To Augustus.
He honors him with the highest compliments; then treats copiously1 of poetry, its origin, character, and excellence2.
Since you alone support so many and such weighty concerns, defend Italy with your arms, adorn3 it by your virtue4, reform it by your laws; I should offend, O Caesar, against the public interests, if I were to trespass5 upon your time with a long discourse7.
Romulus, and father Bacchus, and Castor and Pollux, after great achievements, received into the temples of the gods, while they were improving the world and human nature, composing fierce dissensions, settling property, building cities, lamented10 that the esteem11 which they expected was not paid in proportion to their merits. He who crushed the dire12 Hydra13, and subdued14 the renowned15 monsters by his forefated labor16, found envy was to be tamed by death [alone]. For he burns by his very splendor17, whose superiority is oppressive to the arts beneath him: after his decease, he shall be had in honor. On you, while present among us, we confer mature honors, and rear altars where your name is to be sworn by; confessing that nothing equal to you has hitherto risen, or will hereafter rise. But this your people, wise and just in one point (for preferring you to our own, you to the Grecian heroes), by no means estimate other things with like proportion and measure: and disdain19 and detest20 every thing, but what they see removed from earth and already gone by; such favorers are they of antiquity21, as to assert that the Muses23 [themselves] upon Mount Alba, dictated24 the twelve tables, forbidding to trangress, which the decemviri ratified26; the leagues of our kings concluded with the Gabii, or the rigid27 Sabines; the records of the pontifices, and the ancient volumes of the augurs28.
If, because the most ancient writings of the Greeks are also the best, Roman authors are to be weighed in the same scale, there is no need we should say much: there is nothing hard in the inside of an olive, nothing [hard] in the outside of a nut. We are arrived at the highest pitch of success [in arts]: we paint, and sing, and wrestle29 more skillfully than the annointed Greeks. If length of time makes poems better, as it does wine, I would fain know how many years will stamp a value upon writings. A writer who died a hundred years ago, is he to be reckoned among the perfect and ancient, or among the mean and modern authors? Let some fixed30 period exclude all dispute. He is an old and good writer who completes a hundred years. What! one that died a month or a year later, among whom is he to be ranked? Among the old poets, or among those whom both the present age and posterity31 will disdainfully reject? He may fairly be placed among the ancients, who is younger either by a short month only, or even by a whole year. I take the advantage of this concession32, and pull away by little and little, as [if they were] the hairs of a horse’s tail: and I take away a single one and then again another single one; till, like a tumbling heap, [my adversary], who has recourse to annals and estimates excellence by the year, and admires nothing but what Libitina has made sacred, falls to the ground.
Ennius the wise, the nervous, and (as our critics say) a second Homer, seems lightly to regard what becomes of his promises and Pythagorean dreams. Is not Naevius in people’s hands, and sticking almost fresh in their memory? So sacred is every ancient poem. As often as a debate arises, whether this poet or the other be preferable; Pacuvius bears away the character of a learned, Accius, of a lofty writer; Afranius’ gown is said to have fitted Menander; Plautus, to hurry after the pattern of the Sicilian Epicharmus; Caecilius, to excel in gravity, Terence in contrivance. These mighty34 Rome learns by heart, and these she views crowded in her narrow theater; these she esteems35 and accounts her poets from Livy the writer’s age down to our time. Sometimes the populace see right; sometimes they are wrong. If they admire and extol36 the ancient poets so as to prefer nothing before, to compare nothing with them, they err18; if they think and allow that they express some things in an obsolete37, most in a stiff, many in a careless manner; they both think sensibly, and agree with me, and determine with the assent38 of Jove himself. Not that I bear an ill-will against Livy’s epics39, and would doom40 them to destruction, which I remember the severe Orbilius taught me when a boy; but they should seem correct, beautiful, and very little short of perfect, this I wonder at: among which if by chance a bright expression shines forth41, and if one line or two [happen to be] somewhat terse42 and musical, this unreasonably43 carries off and sells the whole poem. I am disgusted that any thing should be found fault with, not because it is a lumpish composition or inelegant, but because it is modern; and that not a favorable allowance, but honor and rewards are demanded for the old writers. Should I scruple45, whether or not Atta’s drama trod the saffron and flowers in a proper manner, almost all the fathers would cry out that modesty46 was lost; since I attempted to find fault with those pieces which the pathetic Aesopus, which the skillful Roscius acted: either because they esteem nothing right, but what has pleased themselves; or because they think it disgraceful to submit to their juniors, and to confess, now they are old, that what they learned when young is deserving only to be destroyed. Now he who extols47 Numa’s Salian hymn48, and would alone seem to understand that which, as well as me, he is ignorant of, does not favor and applaud the buried geniuses, but attacks ours, enviously49 hating us moderns and every thing of ours. Whereas if novelty had been detested50 by the Greeks as much as by us, what at this time would there have been ancient? Or what what would there have been for common use to read and thumb, common to every body.
