Though no theocrat16, and more than most philosophers a believer in political systems, Mr. Carlyle very fairly finds the calamity17 of the times not in bad bills of Parliament, nor the remedy in good bills, but the vice18 in false and superficial aims of the people, and the remedy in honesty and insight. Like every work of genius, its great value is in telling such simple truths. As we recall the topics, we are struck with the force given to the plain truths; the picture of the English nation all sitting enchanted19, the poor enchanted so they cannot work, the rich enchanted so that they cannot enjoy, and are rich in vain; the exposure of the progress of fraud into all arts and social activities; the proposition, that the laborer20 must have a greater share in his earnings21; that the principle of permanence shall be admitted into all contracts of mutual22 service; that the state shall provide at least school-master’s education for all the citizens; the exhortation23 to the workman, that he shall respect the work and not the wages; to the scholar, that he shall be there for light; to the idle, that no man shall sit idle; the picture of Abbot Samson, the true governor, who “is not there to expect reason and nobleness of others, he is there to give them of his own reason and nobleness;” and the assumption throughout the book, that a new chivalry24 and nobility, namely the dynasty of labor is replacing the old nobilities. These things strike us with a force, which reminds us of the morals of the Oriental or early Greek masters, and of no modern book. Truly in these things there is great reward. It is not by sitting still at a grand distance, and calling the human race larvae25, that men are to be helped, nor by helping26 the depraved after their own foolish fashion, but by doing unweariedly the particular work we were born to do. Let no man think himself absolved27 because he does a generous action and befriends the poor, but let him see whether he so holds his property that a benefit goes from it to all. A man’s diet should be what is simplest and readiest to be had, because it is so private a good. His house should be better, because that is for the use of hundreds, perhaps of thousands, and is the property of the traveler. But his speech is a perpetual and public instrument; let that always side with the race, and yield neither a lie nor a sneer28. His manners, — let them be hospitable29 and civilizing30, so that no Phidias or Raphael shall have taught anything better in canvass31 or stone; and his acts should be representative of the human race, as one who makes them rich in his having and poor in his want.
It requires great courage in a man of letters to handle the contemporary practical questions; not because he then has all men for his rivals, but because of the infinite entanglements32 of the problem, and the waste of strength in gathering33 unripe34 fruits. The task is superhuman; and the poet knows well, that a little time will do more than the most puissant35 genius. Time stills the loud noise of opinions, sinks the small, raises the great, so that the true emerges without effort and in perfect harmony to all eyes; but the truth of the present hour, except in particulars and single relations, is unattainable. Each man can very well know his own part of duty, if he will; but to bring out the truth for beauty and as literature, surmounts36 the powers of art. The most elaborate history of to-day will have the oddest dislocated look in the next generation. The historian of to-day is yet three ages off. The poet cannot descend37 into the turbid38 present without injury to his rarest gifts. Hence that necessity of isolation39 which genius has always felt. He must stand on his glass tripod, if he would keep his electricity.
But when the political aspects are so calamitous40, that the sympathies of the man overpower the habits of the poet, a higher than literary inspiration may succor41 him. It is a costly42 proof of character, that the most renowned43 scholar of England should take his reputation in his hand, and should descend into the ring, and he has added to his love whatever honor his opinions may forfeit44. To atone45 for this departure from the vows46 of the scholar and his eternal duties, to this secular47 charity, we have at least this gain, that here is a message which those to whom it was addressed cannot choose but hear. Though they die, they must listen. It is plain that whether by hope or by fear, or were it only by delight in this panorama48 of brilliant images, all the great classes of English society must read, even those whose existence it proscribes49. Poor Queen Victoria, — poor Sir Robert Peel, — poor Primate50 and Bishops51, — poor Dukes and Lords! there is no help in place or pride, or in looking another way; a grain of wit is more penetrating52 than the lightning of the night-storm, which no curtains or shutters53 will keep out. Here is a book which will be read, no thanks to anybody but itself. What pains, what hopes, what vows, shall come of the reading! Here is a book as full of treason as an egg is full of meat, and every lordship and worship and high form and ceremony of English conservatism tossed like a foot-ball into the air, and kept in the air with merciless kicks and rebounds54, and yet not a word is punishable by statute55. The wit has eluded56 all official zeal57; and yet these dire58 jokes, these cunning thrusts, this flaming sword of Cherubim waved high in air illuminates59 the whole horizon, and shows to the eyes of the universe every wound it inflicts60. Worst of all for the party attacked, it bereaves61 them beforehand of all sympathy, by anticipating the plea of poetic62 and humane63 conservatism, and impressing the reader with the conviction, that the satirist64 himself has the truest love for everything old and excellent in English land and institutions, and a genuine respect for the basis of truth in those whom he exposes.
