By way of precaution against it, then, it is my design to sketch10 the nature, the origin, and effects of slander, though indeed the picture is already in existence, by the hand of Apelles. He had been traduced11 in the ears of Ptolemy as an accomplice12 of Theodotas in the Tyrian conspiracy13. As a matter of fact he had never seen Tyre, and knew nothing of Theodotas beyond the information that he was an officer of Ptolemy’s in charge of Phoenicia. However, that did not prevent another painter called Antiphilus, who was jealous of his court influence and professional skill, from reporting his supposed complicity to Ptolemy: he had seen him at Theodotas’s table in Phoenicia, whispering in his ear all through dinner; he finally got as far as making Apelles out prime instigator15 of the Tyrian revolt and the capture of Pelusium.
Ptolemy was not distinguished16 for sagacity; he had been brought up on the royal diet of adulation; and the incredible tale so inflamed17 and carried him away that the probabilities of the case never struck him: the traducer18 was a professional rival; a painter’s insignificance19 was hardly equal to the part; and this particular painter had had nothing but good at his hands, having been exalted20 by him above his fellows. But no, he did not even find out whether Apelles had ever made a voyage to Tyre; it pleased him to fall into a passion and make the palace ring with denunciations of the ingrate21, the plotter, the conspirator22. Luckily one of the prisoners, between disgust at Antiphilus’s effrontery23 and compassion24 for Apelles, stated that the poor man had never been told a word of their designs; but for this, he would have paid with his head for his non-complicity in the Tyrian troubles.
Ptolemy was sufficiently25 ashamed of himself, we learn, to make Apelles a present of ￡25,000, besides handing Antiphilus over to him as a slave. The painter was impressed by his experience, and took his revenge upon Slander in a picture.
On the right sits a man with long ears almost of the Midas pattern, stretching out a hand to Slander, who is still some way off, but coming. About him are two females whom I take for Ignorance and Assumption. Slander, approaching from the left, is an extraordinarily26 beautiful woman, but with a heated, excitable air that suggests delusion27 and impulsiveness28; in her left hand is a lighted torch, and with her right she is haling a youth by the hair; he holds up hands to heaven and calls the Gods to witness his innocence29. Showing Slander the way is a man with piercing eyes, but pale, deformed30, and shrunken as from long illness; one may easily guess him to be Envy. Two female attendants encourage Slander, acting31 as tire-women, and adding touches to her beauty; according to the cicerone, one of these is Malice32, and the other Deceit. Following behind in mourning guise33, black-robed and with torn hair, comes (I think he named her) Repentance34. She looks tearfully behind her, awaiting shame-faced the approach of Truth. That was how Apelles translated his peril35 into paint.
I propose that we too execute in his spirit a portrait of Slander and her surroundings; and to avoid vagueness let us start with a definition or outline. Slander, we will say, is an undefended indictment36, concealed37 from its object, and owing its success to one-sided half-informed procedure. Now we have something to go upon. Further, our actors, as in comedy 1, are three — the slanderer38, the slandered39, and the recipient40 of the slander; let us take each in turn and see how his case works out.
And first for our chief character, the manufacturer of the slander. That he is not a good man needs no proof; no good man will injure his neighbour; good men’s reputation, and their credit for kindness, is based on the benefits they confer upon their friends, not on unfounded disparagement41 of others and the ousting42 of them from their friends’ affections.
Secondly43, it is easy to realize that such a person offends against justice, law, and piety44, and is a pest to all who associate with him. Equality in everything, and contentment with your proper share, are the essentials of justice; inequality and overreaching, of injustice45; that every one will admit. It is not less clear that the man who secretly slanders46 the absent is guilty of over-reaching; he is insisting on entire possession of his hearer, appropriating and enclosing his ears, guarding them against impartiality48 by blocking them with prejudice. Such procedure is unjust to the last degree; we have the testimony49 of the best law-givers for that; Solon and Draco made every juror swear that he would hear indifferently, and view both parties with equal benevolence50, till the defence should have been compared with the prosecution51 and proved better or worse than it. Before such balancing of the speeches, they considered that the forming of a conclusion must be impious and unholy. We may indeed literally52 suppose Heaven to be offended, if we license53 the accuser to say what he will, and then, closing our own ears or the defendant’s mouth, allow our judgement to be dictated54 by the first speech. No one can say, then, that the uttering of slander is reconcilable with the requirements of justice, of law, or of the juror’s oath. If it is objected that the lawgivers are no sufficient authority for such extreme justice and impartiality, I fall back on the prince of poets, who has expressed a sound opinion, or let me say, laid down a sound law on the subject:
or give thy judgement, till both sides are heard.