When first Greece, her wars being over, began to trifle, and through prosperity to glide51 into folly52; she glowed with the love, one while of wrestlers, another while of horses; was fond of artificers in marble, or in ivory, or in brass53; hung her looks and attention upon a picture; was delighted now with musicians, now with tragedians; as if an infant girl she sported under the nurse; soon cloyed54, she abandoned what [before] she earnestly desired. What is there that pleases or is odious55, which you may not think mutable? This effect had happy times of peace, and favorable gales56 [of fortune].
At Rome it was long pleasing and customary to be up early with open doors, to expound57 the laws to clients; to lay out money cautiously upon good securities: to hear the elder, and to tell the younger by what means their fortunes might increase and pernicious luxury be diminished. The inconstant people have changed their mind, and glow with a universal ardor58 for learning: young men and grave fathers sup crowned with leaves, and dictate25 poetry. I myself, who affirm that I write no verses, am found more false than the Parthians: and, awake before the sun is risen, I call for my pen and papers and desk. He that is ignorant of a ship is afraid to work a ship; none but he who has learned, dares administer [even] southern wood to the sick; physicians undertake what belongs to physicians; mechanics handle tools; but we, unlearned and learned, promiscuously60 write poems.
Yet how great advantages this error and this slight madness has, thus compute61: the poet’s mind is not easily covetous62; fond of verses, he studies this alone; he laughs at losses, flights of slaves, fires; he contrives63 no fraud against his partner, or his young ward44; he lives on husks, and brown bread; though dastardly and unfit for war, he is useful at home, if you allow this, that great things may derive64 assistance from small ones. The poet fashions the child’s tender and lisping mouth, and turns his ear even at this time from obscene language; afterward65 also he forms his heart with friendly precepts66, the corrector of his rudeness, and envy, and passion; he records virtuous67 actions, he instructs the rising age with approved examples, he comforts the indigent68 and the sick. Whence should the virgin69, stranger to a husband, with the chaste70 boys, learn the solemn prayer, had not the muse22 given a poet? The chorus entreats71 the divine aid, and finds the gods propitious72; sweet in learned prayer, they implore73 the waters of the heavens; avert74 diseases, drive off impending75 dangers, obtain both peace and years enriched with fruits. With song the gods above are appeased76, with song the gods below.
Our ancient swains, stout77 and happy with a little, after the grain was laid up, regaling in a festival season their bodies and even their minds, patient of hardships through the hope of their ending, with their slaves and faithful wife, the partners of their labors78, atoned79 with a hog80 [the goddess] Earth, with milk Silvanus, with flowers and wine the genius that reminds us of our short life. Invented by this custom, the Femminine licentiousness81 poured forth its rustic82 taunts83 in alternate stanzas84; and this liberty, received down through revolving85 years, sported pleasingly; till at length the bitter raillery began to be turned into open rage, and threatening with impunity86 to stalk through reputable families. They, who suffered from its bloody87 tooth smarted with the pain; the unhurt likewise were concerned for the common condition: further also, a law and a penalty were enacted88, which forbade that any one should be stigmatized89 in lampoon90. Through fear of the bastinado, they were reduced to the necessity of changing their manner, and of praising and delighting.
