But when the price of food reaches a certain point, there always arises (at least, hitherto it has always arisen; and if it is so still, after all that has been written by so many learned men, what must it have been in those days!)— there always arises an opinion among the many that it is not the effect of scarcity. They forget that they had foreseen and predicted such an issue; they suddenly fancy that there is plenty of corn, and that the evil proceeds from there not being as much distributed as is required for consumption; propositions sufficiently preposterous21, but which flatter both their anger and their hopes. Corn monopolists, either real or imaginary, large landholders, the bakers22 who purchased corn, all, in short, who had either little or much, or were thought to have any, were charged with being the causes of the scarcity and dearness of provisions; they were the objects of universal complaint, and of the hatred23 of the multitude of every rank. The populace could tell with certainty where there were magazines and granaries full and overflowing24 with corn, and even requiring to be propped25 up; they indicated most extravagant26 numbers of sacks; they talked with certainty of the immense quantities of grain secretly despatched to other places, where, probably, it was asserted with equal assurance and equal excitement, that the corn grown there was transported to Milan. They implored27 from the magistrates28 those precautions which always appear, or at least, have always hitherto appeared, so equitable29, so simple, so capable of drawing forth30 the corn which they affirm to be secreted31, walled up, or buried, and of restoring to them abundance. The magistrates, therefore, busied themselves in fixing the highest price that was to be charged upon every commodity; in threatening punishment to any one who should refuse to sell; and making other regulations of a similar nature. As, however, all human precautions, how vigorous soever, can neither diminish the necessity of food, nor produce crops out of season: and as these individual precautions offered no very inviting32 terms to other countries where there might be a superabundance, the evil continued and increased. The multitude attributed such an effect to the scarcity and feebleness of the remedies, and loudly solicited33 some more spirited and decisive measures. Unfortunately, they found a man after their own heart.
In the absence of the governor, Don Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova, who was encamped over Casale del Monferrato, the High Chancellor34 Antonio Ferrer, also a Spaniard, supplied his place at Milan. This man saw (and who could help seeing it?) that a moderate price on bread is in itself a most desirable thing; and he thought (here was his mistake) that an order from him would suffice to produce it. He fixed35 the limit (la meta, by which name the tariff36 was distinguished37 in articles of food,) at the price that bread would have had, if the corn had been generally sold at thirty-three lives the bushel, and they sold it as high as eighty. He acted like the old woman who thought to make herself young again by changing her baptismal faith.
Regulations less irrational38 and less unjust had, on more than one occasion, by the resistance of actual circumstances, remained unexecuted; but that this should be carried into effect was undertaken by the multitude, who, seeing their demands at last converted into a law, would not suffer it to be a mere39 form. They immediately ran to the bake-houses, to demand bread at the fixed price; and they required it with that air of threatening resolution which passion, force, and law united could impart. It need not be asked if the bakers resisted. With sleeves turned up, they were busied in carrying, putting into the oven, and taking out thence, without intermission; for the people, having a confused idea that it was too violent an attempt to last long, besieged40 the bake-houses incessantly41, to enjoy their temporary good fortune; and every reader can imagine what a pleasure it must have been to drudge42 like a slave, and expose one’s self more than usually to an attack of pleurisy, to be, after all, a loser in consequence. But with magistrates on one side threatening punishments, and the people on the other importunate43, murmuring at every delay that was interposed in serving them, and indefinitely menacing some one or other of their chastisements, which are always the worst that are inflicted45 in this world — there was no help for it; drudge they must; they were forced to empty and replenish46 their ovens, and sell. However, to keep them up to such employment, it was of little avail to impose strict orders, and keep them in constant fear: it was a question of absolute practicability; and had the thing lasted a little longer, they could have done no more. They remonstrated47 incessantly against the iniquitous48 and insupportable weight of the burden laid upon them, and protested they would willingly throw the shovel49 into the oven, and take their departure; and yet they continued to persevere50 as they could, longing51, hoping, that some day or other, the High Chancellor would come to his senses. But Antonio Ferrer, who was what would now be called a man of character, replied that the bakers had made enormous profits in past times; that they would equally make great gains in better times to come, that, therefore, it was both reasonable and necessary they should make some compensation to the public, and that, in the mean while, they must get on as they could. Whether he were really convinced of the truth of those reasons he alleged52 to others, or whether, perceiving, from its effects, the impossibility of maintaining this regulation, he was willing to leave to others the odium of revoking53 it; for who can now look into Antonio Ferrer’s mind? yet certain it is he did not relax one iota54 of what he had established. At length, the decurioni (a municipal magistracy composed of nobles, which lasted till the ninety-sixth year of the last century) informed the Governor, by letter, of the state in which matters stood, hoping he might be able to suggest some remedy.