We are at some loss how to state what strikes us as the fault of this remarkable65 book, for the variety and excellence66 of the talent displayed in it is pretty sure to leave all special criticism in the wrong. And we may easily fail in expressing the general objection which we feel. It appears to us as a certain disproportion in the picture, caused by the obtrusion67 of the whims68 of the painter. In this work, as in his former labors69, Mr. Carlyle reminds us of a sick giant. His humors, are expressed with so much force of constitution, that his fancies are more attractive and more credible70 than the sanity71 of duller men. But the habitual72 exaggeration of the tone wearies whilst it stimulates73. It is felt to be so much deduction74 from the universality of the picture. It is not serene75 sunshine, but everything is seen in lurid76 stormlights. Every object attitudinizes, to the very mountains and stars almost, under the refractions of this wonderful humorist, and instead of the common earth and sky, we have a Martin’s Creation or Judgment77 Day. A crisis has always arrived which requires a deus ex machina. One can hardly credit, whilst under the spell of this magician, that the world always had the same bankrupt look, to foregoing ages as to us, — as of a failed world just recollecting78 its old withered79 forces to begin again and try and do a little business. It was perhaps inseparable from the attempt to write a book of wit and imagination on English politics that a certain local emphasis and of effect, such as is the vice of preaching, should appear, producing on the reader a feeling of forlornness by the excess of value attributed to circumstances. But the splendor80 of wit cannot outdazzle the calm daylight, which always shows every individual man in balance with his age, and able to work out his own salvation81 from all the follies82 of that, and no such glaring contrasts or severalties in that or this. Each age has its own follies, as its majority is made up of foolish young people; its superstitions83 appear no superstitions to itself; and if you should ask the contemporary, he would tell you with pride or with regret (according as he was practical or poetic) that it had none. But after a short time, down go its follies and weakness, and the memory of them; its virtues85 alone remain, and its limitation assumes the poetic form of a beautiful superstition84, as the dimness of our sight clothes the objects in the horizon with mist and color. The revelation of Reason is this of the unchangeableness of the fact of humanity under all its subjective86 aspects, that to the cowering87 it always cowers88, to the daring it opens great avenues. The ancients are only venerable to us, because distance has destroyed what was trivial; as the sun and stars affect us only grandly, because we cannot reach to their smoke and surfaces, and say, Is that all?
And yet the gravity of the times, the manifold and increasing dangers of the English state, may easily excuse some over-coloring of the picture, and we at this distance are not so far removed from any of the specific evils, and are deeply participant in too many, not to share the gloom, and thank the love and the courage of the counsellor. This book is full of humanity, and nothing is more excellent in this, as in all Mr. Carlyle’s works, than the attitude of the writer. He has the dignity of a man of letters who knows what belongs to him, and never deviates89 from his sphere; a continuer of the great line of scholars, and sustains their office in the highest credit and honor. If the good heaven have any word to impart to this unworthy generation, here is one scribe qualified90 and clothed for its occasion. One excellence he has in an age of Mammon and of criticism, that he never suffers the eye of his wonder to close. Let who will be the dupe of trifles, he cannot keep his eye off from that gracious Infinite which embosoms us. As a literary artist, he has great merits, beginning with the main one, that he never wrote one dull line. How well read, how adroit91, what thousand arts in his one art of writing; with his expedient92 for expressing those unproven opinions, which he entertains but will not endorse93, by summoning one of his men of straw from the cell, and the respectable Sauerteig, or Teufelsdrock, or Dryasdust, or Picturesque94 Traveller says what is put into his mouth and disappears. That morbid95 temperament96 has given his rhetoric97 a somewhat bloated character, a luxury to many imaginative and learned persons, like a showery south wind with its sunbursts and rapid chasing of lights and glooms over the landscape, and yet its offensiveness to multitudes of reluctant lovers makes us often wish some concession98 were possible on the part of the humorist. Yet it must not be forgotten that in all his fun of castanets, or playing of tunes99 with a whiplash like some renowned charioteers, — in all this glad and needful vending100 of his redundant101 spirits, — he does yet ever and anon, as if catching102 the glance of one wise man in the crowd, quit his tempestuous103 key, and lance at him in clear level tone the very word, and then with new glee returns to his game. He is like a lover or an outlaw104 who wraps up his message in a serenade, which is nonsense to the sentinel, but salvation to the ear for which it is meant. He does not dodge105 the question, but gives sincerity106 where it is due.