He too was doubtless very well aware that, of all the ills that flesh is heir to, none is more grievous or more iniquitous55 than that a man should be condemned56 unjudged and unheard. That is precisely57 what the slanderer tries to effect by exposing the slandered without trial to his hearer’s wrath58, and precluding59 1 defence by the secrecy60 of his denunciation.
Every such person is a skulker61 and a coward; he will not come into the open; he is an ambuscader shooting from a lurking-place, whose opponent cannot meet him nor have it out with him, but must be shot down helplessly before he knows that war is afoot; there could be no clearer proof that his allegations are baseless. Of course a man who knows he is bringing true charges does the exposure in public, challengers inquiry, and faces examination; just so no one who can win a pitched battle will resort to ambush62 and deceit.
It is in kings’ courts that these creatures are mostly found; they thrive in the atmosphere of dominion63 and power, where envy is rife64, suspicions innumerable, and the opportunities for flattery and back-biting endless. Where hopes are higher, there envy is more intense, hatred65 more reckless, and jealousy66 more unscrupulous. They all keep close watch upon one another, spying like duellists for a weak spot. Every one would be first, and to that end shoves and elbows his neighbour aside, and does his best to pull back or trip the man in front of him. One whose equipment is limited to goodness is very soon thrown down, dragged about, and finally thrust forth67 with ignominy; while he who is prepared to flatter, and can make servility plausible68, is high in credit, gets first to his end, and triumphs. These people bear out the words of Homer:
Th’ impartial47 War-God slayeth him that slew70.
Convinced that the prize is great, they elaborate their mutual71 stratagems72, among which slander is at once the speediest and the most uncertain; high are the hopes with which this child of envy or hatred is born; pitiful, gloomy and disastrous73 the end to which it comes.
Success is by no means the easy simple matter it may be supposed; it demands much skill and tact74, with the most concentrated attention. Slander would never do the harm it does, if it were not made plausible; it would never prevail against truth, that strongest of all things, if it were not dressed up into really attractive bait.
The chief mark for it is the man who is in favour, and therefore enviable in the eyes of his distanced competitors; they all regard him as standing75 in their light, and let fly at him; every one thinks he will be first if he can only dispose of this conspicuous76 person and spoil him of his favour. You, may see the same thing among runners at the games. The good runner, from the moment the barrier falls, simply makes the best of his way; his thoughts are on the winning-post, his hopes of victory in his feet; he leaves his neighbour alone and does not concern himself at all with his competitors. It is the ill qualified77, with no prospect78 of winning by his speed, who resorts to foul79 play; his one pre-occupation is how he may stop, impede80, curb81 the real runner, because failing that his own victory is out of the question. The persons we are concerned with race in like manner for the favour of the great. The one who forges ahead is at once the object of plots, is taken at a disadvantage by his enemies when his thoughts are elsewhere, and got rid of, while they get credit for devotion by the harm they do to others.
The credibility of the slander is by no means left to take care of itself; it is the chief object of their solicitude82; they are extremely cautious against inconsistencies or contradictions. The usual method is to seize upon real characteristics of a victim, and only paint these in darker colours, which allows verisimilitude. A man is a doctor; they make him out a poisoner; wealth figures as tyranny; the tyrant’s ready tool is a ready traitor83 too.