Don Gonzalo, buried over head in the affairs of war, did what the reader will certainly imagine: he nominated a Council, which he endowed with full authority to fix such a price upon bread as could become current, thus doing justice to both parties. The deputies assembled, or it was expressed, after the Spanish fashion, in the jargon55 of those days, the junta56 met; and, after a hundred bowings, compliments, preambles57, sighs, whisperings, airy propositions, and subterfuges58, urged, by a necessity which all felt, to come to some determination, conscious that they were casting an important die, but aware that there was no other course to be taken, they at length agreed to augment59 the price of bread. The bakers once more breathed, but the people raved60.
The evening preceding the day in which Renzo arrived at Milan, the streets and squares swarmed62 with men, who, transported with indignation, and swayed by a prevailing63 opinion, assembled — whether acquaintances or strangers — in knots and parties without any previous concert, and almost without being aware of it, like rain-drops on a hillside. Every conversation increased the general belief, and roused the passions of both hearer and speaker. Amongst the many excited ones, there were some few of cooler temperament64, who stood quietly watching with great satisfaction the troubling of the water, who busied themselves in troubling it more and more, with such reasonings and stories as rogues65 know how to invent, and agitated66 minds are so ready to believe, and who determined67 not to let it calm down without first catching68 a little fish. Thousands went to rest that night with an indeterminate feeling that something must and would be done. Crowds assembled before day-break: children, women, men, old people, workmen, beggars, all grouped together at random69; here was a confused whispering of many voices; there, one declaimed to a crowd of applauding bystanders; this one asked his nearest fellow the same question that had just been put to himself; that other repeated the exclamation70 that he heard resounding71 in his ears; everywhere were disputes, threats, wonderings; and very few words made up the materials of so many conversations.
There only wanted something to lay hold of: some beginning, some kind of impetus72 to reduce words to deeds, and this was not long wanting. Towards daybreak, little boys issued from the bakers’ shops, carrying baskets of bread to the houses of their usual customers. The first appearance of one of these unlucky boys in a crowd of people, was like the fall of a lighted squib in a gunpowder73 magazine. ‘Let us see if there’s bread here!’ exclaimed a hundred voices, in an instant. ‘Ay, for the tyrants74 who roll in abundance, and would let us die of hunger,’ said one, approaching the boy; and, raising his hand to the edge of the basket, he snatched at it, and exclaimed, ‘Let me see!’ The boy coloured, turned pale, trembled, and tried to say, ‘Let me go on;’ but the words died between his lips, and slackening his arms, he endeavoured to disengage them hastily from the straps75.
‘Down with the basket!’ was the instantaneous cry. Many hands seized it, and brought it to the ground; they then threw the cloth that covered it into the air. A tepid76 fragrance77 was diffused78 around. ‘We, too, are Christians79; we must have bread to eat,’ said the first. He took out a loaf, and, raising it in the view of the crowd, began to eat: in an instant all hands were in the basket, and in less time than one can relate it, all had disappeared. Those who had got none of the spoil, irritated at the sight of what the others had gained, and animated80 by the facility of the enterprise, moved off by parties in quest of other straying baskets, which were no sooner met with than they were pillaged81 immediately. Nor was it necessary to attack the bearers: those who unfortunately were on their way, as soon as they saw which way the wind blew, voluntarily laid down their burdens, and took to their heels. Nevertheless, those who remained without a supply were, beyond comparison, the greater part; nor were the victors half satisfied with such insignificant82 spoil; and some there were mingled84 in the crowds who had resolved upon a much better regulated attack. ‘To the bake-house, to the bake-house!’ was the cry.
