Our path followed the Shire above the cataracts3, which is now a broad deep river, with but little current. It expands in one place into a lakelet, called Pamalombe, full of fine fish, and ten or twelve miles long by five or six in breadth. Its banks are low, and a dense4 wall of papyrus6 encircles it. On its western shore rises a range of hills running north. On reaching the village of the chief Muana–Moesi, and about a day’s march distant from Nyassa, we were told that no lake had ever been heard of there; that the River Shire stretched on as we saw it now to a distance of “two months,” and then came out from between perpendicular7 rocks, which towered almost to the skies. Our men looked blank at this piece of news, and said, “Let us go back to the ship, it is of no use trying to find the lake.” “We shall go and see those wonderful rocks at any rate,” said the Doctor. “And when you see them,” replied Masakasa, “you will just want to see something else. But there IS a lake,” rejoined Masakasa, “for all their denying it, for it is down in a book.” Masakasa, having unbounded faith in whatever was in a book, went and scolded the natives for telling him an untruth. “There is a lake,” said he, “for how could the white men know about it in a book if it did not exist?” They then admitted that there was a lake a few miles off. Subsequent inquiries8 make it probable that the story of the “perpendicular rocks” may have had reference to a fissure9, known to both natives and Arabs, in the north-eastern portion of the lake. The walls rise so high that the path along the bottom is said to be underground. It is probably a crack similar to that which made the Victoria Falls, and formed the Shire Valley.
The chief brought a small present of meal in the evening, and sat with us for a few minutes. On leaving us he said that he wished we might sleep well. Scarce had he gone, when a wild sad cry arose from the river, followed by the shrieking10 of women. A crocodile had carried off his principal wife, as she was bathing. The Makololo snatched up their arms, and rushed to the bank, but it was too late, she was gone. The wailing11 of the women continued all night, and next morning we met others coming to the village to join in the general mourning. Their grief was evidently heartfelt, as we saw the tears coursing down their cheeks. In reporting this misfortune to his neighbours, Muana–Moesi said, “that white men came to his village; washed themselves at the place where his wife drew water and bathed; rubbed themselves with a white medicine (soap); and his wife, having gone to bathe afterwards, was taken by a crocodile; he did not know whether in consequence of the medicine used or not.” This we could not find fault with. On our return we were viewed with awe12, and all the men fled at our approach; the women remained; and this elicited13 the remark from our men, “The women have the advantage of men, in not needing to dread14 the spear.” The practice of bathing, which our first contact with Chinsunse’s people led us to believe was unknown to the natives, we afterwards found to be common in other parts of the Manganja country.
We discovered Lake Nyassa a little before noon of the 16th September, 1859. Its southern end is in 14 degrees 25 minutes S. Lat., and 35 degrees 30 minutes E. Long. At this point the valley is about twelve miles wide. There are hills on both sides of the lake, but the haze16 from burning grass prevented us at the time from seeing far. A long time after our return from Nyassa, we received a letter from Captain R. B. Oldfield, R.N., then commanding H.M.S. “Lyra,” with the information that Dr. Roscher, an enterprising German who unfortunately lost his life in his zeal17 for exploration, had also reached the Lake, but on the 19th November following our discovery; and on his arrival had been informed by the natives that a party of white men were at the southern extremity18. On comparing dates (16th September and 19th November) we were about two months before Dr. Roscher.
It is not known where Dr. Roscher first saw its waters; as the exact position of Nusseewa on the borders of the Lake, where he lived some time, is unknown. He was three days north-east of Nusseewa, and on the Arab road back to the usual crossing-place of the Rovuma, when he was murdered. The murderers were seized by one of the chiefs, sent to Zanzibar, and executed. He is said to have kept his discoveries to himself, with the intention of publishing in Europe the whole at once, in a splendid book of travels.
The chief of the village near the confluence19 of the Lake and River Shire, an old man, called Mosauka, hearing that we were sitting under a tree, came and kindly20 invited us to his village. He took us to a magnificent banyan-tree, of which he seemed proud. The roots had been trained down to the ground into the form of a gigantic arm-chair, without the seat. Four of us slept in the space betwixt its arms. Mosauka brought us a present of a goat and basket of meal “to comfort our hearts.” He told us that a large slave party, led by Arabs, were encamped close by. They had been up to Cazembe’s country the past year, and were on their way back, with plenty of slaves, ivory, and malachite. In a few minutes half a dozen of the leaders came over to see us. They were armed with long muskets22, and, to our mind, were a villanous-looking lot. They evidently thought the same of us, for they offered several young children for sale, but, when told that we were English, showed signs of fear, and decamped during the night. On our return to the Kongone, we found that H.M.S. “Lynx” had caught some of these very slaves in a dhow; for a woman told us she first saw us at Mosauka’s, and that the Arabs had fled for fear of an UNCANNY sort of Basungu.
This is one of the great slave-paths from the interior, others cross the Shire a little below, and some on the lake itself. We might have released these slaves but did not know what to do with them afterwards. On meeting men, led in slave-sticks, the Doctor had to bear the reproaches of the Makololo, who never slave, “Ay, you call us bad, but are we yellow-hearted, like these fellows — why won’t you let us choke them?” To liberate23 and leave them, would have done but little good, as the people of the surrounding villages would soon have seized them, and have sold them again into slavery. The Manganja chiefs sell their own people, for we met Ajawa and slave-dealers in several highland25 villages, who had certainly been encouraged to come among them for slaves. The chiefs always seemed ashamed of the traffic, and tried to excuse themselves. “We do not sell many, and only those who have committed crimes.” As a rule the regular trade is supplied by the low and criminal classes, and hence the ugliness of slaves. Others are probably sold besides criminals, as on the accusation27 of witchcraft28. Friendless orphans29 also sometimes disappear suddenly, and no one inquires what has become of them. The temptation to sell their people is peculiarly great, as there is but little ivory on the hills, and often the chief has nothing but human flesh with which to buy foreign goods. The Ajawa offer cloth, brass31 rings, pottery32, and sometimes handsome young women, and agree to take the trouble of carrying off by night all those whom the chief may point out to them. They give four yards of cotton cloth for a man, three for a woman, and two for a boy or girl, to be taken to the Portuguese34 at Mozambique, Iboe, and Quillimane.