Captive Greece took captive her fierce conqueror91, and introduced her arts into rude Latium. Thus flowed off the rough Saturnian numbers, and delicacy92 expelled the rank venom93: but for a long time there remained, and at this day remain traces of rusticity94. For late [the Roman writer] applied95 his genius to the Grecian pages; and enjoying rest after the Punic wars, began to search what useful matter Sophocles, and Thespis, and Aeschylus afforded: he tried, too, if he could with dignity translate their works; and succeeded in pleasing himself, being by nature [of a genius] sublime96 and strong; for he breathes a spirit tragic97 enough, and dares successfully; but fears a blot98, and thinks it disgraceful in his writings.
Comedy is believed to require the least pains, because it fetches its subjects from common life; but the less indulgence It meets with, the more labor it requires. See how Plautus supports the character of a lover under age, how that of a covetous father, how those of a cheating pimp: how Dossennus exceeds all measure in his voracious99 parasites100; with how loose a sock he runs over the stage: for he is glad to put the money in his pocket, after this regardless whether his play stand or fall.
Him, whom glory in her airy car has brought upon the stage, the careless spectator dispirits, the attentive101 renders more diligent102: so slight, so small a matter it is, which overturns or raises a mind covetous of praise! Adieu the ludicrous business [of dramatic writing], if applause denied brings me back meagre, bestowed103 [makes me] full of flesh and spirits.
This too frequently drives away and deters104 even an adventurous105 poet? that they who are in number more, in worth and rank inferior, unlearned and foolish, and (if the equestrian106 order dissents) ready to fall to blows, in the midst of the play, call for either a bear or boxers107; for in these the mob delight. Nay108, even all the pleasures of our knights109 is now transferred from the ear to the uncertain eye, and their vain amusements. The curtains are kept down for four hours or more, while troops of horse and companies of foot flee over the stage: next is dragged forward the fortune of kings, with their hands bound behind them; chariots, litters, carriages, ships hurry on; captive ivory, captive Corinth, is borne along. Democritus, if he were on earth, would laugh; whether a panther a different genus confused with the camel, or a white elephant attracted the eye of the crowd. He would view the people more attentively110 than the sports themselves, as affording him more strange sights than the actor: and for the writers, he would think they told their story to a deaf ass6. For what voices are able to overbear the din8 with which our theatres resound111? You would think the groves113 of Garganus, or the Tuscan Sea, was roaring; with so great noise are viewed the shows and contrivances, and foreign riches: with which the actor being daubed over, as soon as he appears upon the stage, each right hand encounters with the left. Has he said any thing yet? Nothing at all. What then pleases? The cloth imitating [the color of] violets, with the dye of Tarentum.
And, that you may not think I enviously praise those kinds of writing which I decline undertaking114, when others handle them well: that poet to me seems able to walk upon an extended rope, who with his fictions grieves my soul, enrages115, soothes116, fills it with false terrors, as an enchanter; and sets me now in Thebes, now in Athens.
But of those too, who had rather trust themselves with a reader, than bear the disdain of an haughty117 spectator, use a little care; if you would fill with books [the library you have erected], an offering worthy118 of Apollo, and add an incentive119 to the poets, that with greater eagerness they may apply to verdant120 Helicon.