In the street called La Corsia de’ Servi was a bake-house, which is still there, bearing the same name — a name that, in Tuscan means ‘The Bakery of the Crutches85,’ and, in Milanese, is composed of words so extravagant, so whimsical, so out-of-the-way, that the alphabet of the Italian language does not afford letters to express its sound.1 In this direction the crowd advanced. The people of the shop were busy questioning the poor boy who had returned unladen, and he, pale with terror, and greatly discomposed, was unintelligibly86 relating his unfortunate adventure, when, suddenly, they heard a noise as of a crowd in motion; it increases and approaches; the forerunners87 of the crowd are in sight.
‘Shut, lock up; quick, quick:’ one runs to beg assistance from the sheriff; the others hastily shut up the shop, and bolt and bar the doors inside. The multitudes begin to increase without, and the cries redouble of —‘Bread! bread! Open! open!’
At this juncture88 the sheriff arrived, in the midst of a troop of halberdiers. ‘Make room, make room, my boys; go home, go home: make room for the sheriff!’ cried he. The throng89, not too much crowded, gave way a little, so that the halberdiers could advance and get close to the door of the shop, though not in a very orderly manner. ‘But, my friends,’ said the sheriff, addressing the people from thence, ‘what are you doing here? Go home, go home. Where is your fear of God? What will our master the King say? We don’t wish to do you any harm, but go home, like good fellows. What in the world can you do here, in such a crush? There is nothing good to be got here, either for the soul or body. Go home, go home!’ But how were those next the speaker, who saw his face and could hear his words, even had they been willing to obey — how were they to accomplish it, urged forward as they were, and almost trampled90 upon by those behind; who, in their turn, were trodden upon by others, like wave upon wave, and step upon step, to the very edge of the rapidly increasing throng? The sheriff began to feel a little alarmed. ‘Make them give way, that I may get a little breath,’ said he to his halberdiers; ‘but don’t hurt anybody. Let us try to get into the shop. Knock; make them give way!’
‘Back! back!’ cried the halberdiers, throwing themselves in a body upon their nearest neighbours, and pushing them back with the point of their weapons. The people replied with a grumbling91 shout, and retreated as they could, dispersing92 blows on the breast and stomach in profusion93, and treading upon the toes of those behind; while such was the general rush, the squeezing and trampling94, that those who were in the middle of the throng would have given anything to have been elsewhere. In the mean while, a small space was cleared before the house; the sheriff knocked and kicked against the door, calling to those within to open it: these, seeing from the window how things stood, ran down in haste and admitted the sheriff, followed by the halberdiers, who crept in one after another, the last repulsing95 the crowd with their weapons. When all were secured, they re-bolted the door, and, running up-stairs, the sheriff displayed himself at the window. We leave the reader to imagine the outcry!
‘My friends!’ cried he: many looked up. ‘My friends! go home. A general pardon to all who go home at once!’
‘Bread! bread! Open! open!’ were the most conspicuous96 words in the savage97 vociferations the crowd sent forth in reply.
‘Justice, my friends! take care; you have yet time given you. Come, get away; return to your houses. You shall have bread; but this is not the way to get it. Eh! . . . eh! what are you doing down there? Eh! at this door? Fie, fie upon you! I see, I see: justice! take care! It is a great crime. I’m coming to you. Eh! eh! away with those irons; down with those hands! Fie! you Milanese, who are talked of all over the world for peaceableness! Listen! listen! you have always been good sub . . . Ah, you rascals98!’
This rapid transition of style was caused by a stone, which, coming from the hands of one of these good subjects, struck the forehead of the sheriff, on the left protuberance of his metaphysical profundities99. ‘Rascals! rascals!’ continued he, shutting the window in a rage, and retiring from view. But though he had shouted to the extent of the powers of his throat, his words, both good and bad, had vanished and consumed in thin air, repulsed100 by the cries which came from below. The objects that now, as he afterwards described, presented themselves to his view, were stones and iron bars, (the first they could lay hold of by the way,) with which they tried to force open the doors and windows; and they already had made considerable progress in their work.