The Manganja were more suspicious and less hospitable35 than the tribes on the Zambesi. They were slow to believe that our object in coming into their country was really what we professed36 it to be. They naturally judge us by the motives37 which govern themselves. A chief in the Upper Shire Valley, whose scared looks led our men to christen him Kitlabolawa (I shall be killed), remarked that parties had come before, with as plausible38 a story as ours, and, after a few days, had jumped up and carried off a number of his people as slaves. We were not allowed to enter some of the villages in the valley, nor would the inhabitants even sell us food; Zimika’s men, for instance, stood at the entrance of the euphorbia hedge, and declared we should not pass in. We sat down under a tree close by. A young fellow made an angry oration2, dancing from side to side with his bow and poisoned arrows, and gesticulating fiercely in our faces. He was stopped in the middle of his harangue39 by an old man, who ordered him to sit down, and not talk to strangers in that way; he obeyed reluctantly, scowling40 defiance41, and thrusting out his large lips very significantly. The women were observed leaving the village; and, suspecting that mischief42 might ensue, we proceeded on our journey, to the great disgust of our men. They were very angry with the natives for their want of hospitality to strangers, and with us, because we would not allow them to give “the things a thrashing.” “This is what comes of going with white men,” they growled43 out; “had we been with our own chief, we should have eaten their goats to-night, and had some of themselves to carry the bundles for us tomorrow.” On our return by a path which left his village on our right, Zimika sent to apologize, saying that “he was ill, and in another village at the time; it was not by his orders we were sent away; his men did not know that we were a party wishing the land to dwell in peace.”
We were not able, when hastening back to the men left in the ship, to remain in the villages belonging to this chief; but the people came after us with things for sale, and invited us to stop, and spend the night with them, urging, “Are we to have it said that white people passed through our country and we did not see them?” We rested by a rivulet44 to gratify these sight-seers. We appear to them to be red rather than white; and, though light colour is admired among themselves, our clothing renders us uncouth45 in aspect. Blue eyes appear savage46, and a red beard hideous47. From the numbers of aged26 persons we saw on the highlands, and the increase of mental and physical vigour48 we experienced on our ascent49 from the lowlands, we inferred that the climate was salubrious, and that our countrymen might there enjoy good health, and also be of signal benefit, by leading the multitude of industrious50 inhabitants to cultivate cotton, buaze, sugar, and other valuable produce, to exchange for goods of European manufacture; at the same time teaching them, by precept51 and example, the great truths of our Holy Religion.
Our stay at the Lake was necessarily short. We had found that the best plan for allaying52 any suspicions, that might arise in the minds of a people accustomed only to slave-traders, was to pay a hasty visit, and then leave for a while, and allow the conviction to form among the people that, though our course of action was so different from that of others, we were not dangerous, but rather disposed to be friendly. We had also a party at the vessel53, and any indiscretion on their part might have proved fatal to the character of the Expedition.
The trade of Cazembe and Katanga’s country, and of other parts of the interior, crosses Nyassa and the Shire, on its way to the Arab port, Kilwa, and the Portuguese ports of Iboe and Mozambique. At present, slaves, ivory, malachite, and copper54 ornaments55, are the only articles of commerce. According to information collected by Colonel Rigby at Zanzibar, and from other sources, nearly all the slaves shipped from the above-mentioned ports come from the Nyassa district. By means of a small steamer, purchasing the ivory of the Lake and River above the cataracts, which together have a shore-line of at least 600 miles, the slave-trade in this quarter would be rendered unprofitable — for it is only by the ivory being carried by the slaves, that the latter do not eat up all the profits of a trip. An influence would be exerted over an enormous area of country, for the Mazitu about the north end of the Lake will not allow slave-traders to pass round that way through their country. They would be most efficient allies to the English, and might themselves be benefited by more intercourse56. As things are now, the native traders in ivory and malachite have to submit to heavy exactions; and if we could give them the same prices which they at present get after carrying their merchandise 300 miles beyond this to the Coast, it might induce them to return without going further. It is only by cutting off the supplies in the interior, that we can crush the slave-trade on the Coast. The plan proposed would stop the slave-trade from the Zambesi on one side and Kilwa on the other; and would leave, beyond this tract58, only the Portuguese port of Inhambane on the south, and a portion of the Sultan of Zanzibar’s dominion59 on the north, for our cruisers to look after. The Lake people grow abundance of cotton for their own consumption, and can sell it for a penny a pound or even less. Water-carriage exists by the Shire and Zambesi all the way to England, with the single exception of a portage of about thirty-five miles past the Murchison Cataracts, along which a road of less than forty miles could be made at a trifling60 expense; and it seems feasible that a legitimate61 and thriving trade might, in a short time, take the place of the present unlawful traffic.
Colonel Rigby, Captains Wilson, Oldfield, and Chapman, and all the most intelligent officers on the Coast, were unanimous in the belief, that one small vessel on the Lake would have decidedly more influence, and do more good in suppressing the slave-trade, than half a dozen men-of-war on the ocean. By judicious63 operations, therefore, on a small scale inland, little expense would be incurred64, and the English slave-trade policy on the East would have the same fair chance of success, as on the West Coast.
After a land-journey of forty days, we returned to the ship on the 6th of October, 1859, in a somewhat exhausted65 condition, arising more from a sort of poisoning, than from the usual fatigue66 of travel. We had taken a little mulligatawney paste, for making soup, in case of want of time to cook other food. Late one afternoon, at the end of an unusually long march, we reached Mikena, near the base of Mount Njongone to the north of Zomba, and the cook was directed to use a couple of spoonfuls of the paste; but, instead of doing so, he put in the whole potful. The soup tasted rather hot, but we added boiled rice to it, and, being very hungry, partook freely of it; and, in consequence of the overdose, we were delayed several days in severe suffering, and some of the party did not recover till after our return to the ship. Our illness may partly have arisen from another cause. One kind of cassava (Jatropha maligna) is known to be, in its raw state, poisonous, but by boiling it carefully in two waters, which must be thrown off, the poison is extracted and the cassava rendered fit for food. The poisonous sort is easily known by raising a bit of the bark of the root, and putting the tongue to it. A bitter taste shows poison, but it is probable that even the sweet kind contains an injurious principle. The sap, which, like that of our potatoes, is injurious as an article of food, is used in the “Pepper-pot” of the West Indies, under the name of “Cassereep,” as a perfect preservative68 of meat. This juice put into an earthen vessel with a little water and Chili69 pepper is said to keep meat, that is immersed in it, good for a great length of time; even for years. No iron or steel must touch the mixture, or it will become sour. This “Pepper-pot,” of which we first heard from the late Archbishop Whately, is a most economical meat-safe in a hot climate; any beef, mutton, pork, or fowl70 that may be left at dinner, if put into the mixture and a little fresh cassereep added, keeps perfectly71, though otherwise the heat of the climate or flies would spoil it. Our cook, however, boiled the cassava root as he was in the habit of cooking meat, namely, by filling the pot with it, and then pouring in water, which he allowed to stand on the fire until it had become absorbed and boiled away. This method did not expel the poisonous properties of the root, or render it wholesome72; for, notwithstanding our systematic74 caution in purchasing only the harmless sort, we suffered daily from its effects, and it was only just before the end of our trip that this pernicious mode of boiling it was discovered by us.
