of us much more speedily, and much more securely, if we place that value upon money that you do, than if we spend it in superfluities and pleasures. Wish that Pompey and C?sar may so far impoverish12 themselves as not to have money enough to pay the armies.”
Not long since a Norwegian was upbraiding13 a Dutchman with luxury. “Where now,” says he, “are the happy times when a merchant, quitting Amsterdam for the great Indies, left a quarter of smoked beef in his kitchen and found it untouched on his return? Where are your wooden spoons and iron forks? Is it not shameful14 for a sensible Dutchman to sleep in a bed of damask?”
“Go to Batavia,” replied the Amsterdammer; “gain, as I have done, ten tons of gold; and then see if you have not some inclination15 to be well clothed, well fed, and well lodged16.”
Since this conversation, twenty volumes have been written about luxury, and these books have neither increased nor diminished it.
§ II.
Luxury has been declaimed against for the space of two thousand years, both in verse and prose; and yet it has been always liked.
What has not been said of the Romans? When, in the earlier periods of their history, these banditti ravaged17 and carried off their neighbor’s harvests; when, in order to augment18 their own wretched village, they destroyed the poor villages of the Volsci and Samnites, they were, we are told, men disinterested19 and virtuous. They could not as yet, be it remembered, carry away gold, and silver; and jewels, because the towns which they sacked and plundered had none; nor did their woods and swamps produce partridges or pheasants; yet people, forsooth, extol20 their temperance!
When, by a succession of violences, they had pillaged21 and robbed every country from the recesses22 of the Adriatic to the Euphrates, and had sense enough to enjoy the fruit of their rapine; when they cultivated the arts, and tasted all the pleasures of life, and communicated them also to the nations which they conquered; then, we are told, they ceased to be wise and good.
All such declamations tend just to prove this — that a robber ought not to eat the dinner he has taken, nor wear the habit he has stolen, nor ornament23 his finger with the ring he has plundered from another. All this, it is said, should be thrown into the river, in order to live like good people; but how much better would it be to say, never rob — it is your duty not to rob? Condemn24 the brigands25 when they plunder7; but do not treat them as fools or madmen for enjoying their plunder. After a number of English sailors have obtained their prize money for the capture of Pondicherry, or Havana, can they be blamed for purchasing a little pleasure in London, in return for the labor26 and pain they have suffered in the uncongenial climes of Asia or America?
The declaimers we have mentioned would wish men to bury the riches that might be accumulated by the fortune of war, or by agriculture, commerce, and industry in general. They cite Laced?mon; why do they not also cite the republic of San Marino? What benefit did Sparta do to Greece? Had she ever a Demosthenes, a Sophocles, an Apelles, or a Phidias? The luxury of Athens formed great men of every description. Sparta had certainly some great captains, but even these in a smaller number than other cities. But allowing that a small republic like Laced?mon may maintain its poverty, men uniformly die, whether they are in want of everything, or enjoying the various means of rendering27 life agreeable. The savage28 of Canada subsists29 and attains30 old age, as well as the English citizen who has fifty thousand guineas a year. But who will ever compare the country of the Iroquois to England?
Let the republic of Ragusa and the canton of Zug enact31 sumptuary laws; they are right in so doing. The poor must not expend32 beyond their means; but I have somewhere read, that if partially33 injurious, luxury benefits a great nation upon the whole.
Sachez surtout que le luxe enrichit
Un grand état, s’il en perd un petit.
If by luxury you mean excess, we know that excess is universally pernicious, in abstinence as well as gluttony, in parsimony34 or profusion35. I know not how it has happened, that in my own village, where the soil is poor and meagre, the imposts heavy, and the prohibition36 against a man’s exporting the corn he has himself sown and reaped, intolerable, there is hardly a single cultivator who is not well clothed, and who has not an ample supply of warmth and food. Should this cultivator go to plough in his best clothes and with his hair dressed and powdered, there would in that case exist the greatest and most absurd luxury; but were a wealthy citizen of Paris or London to appear at the play in the dress of this peasant, he would exhibit the grossest and most ridiculous parsimony.
Est modus in rebus37, sunt certi denique fines,
Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum.
— Horace, i. sat. i. v. 106.
Some certain mean in all things may be found,
To mark our virtues38, and our vices39, bound.
— Francis.
On the invention of scissors, which are certainly not of the very highest antiquity40, what was not said of those who pared their nails and cut off some of their hair that was hanging down over their noses? They were undoubtedly41 considered as prodigals42 and coxcombs, who bought at an extravagant43 price an instrument just calculated to spoil the work of the Creator. What an enormous sin to pare the horn which God Himself made to grow at our fingers’ ends! It was absolutely an insult to the Divine Being Himself. When shirts and socks were invented, it was far worse. It is well known with what wrath44 and indignation the old counsellors, who had never worn socks, exclaimed against the young magistrates45 who encouraged so dreadful and fatal a luxury.
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1
imputed
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| v.把（错误等）归咎于( impute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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3
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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4
coxcomb
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| n.花花公子 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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6
subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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8
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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10
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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11
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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12
impoverish
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| vt.使穷困，使贫困 | |
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13
upbraiding
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| adj.& n.谴责（的）v.责备，申斥，谴责( upbraid的现在分词 ) | |
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14
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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15
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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16
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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17
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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18
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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19
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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20
extol
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| v.赞美，颂扬 | |
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21
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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22
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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23
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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24
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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25
brigands
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| n.土匪，强盗( brigand的名词复数 ) | |
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26
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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27
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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28
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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30
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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31
enact
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| vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演 | |
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32
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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33
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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34
parsimony
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| n.过度节俭，吝啬 | |
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35
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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36
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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37
rebus
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| n.谜,画谜 | |
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38
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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39
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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40
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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41
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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42
prodigals
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| n.浪费的( prodigal的名词复数 )；铺张的；挥霍的；慷慨的 | |
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43
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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44
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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45
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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