Sometimes, however, the hint is taken from the hearer’s own nature; the villains84 succeed by using a bait that will tempt85 him. They know he is jealous, and they tell him: ‘He beckoned86 to your wife at dinner, and sighed as he gazed at her; and Stratonice — well, did not seem offended.’ Or he writes poetry, and piques87 himself upon it; then, ‘Philoxenus had great sport pulling your poem to pieces — said the metre was faulty and the composition vile88.’ A devout89 religious person is told that his friend is an atheist90 and a blasphemer, rejects belief and denies Providence91. That is quite enough; the venom92 has entered at the ear and inflamed the brain; the man does not wait for confirmation93, but abandons his friend.
In a word, they invent and say the kind of thing that they know will be most irritating to their hearer, and having a full knowledge of his vulnerable point, concentrate their fire upon it; he is to be too much flustered94 by rage to have time for investigation95; the very surprise of what he is told is to be so convincing to him that he will not hear, even if his friend is willing to plead.
That slander, indeed, is especially effective which is unwelcome; Demetrius the Platonic96 was reported to Ptolemy Dionysus for a water drinker, and for the only man who had declined to put on female attire97 at the Dionysia. He was summoned next morning, and had to drink in public, dress up in gauze, clash and dance to the cymbals98, or he would have been put to death for disapproving99 the King’s life, and setting up for a critic of his luxurious100 ways.
At Alexander’s court there was no more fatal imputation101 than that of refusing worship and adoration102 to Hephaestion. Alexander had been so fond of him that to appoint him a God after his death was, for such a worker of marvels103, nothing out of the way. The various cities at once built temples to him, holy ground was consecrated104, altars, offerings and festivals instituted to this new divinity; if a man would be believed, he must swear by Hephaestion. For smiling at these proceedings105, or showing the slightest lack of reverence106, the penalty was death. The flatterers cherished, fanned, and put the bellows107 to this childish fancy of Alexander’s; they had visions and manifestations108 of Hephaestion to relate; they invented cures and attributed oracles109 to him; they did not stop short of doing sacrifice to this God of Help and Protection. Alexander was delighted, and ended by believing in it all; it gratified his vanity to think that he was now not only a God’s son, but a God-maker. It would be interesting to know how many of his friends in those days found that what the new divinity did for them was to supply a charge of irreverence110 on which they might be dismissed and deprived of the King’s favour.
Agathocles of Samos was a valued officer of his, who very narrowly escaped being thrown into a lion’s cage; the offence reported against him was shedding tears as he passed Hephaestion’s tomb. The tale goes that he was saved by Perdiccas, who swore, by all the Gods and Hephaestion, that the God had appeared plainly to him as he was hunting, and charged him to bid Alexander spare Agathocles: his tears had meant neither scepticism nor mourning, but been merely a tribute to the friendship that was gone.
Flattery and slander had just then their opportunity in Alexander’s emotional condition. In a siege, the assailants do not attempt a part of the defences that is high, precipitous, or solid; they direct all their force at some rotten, low, or neglected point, expecting to get in and effect the capture most easily so. Similarly the slanderer finds out where the soul is weak or corrupt111 or accessible, there makes his assault, there applies his engines, or effects an entry at a point where there are no defenders112 to mark his approach. Once in, he soon has all in flames; fire and sword and devastation113 clear out the previous occupants; how else should it be when a soul is captured and enslaved?
His siege-train includes deceit, falsehood, perjury114, insinuation, effrontery, and a thousand other moral laxities. But the chief of them all is Flattery, the blood relation, the sister indeed, of Slander. No heart so high, so fenced with adamant115, but Flattery will master it, with the aid of Slander undermining and sapping its foundations.
That is what goes on outside. But within there are traitorous116 parties working to the same end, stretching hands of help to the attack, opening the gates, and doing their utmost to bring the capture about. There are those ever-present human frailties117, fickleness118 and satiety119; there is the appetite for the surprising. We all delight, I cannot tell why, in whisperings and insinuations. I know people whose ears are as agreeably titillated120 with slander as their skin with a feather.
Supported by all these allies, the attack prevails; victory is hardly in doubt for a moment; there is no defence or resistance to the assault; the hearer surrenders without reluctance121, and the slandered knows nothing of what is going on; as when a town is stormed by night, he has his throat cut in his sleep.