In ascending75 3000 feet from the lowlands to the highlands, or on reaching the low valley of the Shire from the higher grounds, the change of climate was very marked. The heat was oppressive below, the thermometer standing73 at from 84 degrees to 103 degrees in the shade; and our spirits were as dull and languid as they had been exhilarated on the heights in a temperature cooler by some 20 degrees. The water of the river was sometimes 84 degrees or higher, whilst that we had been drinking in the hill streams was only 65 degrees.
It was found necessary to send two of our number across from the Shire to Tette; and Dr. Kirk, with guides from Chibisa, and accompanied by Mr. Rae, the engineer, accomplished76 the journey. We had found the country to the north and east so very well watered, that no difficulty was anticipated in this respect in a march of less than a hundred miles; but on this occasion our friends suffered severely77. The little water to be had at this time of the year, by digging in the beds of dry watercourses, was so brackish78 as to increase thirst — some of the natives indeed were making salt from it; and when at long intervals79 a less brackish supply was found, it was nauseous and muddy from the frequent visits of large game. The tsetse abounded80. The country was level, and large tracts81 of it covered with mopane forest, the leaves of which afford but scanty82 shade to the baked earth, so that scarcely any grass grows upon it. The sun was so hot, that the men frequently jumped from the path, in the vain hope of cooling, for a moment, their scorched83 feet under the almost shadeless bushes; and the native who carried the provision of salt pork got lost, and came into Tette two days after the rest of the party, with nothing but the fibre of the meat left, the fat, melted by the blazing sun, having all run down his back. This path was soon made a highway for slaving parties by Captain Raposo, the Commandant. The journey nearly killed our two active young friends; and what the slaves must have since suffered on it no one can conceive; but slaving probably can never be conducted without enormous suffering and loss of life.
Mankokwe now sent a message to say that he wished us to stop at his village on our way down. He came on board on our arrival there with a handsome present, and said that his young people had dissuaded84 him from visiting us before; but now he was determined85 to see what every one else was seeing. A bald square-headed man, who had been his Prime Minister when we came up, was now out of office, and another old man, who had taken his place accompanied the chief. In passing the Elephant Marsh86, we saw nine large herds87 of elephants; they sometimes formed a line two miles long.
On the 2nd of November we anchored off Shamoara, and sent the boat to Senna for biscuit and other provisions. Senhor Ferrao, with his wonted generosity89, gave us a present of a bullock, which he sent to us in a canoe. Wishing to know if a second bullock would be acceptable to us, he consulted his Portuguese and English dictionary, and asked the sailor in charge if he would take ANOTHER; but Jack90, mistaking the Portuguese pronunciation of the letter h, replied, “Oh no, sir, thank you, I don’t want an OTTER33 in the boat, they are such terrible biters!”
We had to ground the vessel on a shallow sandbank every night; she leaked so fast, that in deep water she would have sunk, and the pump had to be worked all day to keep her afloat. Heavy rains fell daily, producing the usual injurious effects in the cabin; and, unable to wait any longer for our associates, who had gone overland from the Shire to Tette, we ran down the Kongone and beached her for repairs. Her Majesty’s ship “Lynx,” Lieut. Berkeley commanding, called shortly afterwards with supplies; the bar, which had been perfectly smooth for some time before, became rather rough just before her arrival, so that it was two or three days before she could communicate with us. Two of her boats tried to come in on the second day, and one of them, mistaking the passage, capsized in the heavy breakers abreast91 of the island. Mr. Hunt, gunner, the officer in charge of the second boat, behaved nobly, and by his skilful92 and gallant93 conduct succeeded in rescuing every one of the first boat’s crew. Of course the things that they were bringing to us were lost, but we were thankful that all the men were saved. The loss of the mail-bags, containing Government despatches and our friends’ letters for the past year, was felt severely, as we were on the point of starting on an expedition into the interior, which might require eight or nine months; and twenty months is a weary time to be without news of friends and family. In the repairing of our crazy craft, we received kind and efficient aid from Lieutenant94 Berkeley, and we were enabled to leave for Tette on December 16th.
We had now frequent rains, and the river rose considerably95; our progress up the stream was distressingly96 slow, and it was not until the 2nd of February, 1860, that we reached Tette. Mr. Thornton returned on the same day from a geological tour, by which some Portuguese expected that a fabulous97 silver-mine would be rediscovered. The tradition in the country is, that the Jesuits formerly98 knew and worked a precious lode99 at Chicova. Mr. Thornton had gone beyond Zumbo, in company with a trader of colour; he soon after this left the Zambesi and, joining the expedition of the Baron100 van der Decken, explored the snow mountain Kilimanjaro, north-west of Zanzibar. Mr. Thornton’s companion, the trader, brought back much ivory, having found it both abundant and cheap. He was obliged, however, to pay heavy fines to the Banyai and other tribes, in the country which is coolly claimed in Europe as Portuguese. During this trip of six mouths 200 pieces of cotton cloth of sixteen yards each, besides beads101 and brass wire, were paid to the different chiefs, for leave to pass through their country. In addition to these sufficiently102 weighty exactions, the natives of THIS DOMINION have got into the habit of imposing103 fines for alleged104 milandos, or crimes, which the traders’ men may have unwittingly committed. The merchants, however, submit rather than run the risk of fighting.