One word more respecting this remarkable style. We have in literature few specimens107 of magnificence. Plato is the purple ancient, and Bacon and Milton the moderns of the richest strains. Burke sometimes reaches to that exuberant108 fulness, though deficient109 in depth. Carlyle in his strange half mad way, has entered the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and shown a vigor110 and wealth of resource, which has no rival in the tourney play of these times; — the indubitable champion of England. Carlyle is the first domestication111 of the modern system with its infinity112 of details into style. We have been civilizing very fast, building London and Paris, and now planting New England and India, New Holland and Oregon, — and it has not appeared in literature, — there has been no analogous113 expansion and recomposition in books. Carlyle’s style is the first emergence114 of all this wealth and labor, with which the world has gone with child so long. London and Europe tunnelled, graded, corn-lawed, with trade-nobility, and east and west Indies for dependencies, and America, with the Rocky Hills in the horizon, have never before been conquered in literature. This is the first invasion and conquest. How like an air-balloon or bird of Jove does he seem to float over the continent, and stooping here and there pounce115 on a fact as a symbol which was never a symbol before. This is the first experiment; and something of rudeness and haste must be pardoned to so great an achievement. It will be done again and again, sharper, simpler, but fortunate is he who did it first, though never so giant-like and fabulous116. This grandiose117 character pervades118 his wit and his imagination. We have never had anything in literature so like earthquakes, as the laughter of Carlyle. He “shakes with his mountain mirth.” It is like the laughter of the genii in the horizon. These jokes shake down Parliament-house and Windsor Castle, Temple, and Tower, and the future shall echo the dangerous peals119. The other particular of magnificence is in his rhymes. Carlyle is a poet who is altogether too burly in his frame and habit to submit to the limits of metre. Yet he is full of rhythm not only in the perpetual melody of his periods, but in the burdens, refrains, and grand returns of his sense and music. Whatever thought or motto has once appeared to him fraught120 with meaning, becomes an omen121 to him henceforward, and is sure to return with deeper tones and weightier import, now as promise, now as threat, now as confirmation122, in gigantic reverberation123, as if the hills, the horizon, and the next ages returned the sound.
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1
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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mischiefs
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| 损害( mischief的名词复数 )； 危害； 胡闹； 调皮捣蛋的人 | |
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plausibility
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| n. 似有道理, 能言善辩 | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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theocrat
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| n.神权统治者，神政主义者，神权政治家 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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exhortation
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| n.劝告，规劝 | |
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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larvae
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| n.幼虫 | |
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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absolved
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| 宣告…无罪，赦免…的罪行，宽恕…的罪行( absolve的过去式和过去分词 )； 不受责难，免除责任 [义务] ,开脱（罪责） | |
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sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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civilizing
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| v.使文明，使开化( civilize的现在分词 ) | |
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canvass
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| v.招徕顾客，兜售；游说；详细检查，讨论 | |
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entanglements
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| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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unripe
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| adj.未成熟的；n.未成熟 | |
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puissant
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| adj.强有力的 | |
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surmounts
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| 战胜( surmount的第三人称单数 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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isolation
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| n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离 | |
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calamitous
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| adj.灾难的，悲惨的；多灾多难；惨重 | |
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succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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forfeit
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| vt.丧失；n.罚金，罚款，没收物 | |
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atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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proscribes
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| v.正式宣布（某事物）有危险或被禁止( proscribe的第三人称单数 ) | |
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50
primate
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| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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52
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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53
shutters
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| 百叶窗( shutter的名词复数 )； （照相机的）快门 | |
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54
rebounds
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| 反弹球( rebound的名词复数 )； 回弹球； 抢断篮板球； 复兴 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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56
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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illuminates
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| v.使明亮( illuminate的第三人称单数 )；照亮；装饰；说明 | |
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inflicts
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的第三人称单数 ) | |
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bereaves
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| v.使失去（希望、生命等）( bereave的第三人称单数 )；（尤指死亡）使丧失（亲人、朋友等）；使孤寂；抢走（财物） | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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satirist
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| n.讽刺诗作者，讽刺家，爱挖苦别人的人 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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obtrusion
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| n.强制，莽撞 | |
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WHIMS
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| 虚妄，禅病 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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credible
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| adj.可信任的，可靠的 | |
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sanity
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| n.心智健全，神智正常，判断正确 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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stimulates
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| v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 )；激励；使兴奋；起兴奋作用，起刺激作用，起促进作用 | |
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deduction
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| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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lurid
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| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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recollecting
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| v.记起，想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
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withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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80
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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81
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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82
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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83
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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84
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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85
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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subjective
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| a.主观(上)的，个人的 | |
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87
cowering
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的现在分词 ) | |
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88
cowers
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的第三人称单数 ) | |
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deviates
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| v.偏离，越轨( deviate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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endorse
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| vt.(支票、汇票等)背书，背署；批注；同意 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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rhetoric
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| n.修辞学，浮夸之言语 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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99
tunes
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| n.曲调，曲子( tune的名词复数 )v.调音( tune的第三人称单数 )；调整；（给收音机、电视等）调谐；使协调 | |
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100
vending
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| v.出售（尤指土地等财产）( vend的现在分词 )；（尤指在公共场所）贩卖；发表（意见，言论）；声明 | |
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101
redundant
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| adj.多余的，过剩的；(食物)丰富的；被解雇的 | |
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102
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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103
tempestuous
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| adj.狂暴的 | |
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104
outlaw
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| n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法 | |
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dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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107
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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108
exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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111
domestication
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| n.驯养，驯化 | |
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112
infinity
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| n.无限，无穷，大量 | |
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113
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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114
emergence
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| n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体 | |
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115
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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116
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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grandiose
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| adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的 | |
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118
pervades
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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119
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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120
fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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121
omen
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| n.征兆，预兆；vt.预示 | |
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122
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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123
reverberation
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| 反响； 回响； 反射； 反射物 | |
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