The most pitiful thing is when, all unconscious of how matters stand, he comes to his friend with a cheerful countenance122, having nothing to be ashamed of, and talks and behaves as usual, just as if the toils123 were not all round him. Then if the other has any nobility or generous spirit of fair play in him, he gives vent14 to his anger and pours out his soul; after which he allows him to answer, and so finds out how he has been abused.
But if he is mean and ignoble124, he receives him with a lip smile, while he is gnashing his teeth in covert125 rage, wrathfully brooding in the soul’s dark depth, as the poet describes it. I know nothing so characteristic of a warped126 slavish nature as to bite the lip while you nurse your spite and cultivate your secret hatred, one thing in your heart and another on your tongue, playing with the gay looks of comedy a lamentable127 sinister128 tragedy. This is especially apt to occur, when the slander conies from one who is known for an old friend of the slandered. When that is the case, a man pays no attention to anything the victim or his apologists may say; that old friendship affords a sufficient presumption129 of truth; he forgets that estrangements, unknown to outsiders, constantly part the greatest friends; and sometimes a man will try to escape the consequences of his own faults by attributing similar ones to his neighbour and getting his denunciation in first. It may be taken, indeed, that no one will venture to slander an enemy; that is too unconvincing; the motive130 is so obvious. It is the supposed friend that is the most promising131 object, the idea being to give your hearer absolute proof of your devotion to him by sacrificing your dearest to his interests.
It must be added that there are persons who, if they subsequently learn that they have condemned a friend in error, are too much ashamed of that error to receive or look him in the face again; you might suppose the discovery of his innocence was a personal injury to them.
It is not, then, too much to say that life is made miserable132 by these lightly and incuriously credited slanders. Antea said to Proetus, after she had solicited133 and been scorned by Bellerophon;
Die thou the death, if thou slay69 not the man
That so would have enforc’d my chastity!
By the machinations of this lascivious134 woman, the young man came near perishing in his combat with the Chimera135, as the penalty for continence and loyalty136 to his host. And Phaedra, who made a similar charge against her stepson, succeeded in bringing down upon Hippolytus a father’s curse, though God knows how innocent he was.
‘Ah, yes,’ I fancy some one objecting; ‘but the traducer sometimes deserves credit, being known for a just and a wise man; then he ought to be listened to, as one incapable137 of villany.’ What? was there ever a juster man than Aristides? yet he led the opposition138 to Themistocles and incited139 the people against him, pricked140 by the same political ambition as he. Aristides was a just man in all other relations; but he was human, he had a gall141, he was open to likes and dislikes.
And if the story of Palamedes is true, the wisest of the Greeks, a great man in other respects too, stands convicted of hatching that insidious142 plot 1; the ties that bind143 kinsmen144, friends, and comrades in danger, had to yield to jealousy. To be a man is to be subject to this temptation.
It is superfluous145 to refer to Socrates, misrepresented to the Athenians as an impious plotter, to Themistocles or Miltiades, suspected after all their victories of betraying Greece; such examples are innumerable, and most of them familiar.
What, then, should a man of sense do, when he finds one friend’s virtue146 pitted against another’s truth? Why, surely, learn from Homer’s parable147 of the Sirens; he advises sailing past these ear-charmers; we should stuff up our ears; we should not open them freely to the prejudiced, but station there a competent hall-porter in the shape of Judgement, who shall inspect every vocal148 visitor, and take it on himself to admit the worthy149, but shut the door in the face of others. How absurd to have such an official at our house door, and leave our ears and understandings open to intrusion!
So, when any one comes to you with a tale, examine it on its merits, regardless of the informant’s age, general conduct, or skill in speech. The more plausible he is, the greater need of care. Never trust another’s judgement — it may be in reality only his dislike — but reserve the inquiry to yourself; let envy, if such it was, recoil150 upon the backbiter, your trial of the two men’s characters be an open one, and your award of contempt and approval deliberate. To award them earlier, carried away by the first word of slander — why, God bless me, how puerile151 and mean and iniquitous it all is!