The general monotony of existence at Tette is sometimes relieved by an occasional death or wedding. When the deceased is a person of consequence, the quantity of gunpowder105 his slaves are allowed to expend106 is enormous. The expense may, in proportion to their means, resemble that incurred by foolishly gaudy107 funerals in England. When at Tette, we always joined with sympathizing hearts in aiding, by our presence at the last rites108, to soothe109 the sorrows of the surviving relatives. We are sure that they would have done the same to us had we been the mourners. We never had to complain of want of hospitality. Indeed, the great kindness shown by many of whom we have often spoken, will never be effaced111 from our memory till our dying day. When we speak of their failings it is in sorrow, not in anger. Their trading in slaves is an enormous mistake. Their Government places them in a false position by cutting them off from the rest of the world; and of this they always speak with a bitterness which, were it heard, might alter the tone of the statesmen of Lisbon. But here there is no press, no booksellers’ shops, and scarcely a schoolmaster. Had we been born in similar untoward112 circumstances — we tremble to think of it!
The weddings are celebrated113 with as much jollity as weddings are anywhere. We witnessed one in the house of our friend the Padre. It being the marriage of his goddaughter, he kindly invited us to be partakers in his joy; and we there became acquainted with old Donna Engenia, who was a married wife and had children, when the slaves came from Cassange, before any of us were born. The whole merry-making was marked by good taste amid propriety114.
About the only interesting object in the vicinity of Tette is the coal a few miles to the north. There, in the feeders of the stream Revubue, it crops out in cliff sections. The seams are from four to seven feet in thickness; one measured was found to be twenty-five feet thick.
Learning that it would be difficult for our party to obtain food beyond Kebrabasa before the new crop came in and knowing the difficulty of hunting for so many men in the wet season, we decided62 on deferring115 our departure for the interior until May, and in the mean time to run down once more to the Kongone, in the hopes of receiving letters and despatches from the man-of-war that was to call in March. We left Tette on the 10th, and at Senna heard that our lost mail had been picked up on the beach by natives, west of the Milambe; carried to Quillimane, sent thence to Senna, and, passing us somewhere on the river, on to Tette. At Shupanga the governor informed us that it was a very large mail; no great comfort, seeing it was away up the river.
Mosquitoes were excessively troublesome at the harbour, and especially when a light breeze blew from the north over the mangroves. We lived for several weeks in small huts, built by our men. Those who did the hunting for the party always got wet, and were attacked by fever, but generally recovered in time to be out again before the meat was all consumed. No ship appearing, we started off on the 15th of March, and stopped to wood on the Luabo, near an encampment of hippopotamus116 hunters; our men heard again, through them, of the canoe path from this place to Quillimane, but they declined to point it out.
We found our friend Major Sicard at Mazaro with picks, shovels117, hurdles118, and slaves, having come to build a fort and custom-house at the Kongone. As we had no good reason to hide the harbour, but many for its being made known, we supplied him with a chart of the tortuous119 branches, which, running among the mangroves, perplex the search; and with such directions as would enable him to find his way down to the river. He had brought the relics120 of our fugitive121 mail, and it was a disappointment to find that all had been lost, with the exception of a bundle of old newspapers, two photographs, and three letters, which had been written before we left England.
The distance from Mazaro, on the Zambesi side, to the Kwakwa at Nterra, is about six miles, over a surprisingly rich dark soil. We passed the night in the long shed, erected123 at Nterra, on the banks of this river, for the use of travellers, who have often to wait several days for canoes; we tried to sleep, but the mosquitoes and rats were so troublesome as to render sleep impossible. The rats, or rather large mice, closely resembling Mus pumilio (Smith), of this region, are quite facetious124, and, having a great deal of fun in them, often laugh heartily125. Again and again they woke us up by scampering126 over our faces, and then bursting into a loud laugh of He! he! he! at having performed the feat127. Their sense of the ludicrous appears to be exquisite128; they screamed with laughter at the attempts which disturbed and angry human nature made in the dark to bring their ill-timed merriment to a close. Unlike their prudent129 European cousins, which are said to leave a sinking ship, a party of these took up their quarters in our leaky and sinking vessel. Quiet and invisible by day, they emerged at night, and cut their funny pranks130. No sooner were we all asleep, than they made a sudden dash over the lockers131 and across our faces for the cabin door, where all broke out into a loud He! he! he! he! he! he! showing how keenly they enjoyed the joke. They next went forward with as much delight, and scampered132 over the men. Every night they went fore15 and aft, rousing with impartial133 feet every sleeper134, and laughing to scorn the aimless blows, growls135, and deadly rushes of outraged136 humanity. We observed elsewhere a species of large mouse, nearly allied137 to Euryotis unisulcatus (F. Cuvier), escaping up a rough and not very upright wall, with six young ones firmly attached to the perineum. They were old enough to be well covered with hair, and some were not detached by a blow which disabled the dam. We could not decide whether any involuntary muscles were brought into play in helping138 the young to adhere. Their weight seemed to require a sort of cataleptic state of the muscles of the jaw24, to enable them to hold on.
Scorpions139, centipedes, and poisonous spiders also were not unfrequently brought into the ship with the wood, and occasionally found their way into our beds; but in every instance we were fortunate enough to discover and destroy them before they did any harm. Naval140 officers on this coast report that, when scorpions and centipedes remain a few weeks after being taken on board in a similar manner, their poison loses nearly all its virulence141; but this we did not verify. Snakes sometimes came in with the wood, but oftener floated down the river to us, climbing on board with ease by the chain-cable, and some poisonous ones were caught in the cabin. A green snake lived with us several weeks, concealing142 himself behind the casing of the deckhouse in the daytime. To be aroused in the dark by five feet of cold green snake gliding143 over one’s face is rather unpleasant, however rapid the movement may be. Myriads144 of two varieties of cockroaches145 infested146 the vessel; they not only ate round the roots of our nails, but even devoured147 and defiled149 our food, flannels150, and boots. Vain were all our efforts to extirpate151 these destructive pests; if you kill one, say the sailors, a hundred come down to his funeral! In the work of Commodore Owen it is stated that cockroaches, pounded into a paste, form a powerful carminative; this has not been confirmed, but when monkeys are fed on them they are sure to become lean.
On coming to Senna, we found that the Zulus had arrived in force for their annual tribute. These men are under good discipline, and never steal from the people. The tax is claimed on the ground of conquest, the Zulus having formerly completely overcome the Senna people, and chased them on to the islands in the Zambesi. Fifty-four of the Portuguese were slain152 on the occasion, and, notwithstanding the mud fort, the village has never recovered its former power. Fever was now very prevalent, and most of the Portuguese were down with it.