We poets, it is true (that I may hew121 down my own vineyards), often do ourselves many mischiefs122, when we present a work to you while thoughtful or fatigued123; when we are pained, if my friend has dared to find fault with one line; when, unasked, we read over again passages already repeated: when we lament9 that our labors do not appear, and war poems, spun124 out in a fine thread: when we hope the thing will come to this, that as soon as you are apprised125 we are penning verses, you will kindly126 of yourself send for us and secure us from want, and oblige us to write. But yet it is worth while to know, who shall be the priests of your virtue signalized in war and at home, which is not to be trusted to an unworthy poet. A favorite of king Alexander the Great was that Choerilus, who to his uncouth127 and ill-formed verses owed the many pieces he received of Philip’s royal coin. But, as ink when touched leaves behind it a mark and a blot, so writers as it were stain shining actions with foul128 poetry. That same king, who prodigally129 bought so dear so ridiculous a poem, by an edict forbade that any one beside Apelles should paint him, or that any other than Lysippus should mold brass for the likeness131 of the valiant132 Alexander. But should you call that faculty133 of his, so delicate in discerning other arts, to [judge of] books and of these gifts of the muses, you would swear he had been born in the gross air of the Boeotians. Yet neither do Virgil and Varius, your beloved poets, disgrace your judgment134 of them, and the presents which they have received with great honor to the donor135; nor do the features of illustrious men appear more lively when expressed by statues of brass, than their manners and minds expressed by the works of a poet. Nor would I rather compose such tracts136 as these creeping on the ground, than record deeds of arms, and the situations of countries, and rivers, and forts reared upon mountains, and barbarous kingdoms, and wars brought to a conclusion through the whole world under your auspices137, and the barriers that confine Janus the guardian138 of peace, and Rome treaded by the Parthians under your government, if I were but able to do as much as I could wish. But neither does your majesty139 admit of humble140 poetry, nor dares my modesty attempt a subject which my strength is unable to support. Yet officiousness foolishly disgusts the person whom it loves; especially when it recommends itself by numbers, and the art [of writing]. For one learns sooner, and more willingly remembers, that which a man derides141, than that which he approves and venerates142. I value not the zeal143 that gives me uneasiness; nor do I wish to be set out any where in wax with a face formed for the worse, nor to be celebrated144 in ill-composed verses; lest I blush, when presented with the gross gift; and, exposed in an open box along with my author, be conveyed into the street that sells frankincense, and spices, and pepper, and whatever is wrapped up in impertinent writings.
Epistle ii.
To Julius Florus.
In apologizing for not having written to him, he shows that the well-ordering of life is of more importance than the composition of verses.
O Florus, faithful friend to the good and illustrious Nero, if by chance any one should offer to sell you a boy born at Tibur and Gabii, and should treat with you in this manner; “This [boy who is] both good-natured and well-favored from head to foot, shall become and be yours for eight thousand sesterces; a domestic slave, ready in his attendance at his master’s nod; initiated145 in the Greek language, of a capacity for any art; you may shape out any thing with [such] moist clay; besides, he will sing in an artless manner, but yet entertaining to one drinking. Lavish146 promises lessen147 credit, when any one cries up extravagantly148 the wares149 he has for sale, which he wants to put off. No emergency obliges me [to dispose of him]: though poor, I am in nobody’s debt. None of the chapmen would do this for you; nor should every body readily receive the same favor from me. Once, [in deed,] he [loitered on an errand]; and (as it happens) absconded150, being afraid of the lash151 that hangs in the staircase. Give me your money, if this runaway152 trick, which I have expected, does not offend you.” In my opinion, the man may take his price, and be secure from any punishment: you wittingly purchased a good-for-nothing boy: the condition of the contract was told you. Nevertheless you prosecute153 this man, and detain him in an unjust suit.
I told you, at your setting out, that I was indolent: I told you I was almost incapable154 of such offices: that you might not chide155 me in angry mood, because no letter [from me] came to hand. What then have I profited, if you nevertheless arraign156 the conditions that make for me? On the same score too you complain, that, being worse than my word, I do not send you the verses you expected.
A soldier of Lucullus, [having run through] a great many hardships, was robbed of his collected stock to a penny, as he lay snoring in the night quite fatigued: after this, like a ravenous157 wolf, equally exasperated158 at himself and the enemy, eager, with his hungry fangs159, he beat off a royal guard from a post (as they report) very strongly fortified160, and well supplied with stores. Famous on account of this exploit, he is adorned161 with honorable rewards, and receives twenty thousand sesterces into the bargain. It happened about this time that his officer being inclined to batter162 down a certain fort, began to encourage the same man, with words that might even have given courage to a coward: “Go, my brave fellow, whither your valor163 calls you: go with prosperous step, certain to receive ample rewards for your merit. Why do you hesitate?” Upon this, he arch, though a rustic: “He who has lost his purse, will go whither you wish,” says he.