In the mean time, the masters and shop-boys appeared at the upper windows, armed with stones, (they had probably unpaved the yard,) and crying out to those below, with horrible looks and gestures, to let them alone, they showed their weapons, and threatened to left fly among them. Seeing that nothing else would avail, they began to throw at them in reality. Not one fell in vain, since the press was such that even a grain of corn, as the saying was, could not have reached the ground.
‘Ah! y’u great vagabonds! you great villains101! Is this the bread you give to poor people? Ah! alas102! oh! Now, now, at us?’ was raised from below. More than one was injured, and two boys were killed. Fury increased the strength of the people; the doors and bars gave way; and the crowd poured into the passages in torrents103. Those within, perceiving their danger, took refuge in the garrets: the sheriff, the halberdiers, and a few of the household gathered together here in a corner, under the slates105; and others, escaping by the sky-lights, wandered about on the roof like cats.
The sight of the spoil made the victors forget their designs of sanguinary vengeance106. They flew upon the large chests, and instantly pillaged them. Others, instead, hastened to tear open the counter, seized the tills, took out by handfuls, pocketed and set off with, the money, to return for bread afterwards, if there remained any. The crowd dispersed107 themselves through the interior magazines. Some laid hold of the sacks and drew them out; others turned them wrong side upwards108, and untying109 the mouth, to reduce them to a weight which they could manage to carry, shook out some of the flour; others crying out, ‘Stay, stay!’ came underneath110 to prevent this waste, by catching it in their clothes and aprons111; others, again, fell upon a kneading-trough, and seized the dough112, which ran over their hands and escaped their grasp on every side: here, one who had snatched up a meal-sieve, came brandishing113 it in the air. Some come, some go, some handle: men, women, children, swarm61 around; pushes, blows, and cries are bandied about; and a white powder that rises in clouds and deposits itself in every direction, involves the whole proceeding114 in a thick mist. Outside, is a crowd composed of two reverse processions, which alternately separate and intermingle, some going out with their prey115, others entering to share the spoil.
While this bake-house was being thus plundered116, none of the others were quiet and free from danger; but at none had the people assembled in such numbers as to be very daring. In some, the masters had collected a few auxiliaries117, and stood upon their defence: others, less strong in numbers, or more terrified, came to some kind of agreement; they distributed bread to those who had begun to crowd around their shops, if they would be content with this and go away. Those who did withdraw, did so not so much because they were contented118 with their acquisitions, as because the halberdiers and police, keeping at a distance from the tremendous scene at the Bake-house of the Crutches, appeared, nevertheless, elsewhere in sufficient force to keep in awe119 these smaller parties of mutineers. By this means, the confusion and concourse continued to augment at this first unfortunate bake-house; for all those whose fingers itched120 to be at work, and whose hearts were set upon doing some great deed, repaired thither121, where their friends were in greatest numbers, and impunity122 was secure.
Such was the state of things, when Renzo, finishing, as we have related, his piece of bread, came to the suburb of the Porta Orientale, and set off, without being aware of it, exactly to the central scene of the tumult123. He continued his way, now urged forward, now hindered, by the crowd; and as he walked, he watched and listened, to gather from the confused murmurs124 of voices some more positive information of the state of things. The following are nearly the words he caught on his way.
‘Now,’ said one, ‘the infamous125 imposture126 of these villains is discovered, who said there was no more bread, nor flour, nor corn. Now we see things clearly and distinctly, and they can no longer deceive us as they have done. Hurrah127 for plenty!’
‘I tell you all this just goes for nothing,’ said another; ‘it is only like making a hole in water; so that it will be the worse for us, if we don’t get full justice done us. Bread will be sold at a low price: but they will put poison in it to kill us poor people like flies. They’ve said already that we are too many: they said so in the council; and I know it for certain, because I heard it with these ears from an acquaintance of mine, who is the friend of a relation of a scullion of one of these lords.’
‘They are not things to be laughed at,’ said another poor wretch128, who was foaming129 at the mouth, and holding up to his bleeding head a ragged130 pocket-handkerchief; some neighbour, by way of consolation131, echoing his remark.
‘Make way, gentlemen: pray be good enough to make way for a poor father of a family, who is carrying something to eat to five famished children.’ These were the words of one who came staggering under the weight of a large sack of flour; and everybody instantly drew back to attend to his request.’