For a good view of the adjacent scenery, the hill, Baramuana, behind the village, was ascended153. A caution was given about the probability of an attack of fever from a plant that grows near the summit. Dr. Kirk discovered it to be the Paedevia foetida, which, when smelt154, actually does give headache and fever. It has a nasty fetor, as its name indicates. This is one instance in which fever and a foul155 smell coincide. In a number of instances offensive effluvia and fever seems to have no connection. Owing to the abundant rains, the crops in the Senna district were plentiful156; this was fortunate, after the partial failure of the past two years. It was the 25th of April, 1860, before we reached Tette; here also the crops were luxuriant, and the people said that they had not had such abundance since 1856, the year when Dr. Livingstone came down the river. It is astonishing to any one who has seen the works for irrigation in other countries, as at the Cape157 and in Egypt, that no attempt has ever been made to lead out the water either of the Zambesi or any of its tributaries158; no machinery159 has ever been used to raise it even from the stream, but droughts and starvations are endured, as if they were inevitable160 dispensations of Providence161, incapable162 of being mitigated163.
Feeling in honour bound to return with those who had been the faithful companions of Dr. Livingstone, in 1856, and to whose guardianship164 and services was due the accomplishment166 of a journey which all the Portuguese at Tette had previously167 pronounced impossible, the requisite168 steps were taken to convey them to their homes.
We laid the ship alongside of the island Kanyimbe, opposite Tette; and, before starting for the country of the Makololo, obtained a small plot of land, to form a garden for the two English sailors who were to remain in charge during our absence. We furnished them with a supply of seeds, and they set to work with such zeal, that they certainly merited success. Their first attempt at African horticulture met with failure from a most unexpected source; every seed was dug up and the inside of it eaten by mice. “Yes,” said an old native, next morning, on seeing the husks, “that is what happens this month; for it is the mouse month, and the seed should have been sown last mouth, when I sowed mine.” The sailors, however, sowed more next day; and, being determined to outwit the mice, they this time covered the beds over with grass. The onions, with other seeds of plants cultivated by the Portuguese, are usually planted in the beginning of April, in order to have the advantage of the cold season; the wheat a little later, for the same reason. If sown at the beginning of the rainy season in November, it runs, as before remarked, entirely169 to straw; but as the rains are nearly over in May, advantage is taken of low-lying patches, which have been flooded by the river. A hole is made in the mud with a hoe, a few seeds dropped in, and the earth shoved back with the foot. If not favoured with certain misty170 showers, which, lower down the river, are simply fogs, water is borne from the river to the roots of the wheat in earthern pots; and in about four months the crop is ready for the sickle171. The wheat of Tette is exported, as the best grown in the country; but a hollow spot at Maruru, close by Mazaro, yielded very good crops, though just at the level of the sea, as a few inches rise of tide shows.
A number of days were spent in busy preparation for our journey; the cloth, beads, and brass wire, for the trip were sewn up in old canvas, and each package had the bearer’s name printed on it. The Makololo, who had worked for the Expedition, were paid for their services, and every one who had come down with the Doctor from the interior received a present of cloth and ornaments, in order to protect them from the greater cold of their own country, and to show that they had not come in vain. Though called Makololo by courtesy, as they were proud of the name, Kanyata, the principal headman, was the only real Makololo of the party; and he, in virtue172 of his birth, had succeeded to the chief place on the death of Sekwebu. The others belonged to the conquered tribes of the Batoka, Bashubia, Ba–Selea, and Barotse. Some of these men had only added to their own vices165 those of the Tette slaves; others, by toiling173 during the first two years in navigating174 canoes, and hunting elephants, had often managed to save a little, to take back to their own country, but had to part with it all for food to support the rest in times of hunger, and, latterly, had fallen into the improvident175 habits of slaves, and spent their surplus earnings176 in beer and agua ardiente.
Everything being ready on the 15th of May, we started at 2 p.m. from the village where the Makololo had dwelt. A number of the men did not leave with the goodwill177 which their talk for months before had led us to anticipate; but some proceeded upon being told that they were not compelled to go unless they liked, though others altogether declined moving. Many had taken up with slave-women, whom they assisted in hoeing, and in consuming the produce of their gardens. Some fourteen children had been born to them; and in consequence of now having no chief to order them, or to claim their services, they thought that they were about as well off as they had been in their own country. They knew and regretted that they could call neither wives nor children their own; the slave-owners claimed the whole; but their natural affections had been so enchained, that they clave to the domestic ties. By a law of Portugal the baptized children of slave women are all free; by the custom of the Zambesi that law is void. When it is referred to, the officers laugh and say, “These Lisbon-born laws are very stringent178, but somehow, possibly from the heat of the climate, here they lose all their force.” Only one woman joined our party — the wife of a Batoka man: she had been given to him, in consideration of his skilful dancing, by the chief, Chisaka. A merchant sent three of his men along with us, with a present for Sekeletu, and Major Sicard also lent us three more to assist us on our return, and two Portuguese gentleman kindly gave us the loan of a couple of donkeys. We slept four miles above Tette, and hearing that the Banyai, who levy179 heavy fines on the Portuguese traders, lived chiefly on the right bank, we crossed over to the left, as we could not fully67 trust our men. If the Banyai had come in a threatening manner, our followers180 might, perhaps, from having homes behind them, have even put down their bundles and run. Indeed, two of them at this point made up their minds to go no further, and turned back to Tette. Another, Monga, a Batoka, was much perplexed181, and could not make out what course to pursue, as he had, three years previously, wounded Kanyata, the headman, with a spear. This is a capital offence among the Makololo, and he was afraid of being put to death for it on his return. He tried, in vain, to console himself with the facts that he had neither father, mother, sisters, nor brothers to mourn for him, and that he could die but once. He was good, and would go up to the stars to Yesu, and therefore did not care for death. In spite, however, of these reflections, he was much cast down, until Kanyata assured him that he would never mention his misdeed to the chief; indeed, he had never even mentioned it to the Doctor, which he would assuredly have done had it lain heavy on his heart. We were right glad of Monga’s company, for he was a merry good-tempered fellow, and his lithe182 manly183 figure had always been in the front in danger; and, from being left-handed, had been easily recognized in the fight with elephants.
We commenced, for a certain number of days, with short marches, walking gently until broken in to travel. This is of so much importance, that it occurs to us that more might be made out of soldiers if the first few days’ marches were easy, and gradually increased in length and quickness. The nights were cold, with heavy dews and occasional showers, and we had several cases of fever. Some of the men deserted184 every night, and we fully expected that all who had children would prefer to return to Tette, for little ones are well known to prove the strongest ties, even to slaves. It was useless informing them, that if they wanted to return they had only to come and tell us so; we should not be angry with them for preferring Tette to their own country. Contact with slaves had destroyed their sense of honour; they would not go in daylight, but decamped in the night, only in one instance, however, taking our goods, though, in two more, they carried off their comrades’ property. By the time we had got well into the Kebrabasa hills thirty men, nearly a third of the party, had turned back, and it became evident that, if many more left us, Sekeletu’s goods could not be carried up. At last, when the refuse had fallen away, no more desertions took place.