It was my lot to have Rome for my nurse, and to be instructed [from the Iliad] how much the exasperated Achilles prejudiced the Greeks. Good Athens give me some additional learning: that is to say, to be able to distinguish a right line from a curve, and seek after truth in the groves of Academus. But the troublesome times removed me from that pleasant spot; and the tide of a civil war carried me away, unexperienced as I was, into arms, [into arms] not likely to be a match for the sinews of Augustus Caesar. Whence, as soon as [the battle of] Philippi dismissed me in an abject164 condition, with my wings clipped, and destitute165 both of house and land, daring poverty urged me on to the composition of verses: but now, having more than is wanted, what medicines would be efficacious enough to cure my madness, if I did not think it better to rest than to write verses.
The advancing years rob us of every thing: they have taken away my mirth, my gallantry, my revelings, and play: they are now proceeding166 to force poetry from me. What would you have me do?
In short, all persons do not love and admire the same things. Ye delight in the ode: one man is pleased with iambics; another with satires167 written in the manner of Bion, and virulent168 wit. Three guests scarcely can be found to agree, craving169 very different dishes with various palate. What shall I give? What shall I not give? You forbid, what another demands: what you desire, that truly is sour and disgustful to the [other] two.
Beside other [difficulties], do you think it practicable for me to write poems at Rome, amid so many solicitudes170 and so many fatigues171? One calls me as his security, another to hear his works, all business else apart; one lives on the mount of Quirinus, the other in the extremity172 of the Aventine; both must be waited on. The distances between them, you see, are charmingly commodious173. “But the streets are clear, so that there can be no obstacle to the thoughtful.”— A builder in heat hurries along with his mules174 and porters: the crane whirls aloft at one time a stone, at another a great piece of timber: the dismal175 funerals dispute the way with the unwieldy carriages: here runs a mad dog, there rushes a sow begrimed with mire33. Go now, and meditate176 with yourself your harmonious177 verses. All the whole choir178 of poets love the grove112, and avoid cities, due votaries179 to Bacchus delighting in repose180 and shade. Would you have me, amid so great noise both by night and day, [attempt] to sing, and trace the difficult footsteps of the poets? A genius who has chosen quiet Athens for his residence, and has devoted181 seven years to study, and has grown old in books and study, frequently walks forth more dumb than a statue, and shakes the people’s sides with laughter: here, in the midst of the billows and tempests of the city, can I be thought capable of connecting words likely to wake the sound of the lyre?
At Rome there was a rhetorician, brother to a lawyer: [so fond of each other were they,] that they would hear nothing but the mere182 praises of each other: insomuch, that the latter appeared a Gracchus to the former, the former a Mucius to the latter. Why should this frenzy183 affect the obstreperous184 poets in a less degree? I write odes, another elegies185: a work wonderful to behold186, and burnished187 by the nine muses! Observe first, with what a fastidious air, with what importance we survey the temple [of Apollo] vacant for the Roman poets. In the next place you may follow (if you are at leisure) and hear what each produces, and wherefore each weaves for himself the crown. Like Samnite gladiators in slow duel188, till candle-light, we are beaten and waste out the enemy with equal blows: I came off Alcaeus, in his suffrage189; he is mine, who? Why who but Callimachus? Or, if he seems to make a greater demand, he becomes Mimnermus, and grows in fame by the chosen appellation190. Much do I endure in order to pacify191 this passionate192 race of poets, when I am writing; and submissive court the applause of the people; [but,] having finished my studies and recovered my senses, I the same man can now boldly stop my open ears against reciters.