‘I,’ said another, almost in an under-tone, to his companion, ‘I shall take my departure. I am a man of the world, and I know how these things go. These clowns who now make so much noise, to-morrow or next day will be shut up in their houses, cowering132 with fear. I have already noticed some faces, some worthy133 fellows, who are going about as spies, and taking note of those who are here and not here; and when all is over they will render in an account, and bring punishment on those who deserve it.’
‘He who protects the bakers,’ cried a sonorous134 voice, which attracted Renzo’s attention, ‘is the superintendent135 of provisions.’
‘They are all rascals,’ said a by-stander.
‘Yes; but he is at the head of them,’ replied the first.
The superintendent of provisions, elected every year by the gov-ernor, from a list of six nobles, formed by the council of decurioni, was the president of this council, as well as of the court of provisions, which, composed of twelve noblemen, had, together with other duties, that of overlooking the distribution of corn in the city.
The person who occupied this post must, necessarily, in times of scarcity and ignorance, have been regarded as the author of the evil, unless he had acted like Ferrer — a course which was not in his power, even had the idea entered his mind.
‘Rascals!’ exclaimed another: ‘could they do worse? They have actually dared to say that the high chancellor is an old fool, to rob him of his credit, and get the government into their own hands. We ought to make a large hen-coop, and put them in, to live upon vetches and cockle-weed, as they would treat us.’
‘Bread, eh!’ said one who was making as great haste as he could. ‘Bread? Blows with stones of a pound weight-stones falling plump, that came down like hail. And such breaking of ribs136! I long to be at my own house.’
Among such sentences as these, by which it is difficult to say whether he were more informed or perplexed137, and among numberless knocks and pushes, Renzo at last arrived opposite the bake-house. The crowds here had considerably138 dispersed, so that he could contemplate139 the dismal140 scene of recent confusion — the walls unplastered and defaced with stones and bricks, the windows broken, and the door destroyed.
‘These are no very fine doings,’ thought Renzo to himself: ‘if they treat all the bake-houses in this way, where will they make bread? In the ditches?’
From time to time somebody would issue from the house, carrying part of a bin141, of a tub, or of a bolting hutch, the pole of a kneading instrument, a bench, a basket, a journal, a waste-book, or something belonging to this unfortunate bake-house; and shouting ‘Make room, make room,’ would pass on through the crowd. All these, he observed, went in the same direction, and to some fixed place. Renzo, determined to find out the meaning of this procedure, followed behind a man who, having tied together a bundle of broken planks142 and chips, carried it off on his back, and, like the others, took the road that runs along the northern side of the cathedral, and receives its name from the flight of steps which was then in existence, and has only lately been removed. The wish of observing what happened, did not prevent our mountaineer, on arriving in sight of this noble pile, from stopping to gaze upwards, with open mouth. He then quickened his pace to overtake his self-chosen guide; and, on turning the corner, gave another glance at the front of the building, at that time in a rude and far-from-finished state, keeping all the while close behind his leader, who advanced towards the middle of the square. The crowds became more dense143 as he went forward, but they made way for the carrier; and while he cleft144 the waves of people, Renzo, following in his wake, arrived with him in the very centre of the throng. Here was a space, and in the midst a bonfire, a heap of embers, the relics145 of the implements146 before mentioned. Around, the people were dancing and clapping their hands, mingling147 in the uproar148 a thousand shouts of triumph and imprecation.
The man with the bundle upset it into the embers; others, with a long half-burnt pole, gathered them up and raked them together from the sides and underneath: the smoke increased and thickened, the flame again burst forth, and with it, the redoubled cries of the by-standers: ‘Hurrah for plenty! Death to those who would starve us! Away with the famine! Perish the Court of Provision! Perish the junta! Hurrah for plenty! Hurrah for bread!’
To say the truth, the destruction of sieves149 and kneading-troughs, the pillaging150 of bake-houses, and the routing of bakers, are not the most expeditious151 means of providing a supply of bread; but this is one of those metaphysical subtleties152 which never enter the mind of the multitude. Renzo, without being of too metaphysical a turn, yet not being in such a state of excitement as the others, could not avoid making this reflection in his mind; he kept it, however, to himself, for this, among other reasons: because, out of so many faces, there was not one that seemed to say, ‘My friend, if I am wrong, correct me, and I shall be indebted to you.’