Stopping one afternoon at a Kebrabasa village, a man, who pretended to be able to change himself into a lion, came to salute185 us. Smelling the gunpowder from a gun which had been discharged, he went on one side to get out of the wind of the piece, trembling in a most artistic186 manner, but quite overacting his part. The Makololo explained to us that he was a Pondoro, or a man who can change his form at will, and added that he trembles when he smells gunpowder. “Do you not see how he is trembling now?” We told them to ask him to change himself at once into a lion, and we would give him a cloth for the performance. “Oh no,” replied they; “if we tell him so, he may change himself and come when we are asleep and kill us.” Having similar superstitions187 at home, they readily became as firm believers in the Pondoro as the natives of the village. We were told that he assumes the form of a lion and remains188 in the woods for days, and is sometimes absent for a whole month. His considerate wife had built him a hut or den5, in which she places food and beer for her transformed lord, whose metamorphosis does not impair189 his human appetite. No one ever enters this hut except the Pondoro and his wife, and no stranger is allowed even to rest his gun against the baobab-tree beside it: the Mfumo, or petty chief, of another small village wished to fine our men for placing their muskets against an old tumble-down hut, it being that of the Pondoro. At times the Pondoro employs his acquired powers in hunting for the benefit of the village; and after an absence of a day or two, his wife smells the lion, takes a certain medicine, places it in the forest, and there quickly leaves it, lest the lion should kill even her. This medicine enables the Pondoro to change himself back into a man, return to the village, and say, “Go and get the game that I have killed for you.” Advantage is of course taken of what a lion has done, and they go and bring home the buffalo190 or antelope191 killed when he was a lion, or rather found when he was patiently pursuing his course of deception192 in the forest. We saw the Pondoro of another village dressed in a fantastic style, with numerous charms hung round him, and followed by a troop of boys who were honouring him with rounds of shrill193 cheering.
It is believed also that the souls of departed chiefs enter into lions, and render them sacred. On one occasion, when we had shot a buffalo in the path beyond the Kafue, a hungry lion, attracted probably by the smell of the meat, came close to our camp, and roused up all hands by his roaring. Tuba Mokoro, imbued194 with the popular belief that the beast was a chief in disguise, scolded him roundly during his brief intervals of silence. “You a chief, eh? You call yourself a chief, do you? What kind of chief are you to come sneaking195 about in the dark, trying to steal our buffalo meat! Are you not ashamed of yourself? A pretty chief truly; you are like the scavenger196 beetle197, and think of yourself only. You have not the heart of a chief; why don’t you kill your own beef? You must have a stone in your chest, and no heart at all, indeed!” Tuba Mokoro producing no impression on the transformed chief, one of the men, the most sedate198 of the party, who seldom spoke110, took up the matter, and tried the lion in another strain. In his slow quiet way he expostulated with him on the impropriety of such conduct to strangers, who had never injured him. “We were travelling peaceably through the country back to our own chief. We never killed people, nor stole anything. The buffalo meat was ours, not his, and it did not become a great chief like him to be prowling round in the dark, trying, like a hyena199, to steal the meat of strangers. He might go and hunt for himself, as there was plenty of game in the forest.” The Pondoro, being deaf to reason, and only roaring the louder, the men became angry, and threatened to send a ball through him if he did not go away. They snatched up their guns to shoot him, but he prudently200 kept in the dark, outside the luminous201 circle made by our camp fires, and there they did not like to venture. A little strychnine was put into a piece of meat, and thrown to him, when he soon departed, and we heard no more of the majestic202 sneaker.
The Kebrabasa people were now plumper and in better condition than on our former visits; the harvest had been abundant; they had plenty to eat and drink, and they were enjoying life as much as ever they could. At Defwe’s village, near where the ship lay on her first ascent, we found two Mfumos or headmen, the son and son-inlaw of the former chief. A sister’s son has much more chance of succeeding to a chieftainship than the chief’s own offspring, it being unquestionable that the sister’s child has the family blood. The men are all marked across the nose and up the middle of the forehead with short horizontal bars or cicatrices; and a single brass earring203 of two or three inches diameter, like the ancient Egyptian, is worn by the men. Some wear the hair long like the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians, and a few have eyes with the downward and inward slant204 of the Chinese.
After fording the rapid Luia, we left our former path on the banks of the Zambesi, and struck off in a N.W. direction behind one of the hill ranges, the eastern end of which is called Mongwa, the name of an acacia, having a peculiarly strong fetor, found on it. Our route wound up a valley along a small mountain-stream which was nearly dry, and then crossed the rocky spurs of some of the lofty hills. The country was all very dry at the time, and no water was found except in an occasional spring and a few wells dug in the beds of watercourses. The people were poor, and always anxious to convince travellers of the fact. The men, unlike those on the plains, spend a good deal of their time in hunting; this may be because they have but little ground on the hill-sides suitable for gardens, and but little certainty of reaping what may be sown in the valleys. No women came forward in the hamlet, east of Chiperiziwa, where we halted for the night. Two shots had been fired at guinea-fowl a little way off in the valley; the women fled into the woods, and the men came to know if war was meant, and a few of the old folks only returned after hearing that we were for peace. The headman, Kambira, apologized for not having a present ready, and afterwards brought us some meal, a roasted coney (Hyrax capensis), and a pot of beer; he wished to be thought poor. The beer had come to him from a distance; he had none of his own. Like the Manganja, these people salute by clapping their hands. When a man comes to a place where others are seated, before sitting down he claps his hands to each in succession, and they do the same to him. If he has anything to tell, both speaker and hearer clap their hands at the close of every paragraph, and then again vigorously at the end of the speech. The guide, whom the headman gave us, thus saluted205 each of his comrades before he started off with us. There is so little difference in the language, that all the tribes of this region are virtually of one family.