Those who make bad verses are laughed at: but they are pleased in writing, and reverence193 themselves; and if you are silent, they, happy, fall to praising of their own accord whatever they have written. But he who desires to execute a genuine poem, will with his papers assume the spirit of an honest critic: whatever words shall have but little clearness and elegance194, or shall be without weight and held unworthy of estimation, he will dare to displace: though they may recede195 with reluctance196, and still remain in the sanctuary197 of Vesta: those that have been long hidden from the people he kindly will drag forth, and bring to light those expressive198 denominations199 of things that were used by the Catos and Cethegi of ancient times, though now deformed200 dust and neglected age presses upon them: he will adopt new words, which use, the parent [of language], shall produce: forcible and perspicuous, and bearing the utmost similitude to a limpid201 stream, he will pour out his treasures, and enrich Latium with a comprehensive language. The luxuriant he will lop, the too harsh he will soften202 with a sensible cultivation203: those void of expression he will discard: he will exhibit the appearance of one at play; and will be [in his invention] on the rack, like [a dancer on the stage], who one while affects the motions of a satyr, at another of a clumsy cyclops.
I had rather be esteemed204 a foolish and dull writer, while my faults please myself, or at least escape my notice, than be wise and smart for it. There lived at Argos a man of no mean rank, who imagined that he was hearing some admirable tragedians, a joyful205 sitter and applauder in an empty theater: who [nevertheless] could support the other duties of life in a just manner; a truly honest neighbor, an amiable206 host, kind toward his wife, one who could pardon his slaves, nor would rave59 at the breaking of a bottle-seal: one who [had sense enough] to avoid a precipice207, or an open well. This man, being cured at the expense and by the care of his relations, when he had expelled by the means of pure hellebore the disorder208 and melancholy209 humor, and returned to himself; “By Pollux, my friends (said he), you have destroyed, not saved me; from whom my pleasure is thus taken away, and a most agreeable delusion210 of mind removed by force.”
In a word, it is of the first consequence to be wise in the rejection211 of trifles, and leave childish play to boys for whom it is in season, and not to scan words to be set to music for the Roman harps212, but [rather] to be perfectly213 an adept214 in the numbers and proportions of real life. Thus therefore I commune with myself, and ponder these things in silence: “If no quantity of water would put an end to your thirst, you would tell it to your physicians. And is there none to whom you dare confess, that the more you get the more you crave215? If you had a wound which was not relieved by a plant or root prescribed to you, you would refuse being doctored with a root or plant that did no good. You have heard that vicious folly left the man, on whom the gods conferred wealth; and though you are nothing wiser, since you become richer, will you nevertheless use the same monitors as before? But could riches make you wise, could they make you less covetous and mean-spirited, you well might blush, if there lived on earth one more avaricious216 than yourself.”
If that be any man’s property, which he has bought by the pound and penny, [and] there be some things to which (if you give credit to the lawyers) possession gives a claim, [then] the field that feeds you is your own; and Orbius’ steward217, when he harrows the corn which is soon to give you flour, finds you are [in effect] the proper master. You give your money; you receive grapes, pullets, eggs, a hogshead of strong wine: certainly in this manner you by little and little purchase that farm, for which perhaps the owner paid three hundred thousand sesterces, or more. What does it signify, whether you live on what was paid for the other day, or a long while ago? He who purchased the Aricinian and Veientine fields some time since, sups on bought vegetables, however he may think otherwise; boils his pot with bought wood at the approach of the chill evening. But he calls all that his own, as far as where the planted poplar prevents quarrels among neighbors by a determinate limitation: as if anything were a man’s property, which in a moment of the fleeting218 hour, now by solicitations, now by sale, now by violence, and now by the supreme219 lot [of all men], may change masters and come into another’s jurisdiction220. Thus since the perpetual possession is given to none, and one man’s heir urges on another’s, as wave impels221 wave, of what importance are houses, or granaries; or what the Lucanian pastures joined to the Calabrian; if Hades, inexorable to gold, mows222 down the great together with the small?
Gems223, marble, ivory, Tuscan statues, pictures, silver-plate, robes dyed with Getulian purple, there are who can not acquire; and there are others, who are not solicitous224 of acquiring. Of two brothers, why one prefers lounging, play, and perfume, to Herod’s rich palm-tree groves; why the other, rich and uneasy, from the rising of the light to the evening shade, subdues225 his woodland with fire and steel: our attendant genius knows, who governs the planet of our nativity, the divinity [that presides] over human nature, who dies with each individual, of various complexion226, white and black.