And the cause of it, as we started with saying, is ignorance, and the mystery that conceals152 men’s characters. Would some God unveil all lives to us, Slander would retire discomfited153 to the bottomless pit; for the illumination of truth would be over all.
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1
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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embroiled
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| adj.卷入的；纠缠不清的 | |
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slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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traduced
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| v.诋毁( traduce的过去式和过去分词 )；诽谤；违反；背叛 | |
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accomplice
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| n.从犯，帮凶，同谋 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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instigator
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| n.煽动者 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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traducer
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| n.诽谤者 | |
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insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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ingrate
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| n.忘恩负义的人 | |
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conspirator
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| n.阴谋者，谋叛者 | |
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effrontery
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| n.厚颜无耻 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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impulsiveness
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| n.冲动 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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deformed
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| adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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slanderer
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| 造谣中伤者 | |
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slandered
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| 造谣中伤( slander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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ousting
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| 驱逐( oust的现在分词 )； 革职； 罢黜； 剥夺 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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slanders
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| 诽谤，诋毁( slander的名词复数 ) | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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precluding
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| v.阻止( preclude的现在分词 )；排除；妨碍；使…行不通 | |
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60
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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61
skulker
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| n.偷偷隐躲起来的人，偷懒的人 | |
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62
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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63
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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64
rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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65
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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66
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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67
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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68
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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69
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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70
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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71
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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72
stratagems
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| n.诡计，计谋( stratagem的名词复数 )；花招 | |
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73
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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74
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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75
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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76
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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77
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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78
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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79
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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80
impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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81
curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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82
solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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83
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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84
villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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85
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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86
beckoned
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| v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
piques
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| v.伤害…的自尊心( pique的第三人称单数 )；激起（好奇心） | |
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88
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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89
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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90
atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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91
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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92
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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93
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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94
flustered
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| adj.慌张的；激动不安的v.使慌乱，使不安( fluster的过去式和过去分词) | |
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95
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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96
platonic
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| adj.精神的；柏拉图（哲学）的 | |
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97
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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98
cymbals
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| pl.铙钹 | |
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99
disapproving
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| adj.不满的，反对的v.不赞成( disapprove的现在分词 ) | |
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100
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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101
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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102
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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103
marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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104
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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105
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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106
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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107
bellows
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| n.风箱；发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的名词复数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的第三人称单数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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108
manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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109
oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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110
irreverence
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| n.不尊敬 | |
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111
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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112
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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113
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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114
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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115
adamant
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| adj.坚硬的，固执的 | |
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116
traitorous
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| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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117
frailties
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| n.脆弱( frailty的名词复数 )；虚弱；（性格或行为上的）弱点；缺点 | |
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118
fickleness
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| n.易变；无常；浮躁；变化无常 | |
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119
satiety
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| n.饱和；(市场的)充分供应 | |
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120
titillated
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| v.使觉得痒( titillate的过去式和过去分词 )；逗引；激发；使高兴 | |
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121
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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122
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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123
toils
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| 网 | |
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124
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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125
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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126
warped
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| adj.反常的；乖戾的；（变）弯曲的；变形的v.弄弯，变歪( warp的过去式和过去分词 )；使（行为等）不合情理，使乖戾， | |
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127
lamentable
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| adj.令人惋惜的，悔恨的 | |
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128
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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129
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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130
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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131
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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132
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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133
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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134
lascivious
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| adj.淫荡的，好色的 | |
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135
chimera
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| n.神话怪物；梦幻 | |
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136
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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137
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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138
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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139
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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140
pricked
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| 刺，扎，戳( prick的过去式和过去分词 )； 刺伤； 刺痛； 使剧痛 | |
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141
gall
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| v.使烦恼，使焦躁，难堪；n.磨难 | |
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142
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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143
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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144
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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145
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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146
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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147
parable
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| n.寓言，比喻 | |
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148
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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149
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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150
recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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151
puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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152
conceals
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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153
discomfited
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| v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词)；使狼狈；使挫折；挫败 | |
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