We proceeded still in the same direction, and passed only two small hamlets during the day. Except the noise our men made on the march, everything was still around us: few birds were seen. The appearance of a whydahbird showed that he had not yet parted with his fine long plumes206. We passed immense quantities of ebony and lignum-vitae, and the tree from whose smooth and bitter bark granaries are made for corn. The country generally is clothed with a forest of ordinary-sized trees. We slept in the little village near Sindabwe, where our men contrived207 to purchase plenty of beer, and were uncommonly208 boisterous210 all the evening. We breakfasted next morning under green wild date-palms, beside the fine flowery stream, which runs through the charming valley of Zibah. We now had Mount Chiperiziwa between us, and part of the river near Morumbwa, having in fact come north about in order to avoid the difficulties of our former path. The last of the deserters, a reputed thief, took French leave of us here. He left the bundle of cloth he was carrying in the path a hundred yards in front of where we halted, but made off with the musket21 and most of the brass rings and beads of his comrade Shirimba, who had unsuspectingly intrusted them to his care.
Proceeding211 S.W. up this lovely valley, in about an hour’s time we reached Sandia’s village. The chief was said to be absent hunting, and they did not know when he would return. This is such a common answer to the inquiry212 after a headman, that one is inclined to think that it only means that they wish to know the stranger’s object before exposing their superior to danger. As some of our men were ill, a halt was made here.
As we were unable to march next morning, six of our young men, anxious to try their muskets, went off to hunt elephants. For several hours they saw nothing, and some of them, getting tired, proposed to go to a village and buy food. “No!” said Mantlanyane, “we came to hunt, so let us go on.” In a short time they fell in with a herd88 of cow elephants and calves213. As soon as the first cow caught sight of the hunters on the rocks above her, she, with true motherly instinct, placed her young one between her fore-legs for protection. The men were for scattering214, and firing into the herd indiscriminately. “That won’t do,” cried Mantlanyane, “let us all fire at this one.” The poor beast received a volley, and ran down into the plain, where another shot killed her; the young one escaped with the herd. The men were wild with excitement, and danced round the fallen queen of the forest, with loud shouts and exultant215 songs. They returned, bearing as trophies216 the tail and part of the trunk, and marched into camp as erect122 as soldiers, and evidently feeling that their stature217 had increased considerably since the morning.
Sandia’s wife was duly informed of their success, as here a law decrees that half the elephant belongs to the chief on whose ground it has been killed. The Portuguese traders always submit to this tax, and, were it of native origin, it could hardly be considered unjust. A chief must have some source of revenue; and, as many chiefs can raise none except from ivory or slaves, this tax is more free from objections than any other that a black Chancellor218 of the Exchequer219 could devise. It seems, however, to have originated with the Portuguese themselves, and then to have spread among the adjacent tribes. The Governors look sharply after any elephant that may be slain on the Crown lands, and demand one of the tusks220 from their vassals221. We did not find the law in operation in any tribe beyond the range of Portuguese traders, or further than the sphere of travel of those Arabs who imitated Portuguese customs in trade. At the Kafue in 1855 the chiefs bought the meat we killed, and demanded nothing as their due; and so it was up the Shire during our visits. The slaves of the Portuguese, who are sent by their masters to shoot elephants, probably connive222 at the extension of this law, for they strive to get the good will of the chiefs to whose country they come, by advising them to make a demand of half of each elephant killed, and for this advice they are well paid in beer. When we found that the Portuguese argued in favour of this law, we told the natives that they might exact tusks from THEM, but that the English, being different, preferred the pure native custom. It was this which made Sandia, as afterwards mentioned, hesitate; but we did not care to insist on exemption223 in our favour, where the prevalence of the custom might have been held to justify224 the exaction57.
The cutting up of an elephant is quite a unique spectacle. The men stand remind the animal in dead silence, while the chief of the travelling party declares that, according to ancient law, the head and right hind-leg belong to him who killed the beast, that is, to him who inflicted225 the first wound; the left leg to bins226 who delivered the second, or first touched the animal after it fell. The meat around the eye to the English, or chief of the travellers, and different parts to the headmen of the different fires, or groups, of which the camp is composed; not forgetting to enjoin227 the preservation228 of the fat and bowels229 for a second distribution. This oration finished, the natives soon become excited, and scream wildly as they cut away at the carcass with a score of spears, whose long handles quiver in the air above their heads. Their excitement becomes momentarily more and more intense, and reaches the culminating point when, as denoted by a roar of gas, the huge mass is laid fairly open. Some jump inside, and roll about there in their eagerness to seize the precious fat, while others run off, screaming, with pieces of the bloody230 meat, throw it on the grass, and run back for more: all keep talking and shouting at the utmost pitch of their voices. Sometimes two or three, regardless of all laws, seize the same piece of meat, and have a brief fight of words over it. Occasionally an agonized231 yell bursts forth232, and a native emerges out of the moving mass of dead elephant and wriggling233 humanity, with his hand badly cut by the spear of his excited friend and neighbour: this requires a rag and some soothing234 words to prevent bad blood. In an incredibly short time tons of meat are cut up, and placed in separate heaps around.
Sandia arrived soon after the beast was divided: he is an elderly man, and wears a wig235 made of “ife” fibre (sanseviera) dyed black, and of a fine glossy236 appearance. This plant is allied to the aloes, and its thick fleshy leaves, in shape somewhat like our sedges, when bruised237 yield much fine strong fibre, which is made into ropes, nets, and wigs238. It takes dyes readily, and the fibre might form a good article of commerce. “Ife” wigs, as we afterwards saw, are not uncommon209 in this country, though perhaps not so common as hair wigs at home. Sandia’s mosamela, or small carved wooden pillow, exactly resembling the ancient Egyptian one, was hung from the back of his neck; this pillow and a sleeping mat are usually carried by natives when on hunting excursions.
We had the elephant’s fore-foot cooked for ourselves, in native fashion. A large hole was dug in the ground, in which a fire was made; and, when the inside was thoroughly239 heated, the entire foot was placed in it, and covered over with the hot ashes and soil; another fire was made above the whole, and kept burning all night. We had the foot thus cooked for breakfast next morning, and found it delicious. It is a whitish mass, slightly gelatinous, and sweet, like marrow240. A long march, to prevent biliousness241, is a wise precaution after a meal of elephant’s foot. Elephant’s trunk and tongue are also good, and, after long simmering, much resemble the hump of a buffalo and the tongue of an ox; but all the other meat is tough, and, from its peculiar30 flavour, only to be eaten by a hungry man. The quantities of meat our men devour148 is quite astounding242. They boil as much as their pots will hold, and eat till it becomes physically243 impossible for them to stow away any more. An uproarious dance follows, accompanied with stentorian244 song; and as soon as they have shaken their first course down, and washed off the sweat and dust of the after performance, they go to work to roast more: a short snatch of sleep succeeds, and they are up and at it again; all night long it is boil and eat, roast and devour, with a few brief interludes of sleep. Like other carnivora, these men can endure hunger for a much longer period than the mere245 porridge-eating tribes. Our men can cook meat as well as any reasonable traveller could desire; and, boiled in earthen pots, like Indian chatties, it tastes much better than when cooked in iron ones.