I will use, and take out from my moderate stock, as much as my exigence demands: nor will I be under any apprehensions227 what opinion my heir shall hold concerning me, when he shall, find [I have left him] no more than I had given me. And yet I, the same man, shall be inclined to know how far an open and cheerful person differs from a debauchee, and how greatly the economist228 differs from the miser229. For there is some distinction whether you throw away your money in a prodigal130 manner, or make an entertainment without grudging230, nor toil231 to accumulate more; or rather, as formerly232 in Minerva’s holidays, when a school-boy, enjoys by starts the short and pleasant vacation.
Let sordid233 poverty be far away. I, whether borne in a large or small vessel234, let me be borne uniform and the same. I am not wafted235 with swelling236 sail before the north wind blowing fair: yet I do not bear my course of life against the adverse237 south. In force, genius, figure, virtue, station, estate, the last of the first-rate, [yet] still before those of the last.
You are not covetous, [you say]:— go to. — What then? Have the rest of your vices238 fled from you, together with this? Is your breast free from vain ambition? Is it free from the fear of death and from anger? Can you laugh at dreams, magic terrors, wonders, witches, nocturnal goblins, and Thessalian prodigies239? Do you number your birth-days with a grateful mind? Are you forgiving to your friends? Do you grow milder and better as old age approaches? What profits you only one thorn eradicated240 out of many? If you do not know how to live in a right manner, make way for those that do. You have played enough, eaten and drunk enough, it is time for you to walk off: lest having tippled too plentifully241, that age which plays the wanton with more propriety242, and drive you [off the stage].
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copiously
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| adv.丰富地，充裕地 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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trespass
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| n./v.侵犯，闯入私人领地 | |
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ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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12
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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13
hydra
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| n.水螅；难于根除的祸患 | |
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14
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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15
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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16
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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17
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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18
err
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| vi.犯错误，出差错 | |
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19
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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20
detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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21
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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22
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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23
muses
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的第三人称单数 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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24
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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25
dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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26
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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27
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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28
augurs
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| n.（古罗马的）占兆官( augur的名词复数 )；占卜师，预言者v.预示，预兆，预言( augur的第三人称单数 )；成为预兆；占卜 | |
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29
wrestle
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|
| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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30
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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31
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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32
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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33
mire
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| n.泥沼，泥泞；v.使...陷于泥泞，使...陷入困境 | |
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34
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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35
esteems
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| n.尊敬，好评( esteem的名词复数 )v.尊敬( esteem的第三人称单数 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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36
extol
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| v.赞美，颂扬 | |
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37
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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38
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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39
epics
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| n.叙事诗( epic的名词复数 )；壮举；惊人之举；史诗般的电影（或书籍） | |
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40
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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41
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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42
terse
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| adj.(说话，文笔)精炼的，简明的 | |
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43
unreasonably
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| adv. 不合理地 | |
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44
ward
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|
| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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45
scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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46
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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47
extols
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的第三人称单数 ) | |
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48
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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49
enviously
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| adv.满怀嫉妒地 | |
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50
detested
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|
| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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52
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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53
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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54
cloyed
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| v.发腻，倒胃口( cloy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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56
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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57
expound
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| v.详述；解释；阐述 | |
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58
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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59
rave
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| vi.胡言乱语；热衷谈论；n.热情赞扬 | |
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60
promiscuously
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| adv.杂乱地，混杂地 | |
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61
compute
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| v./n.计算，估计 | |
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62
covetous
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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63
contrives
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的第三人称单数 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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64
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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65
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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66
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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67
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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68
indigent
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| adj.贫穷的，贫困的 | |
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69
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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70
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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71
entreats
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的第三人称单数 ) | |
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72
propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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73
implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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74
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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75
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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76
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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78
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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79
atoned
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的过去式和过去分词 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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80
hog
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| n.猪；馋嘴贪吃的人；vt.把…占为己有，独占 | |
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81
licentiousness
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|
| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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82
rustic
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|
| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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83
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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84
stanzas
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| 节，段( stanza的名词复数 ) | |
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85
revolving
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|
| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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86
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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87
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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88
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
lampoon
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| n.讽刺文章；v.讽刺 | |
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91
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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92
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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93
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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94
rusticity
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| n.乡村的特点、风格或气息 | |
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95
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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96
sublime
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|
| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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97
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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98
blot
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| vt.弄脏（用吸墨纸）吸干；n.污点，污渍 | |
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99
voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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100
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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101
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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102
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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103
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
deters
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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105
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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106
equestrian
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| adj.骑马的；n.马术 | |
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107
boxers
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| n.拳击短裤；（尤指职业）拳击手( boxer的名词复数 )；拳师狗 | |
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108
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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109
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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110
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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111
resound
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| v.回响 | |
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112
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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113
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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114
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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115
enrages
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| 使暴怒( enrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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116
soothes
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| v.安慰( soothe的第三人称单数 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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117
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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118