The flame had again sunk; no one was seen approaching with fresh combustibles, and the crowd was beginning to feel impatient, when a rumour153 was spread that at the Cordusio (a small square or cross-way not far distant) they had laid siege to a bake-house. In similar circumstances, the announcement of an event very often produces it. Together with this rumour, a general wish to repair thither gained ground among the multitude: ‘I am going; are you going? Let us go, let us go!’ were heard in every direction; the crowd broke up, were set in motion, and moved on. Renzo remained behind, almost stationary, except when dragged forward by the torrent104; and in the mean while held counsel with himself, whether he should make his escape from the stir, and return to the convent in search of Father Bonaventura, or go and see this affray too. Curiosity prevailed. He resolved, however, not to mingle83 in the thickest of the crowd, at the risk of broken bones, or something worse; but to keep at a distance and watch. Having determined on his plans, and finding himself tolerably unobserved, he took out the second roll, and, biting off a mouthful, moved forward in the rear of the tumultuous body.
By the outlet154 at one corner of the square, the multitude had already entered the short and narrow street Pescheria vecchia2 and thence, through the crooked155 archway, into the Piazza156 de’ Mercanti.3 Very few were there who, in passing the niche157 which divides, about the centre, the terrace of the edifice158 then called the College of Doctors, did not cast a slight glance upwards at the great statue that adorns159 it — at that serious, surly, frowning, morose160 countenance161 of Don Filippo II., which, even in marble, enforces a feeling of respect, and seems ready to say, ‘I am here, you rabble162!’
This niche is now empty, by a singular accident. About a hundred and seventy years after the events we are now relating, one morning, the head of the statue that stood there was exchanged, the sceptre was taken out of his hand, and a dagger163 placed there instead, and on his statue was inscribed164 the name of Marcus Brutus. Thus adorned165, it remained, perhaps, a couple of years; but, one morning, some persons who had no sympathies with Marcus Brutus, and who must even have borne him a secret grudge166, threw a rope around the statue, tore it down, and bestowed167 upon it a hundred injuries; thus mangled168, and reduced to a shapeless trunk, they dragged it along, with a profuse169 accompaniment of epithets170, through the streets, and when they were well tired, threw it — no one knows where. Who would have foretold171 this to Andrea Biffi, when he sculptured it?
From the square of the Mercanti the clamorous172 multitude turned into the by-street de’ Fustagnai, whence they poured into the Cordusio. Every one, immediately on entering the square, turned their eyes towards the bake-house that had been indicated to them. But, instead of the crowd of friends whom they expected to find already at work, they saw only a few, irresolutely173 hovering174 about at some distance from the shop, which was fastened up, and protected by armed men at the windows, who gave tokens of a determination to defend themselves in case of need. They, therefore, turned back and paused, to inform those who were coming up, and see what course the others would wish to take; some returned, or remained behind. There was a general retreat and detention175, asking and answering of questions, a kind of stagnation176, sighs of irresolution177, then a general murmur44 of consultation178. At this moment an ill-omened voice was heard in the midst of the crowd: ‘The house of the superintendent of provisions is close by; let us go and get justice, and lay siege to it.’ It seemed rather the common recollection of an agreement already concluded, than the acceptance of a proposal. ‘To the superintendent’s! to the superintendent’s! was the only cry that could be heard. The crowd moved forward with unanimous fury towards the street where the house, named at such an ill-fated moment, was situated179.