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1
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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oration
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| n.演说，致辞，叙述法 | |
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cataracts
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| n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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papyrus
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| n.古以纸草制成之纸 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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fissure
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| n.裂缝；裂伤 | |
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shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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liberate
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| v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由 | |
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jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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witchcraft
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| n.魔法，巫术 | |
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orphans
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| 孤儿( orphan的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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otter
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| n.水獭 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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scowling
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| 怒视，生气地皱眉( scowl的现在分词 ) | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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44
rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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45
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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46
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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47
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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48
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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49
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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50
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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51
precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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52
allaying
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的现在分词 ) | |
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53
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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54
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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55
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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56
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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57
exaction
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| n.强求，强征；杂税 | |
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58
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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59
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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60
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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61
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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62
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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63
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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64
incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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65
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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66
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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67
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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68
preservative
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| n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药 | |
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69
chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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70
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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71
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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72
wholesome
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|
| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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73
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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74
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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75
ascending
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|
| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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76
accomplished
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|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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77
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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78
brackish
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| adj.混有盐的；咸的 | |
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79
intervals
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|
| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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80
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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82
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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83
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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84
dissuaded
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| 劝（某人）勿做某事，劝阻( dissuade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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86
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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87
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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88
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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89
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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90
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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91
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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92
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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93
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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94
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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95
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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96
distressingly
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| adv. 令人苦恼地；悲惨地 | |
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97
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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98
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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99
lode
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| n.矿脉 | |
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100
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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101
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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102
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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103
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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104
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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105
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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106
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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107
gaudy
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| adj.华而不实的；俗丽的 | |
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108
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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109
soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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110
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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111
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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112
untoward
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| adj.不利的，不幸的，困难重重的 | |
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113
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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114
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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115
deferring
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| v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的现在分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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116
hippopotamus
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| n.河马 | |
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117
shovels
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| n.铲子( shovel的名词复数 )；锹；推土机、挖土机等的)铲；铲形部份v.铲子( shovel的第三人称单数 )；锹；推土机、挖土机等的)铲；铲形部份 | |
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118
hurdles
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| n.障碍( hurdle的名词复数 )；跳栏；（供人或马跳跃的）栏架；跨栏赛 | |
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119
tortuous
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|
| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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120
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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121
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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122
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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123
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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124
facetious
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| adj.轻浮的，好开玩笑的 | |
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125
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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126
scampering
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| v.蹦蹦跳跳地跑，惊惶奔跑( scamper的现在分词 ) | |
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127
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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128
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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129
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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130
pranks
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| n.玩笑，恶作剧( prank的名词复数 ) | |
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131
lockers
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| n.寄物柜( locker的名词复数 ) | |
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132
scampered
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| v.蹦蹦跳跳地跑，惊惶奔跑( scamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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133
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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134
sleeper
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| n.睡眠者，卧车，卧铺 | |
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135
growls
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的第三人称单数 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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136
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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137
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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138
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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139
scorpions
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| n.蝎子( scorpion的名词复数 ) | |
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140
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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141
virulence
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| n.毒力，毒性；病毒性；致病力 | |
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142
concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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143
gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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144
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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145
cockroaches
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| n.蟑螂( cockroach的名词复数 ) | |
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146
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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147
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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148
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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149
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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150
flannels
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| 法兰绒男裤； 法兰绒( flannel的名词复数 ) | |
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151
extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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152
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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153
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
smelt
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| v.熔解，熔炼；n.银白鱼，胡瓜鱼 | |
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155
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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156
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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157
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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158
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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159
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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160
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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161
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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162
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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163
mitigated
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| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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164
guardianship
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| n. 监护, 保护, 守护 | |
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165
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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166
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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167
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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168
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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169
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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170
misty
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| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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171
sickle
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| n.镰刀 | |
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172
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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173
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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174
navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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175
improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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176
earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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177
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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178
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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179
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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180
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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181
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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182
lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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183
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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184
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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185
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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186
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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187
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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188
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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189
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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190
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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191
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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192
deception
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| n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计 | |
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193
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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194
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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195
sneaking
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| a.秘密的，不公开的 | |
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196
scavenger
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| n.以腐尸为食的动物，清扫工 | |
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197
beetle
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| n.甲虫，近视眼的人 | |
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198
sedate
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| adj.沉着的，镇静的，安静的 | |
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199
hyena
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| n.土狼，鬣狗 | |
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200
prudently
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| adv. 谨慎地，慎重地 | |
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201
luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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202
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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203
earring
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| n.耳环，耳饰 | |
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204
slant
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| v.倾斜，倾向性地编写或报道；n.斜面，倾向 | |
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205
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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206
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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207
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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208
uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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209
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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210
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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211
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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212
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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213
calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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214
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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215
exultant
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| adj.欢腾的，狂欢的，大喜的 | |
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216
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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217
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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218
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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219
exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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220
tusks
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| n.（象等动物的）长牙( tusk的名词复数 )；獠牙；尖形物；尖头 | |
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221
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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222
connive
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| v.纵容；密谋 | |
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223
exemption
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| n.豁免，免税额，免除 | |
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224
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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225
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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226
bins
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| n.大储藏箱( bin的名词复数 )；宽口箱（如面包箱，垃圾箱等）v.扔掉，丢弃( bin的第三人称单数 ) | |
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227
enjoin
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| v.命令；吩咐；禁止 | |
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228
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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229
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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230
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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231
agonized
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| v.使（极度）痛苦，折磨( agonize的过去式和过去分词 )；苦斗；苦苦思索；感到极度痛苦 | |
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232
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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233
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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234
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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235
wig
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| n.假发 | |
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236
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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237
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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238
wigs
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| n.假发，法官帽( wig的名词复数 ) | |
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239
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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240
marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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241
biliousness
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| [医] 胆汁质 | |
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242
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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243
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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244
stentorian
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| adj.大声的，响亮的 | |
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245
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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