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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119
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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120
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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121
hew
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| v.砍；伐；削 | |
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122
mischiefs
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| 损害( mischief的名词复数 )； 危害； 胡闹； 调皮捣蛋的人 | |
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123
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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124
spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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125
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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126
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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127
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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128
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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129
prodigally
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| adv.浪费地，丰饶地 | |
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130
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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131
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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132
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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133
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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134
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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135
donor
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| n.捐献者；赠送人；(组织、器官等的)供体 | |
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136
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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137
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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138
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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139
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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140
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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141
derides
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| v.取笑，嘲笑( deride的第三人称单数 ) | |
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142
venerates
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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143
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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144
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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145
initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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146
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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147
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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148
extravagantly
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| adv.挥霍无度地 | |
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149
wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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150
absconded
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| v.（尤指逃避逮捕）潜逃，逃跑( abscond的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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152
runaway
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| n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的 | |
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153
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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154
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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155
chide
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| v.叱责；谴责 | |
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156
arraign
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| v.提讯；控告 | |
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157
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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158
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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159
fangs
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| n.（尤指狗和狼的）长而尖的牙( fang的名词复数 )；（蛇的）毒牙；罐座 | |
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160
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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161
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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162
batter
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| v.接连重击；磨损；n.牛奶面糊；击球员 | |
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163
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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164
abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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165
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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166
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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167
satires
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| 讽刺，讥讽( satire的名词复数 )； 讽刺作品 | |
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168
virulent
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| adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的 | |
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169
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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170
solicitudes
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| n.关心，挂念，渴望( solicitude的名词复数 ) | |
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171
fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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172
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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173
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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174
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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175
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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176
meditate
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| v.想，考虑，（尤指宗教上的）沉思，冥想 | |
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177
harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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178
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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179
votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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180
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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181
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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182
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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183
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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184
obstreperous
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| adj.喧闹的，不守秩序的 | |
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185
elegies
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| n.哀歌，挽歌( elegy的名词复数 ) | |
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186
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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187
burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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188
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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189
suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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190
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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191
pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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192
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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193
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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194
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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195
recede
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| vi.退(去)，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进 | |
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196
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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197
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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198
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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199
denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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200
deformed
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| adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的 | |
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201
limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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202
soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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203
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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204
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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205
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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206
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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207
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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208
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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209
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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210
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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211
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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212
harps
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| abbr.harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴n.竖琴( harp的名词复数 ) | |
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213
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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214
adept
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| adj.老练的，精通的 | |
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215
crave
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| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
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216
avaricious
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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217
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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218
fleeting
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| adj.短暂的，飞逝的 | |
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219
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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220
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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221
impels
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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222
mows
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| v.刈，割( mow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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223
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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224
solicitous
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| adj.热切的，挂念的 | |
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225
subdues
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| 征服( subdue的第三人称单数 )； 克制； 制服 | |
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226
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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227
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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228
economist
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| n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人 | |
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229
miser
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| n.守财奴，吝啬鬼 (adj.miserly) | |
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230
grudging
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| adj.勉强的，吝啬的 | |
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231
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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232
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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233
sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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234
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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235
wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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236
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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237
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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238
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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239
prodigies
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| n.奇才，天才（尤指神童）( prodigy的名词复数 ) | |
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240
eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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241
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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242
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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