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1
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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exacerbation
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| n.恶化，激怒，增剧；转剧 | |
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chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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21
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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22
bakers
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| n.面包师( baker的名词复数 )；面包店；面包店店主；十三 | |
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23
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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24
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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25
propped
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| 支撑，支持，维持( prop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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26
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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27
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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28
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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29
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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30
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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31
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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32
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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33
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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34
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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35
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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36
tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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37
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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38
irrational
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| adj.无理性的，失去理性的 | |
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39
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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40
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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42
drudge
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| n.劳碌的人；v.做苦工，操劳 | |
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43
importunate
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| adj.强求的；纠缠不休的 | |
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44
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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45
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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46
replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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47
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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48
iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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49
shovel
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| n.铁锨，铲子，一铲之量；v.铲，铲出 | |
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50
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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51
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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52
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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53
revoking
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| v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的现在分词 ) | |
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54
iota
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| n.些微，一点儿 | |
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55
jargon
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| n.术语，行话 | |
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56
junta
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| n.团体；政务审议会 | |
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57
preambles
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| n.序( preamble的名词复数 )；绪言；（法令、文件等的）序文；前言 | |
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58
subterfuges
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| n.（用说谎或欺骗以逃脱责备、困难等的）花招，遁词( subterfuge的名词复数 ) | |
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59
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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60
raved
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| v.胡言乱语( rave的过去式和过去分词 )；愤怒地说；咆哮；痴心地说 | |
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61
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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62
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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63
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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64
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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65
rogues
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| n.流氓( rogue的名词复数 )；无赖；调皮捣蛋的人；离群的野兽 | |
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66
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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67
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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68
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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69
random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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70
exclamation
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| n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词 | |
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71
resounding
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| adj. 响亮的 | |
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72
impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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73
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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74
tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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75
straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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76
tepid
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|
| adj.微温的，温热的，不太热心的 | |
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77
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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78
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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79
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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80
animated
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|
| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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81
pillaged
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|
| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
insignificant
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|
| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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83
mingle
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|
| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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84
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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85
crutches
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|
| n.拐杖, 支柱 v.支撑 | |
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86
unintelligibly
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| 难以理解地 | |
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87
forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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88
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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89
throng
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|
| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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90
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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91
grumbling
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| adj. 喃喃鸣不平的, 出怨言的 | |
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92
dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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93
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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94
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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95
repulsing
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|
| v.击退( repulse的现在分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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96
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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97
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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98
rascals
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|
| 流氓( rascal的名词复数 )； 无赖； （开玩笑说法）淘气的人（尤指小孩）； 恶作剧的人 | |
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99
profundities
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| n.深奥，深刻，深厚( profundity的名词复数 )；堂奥 | |
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100
repulsed
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|
| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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101
villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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102
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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103
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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104
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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105
slates
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| （旧时学生用以写字的）石板( slate的名词复数 )； 板岩； 石板瓦； 石板色 | |
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106
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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107
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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108
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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109
untying
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| untie的现在分词 | |
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110
underneath
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|
| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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111
aprons
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| 围裙( apron的名词复数 )； 停机坪，台口（舞台幕前的部份） | |
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112
dough
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| n.生面团；钱，现款 | |
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113
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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114
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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115
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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116
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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118
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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119
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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120
itched
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| v.发痒( itch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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122
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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123
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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124
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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125
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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126
imposture
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| n.冒名顶替，欺骗 | |
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127
hurrah
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| int.好哇，万岁，乌拉 | |
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128
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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129
foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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130
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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131
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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132
cowering
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的现在分词 ) | |
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133
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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134
sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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135
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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136
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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137
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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138
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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139
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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140
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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141
bin
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| n.箱柜；vt.放入箱内；[计算机] DOS文件名:二进制目标文件 | |
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142
planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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143
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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144
cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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145
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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146
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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147
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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148
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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149
sieves
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| 筛，漏勺( sieve的名词复数 ) | |
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150
pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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151
expeditious
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| adj.迅速的，敏捷的 | |
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152
subtleties
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| 细微( subtlety的名词复数 )； 精细； 巧妙； 细微的差别等 | |
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153
rumour
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| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
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154
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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155
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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156
piazza
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| n.广场；走廊 | |
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157
niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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158
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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159
adorns
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| 装饰，佩带( adorn的第三人称单数 ) | |
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160
morose
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| adj.脾气坏的，不高兴的 | |
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161
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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162
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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163
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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164
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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165
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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166
grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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167
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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168
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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169
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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170
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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171
foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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172
clamorous
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| adj.吵闹的，喧哗的 | |
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173
irresolutely
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| adv.优柔寡断地 | |
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174
hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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175
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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176
stagnation
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| n. 停滞 | |
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177
irresolution
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| n.不决断，优柔寡断，犹豫不定 | |
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178
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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179
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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