The central body of the church, answering to the nave7, as the rotunda8, which contains the Holy Sepulchre, answers to choir9 and apse, is the Greek chapel10, and the most magnificent in the building. The portion of the church set apart to the Latins, opening also out of the rotunda, is merely a small chapel. The Armenians have still more contracted accommodations, and the poor Copts enjoy a mere11 closet, but it is in a sacred spot, being attached to the west end of the sepulchre itself.
On the western side of the rotunda we passed through the bare and apparently12 uncared-for chapel of the Syrians, and entered, through a low door, into a small grotto13 hewn in the rock. Lighted candles revealed to us some tombs, little pits cut in the rock, two in the side-wall and two in the floor. We had a guide who knew every sacred spot in the city, a man who never failed to satisfy the curiosity of the most credulous14 tourist.
"Whose tombs are these?" we asked.
"That is the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, and that beside it is the tomb of Nicodemus."
"How do you know?"
"How do I know? You ask me how I know. Have n't I always lived in Jerusalem? I was born here."
"Then perhaps you can tell us, if this tomb belonged to Joseph of Arimathea and this to Nicodemus, whose is this third one?"
"O yes, that other," replied the guide, with only a moment's paralysis15 of his invention, "that is the tomb of Arimathea himself."
One afternoon at four, service was going on in the Greek chapel, which shone with silver and blazed with tapers17, and was crowded with pilgrims, principally Russians of both sexes, many of whom had made a painful pilgrimage of more than two thousand miles on foot merely to prostrate18 themselves in this revered19 place. A Russian bishop20 and a priest, in the resplendent robes of their office, were intoning the service responsively. In the very centre of this chapel is a round hole covered with a grating, and tapers are generally burning about it. All the pilgrims kneeled there, and kissed the grating and adored the hole. I had the curiosity to push my way through the throng21 in order to see the object of devotion, but I could discover nothing. It is, however, an important spot: it is the centre of the earth; though why Christians22 should worship the centre of the earth I do not know. The Armenians have in their chapel also a spot that they say is the real centre; that makes three that we know of, for everybody understands that there is one in the Kaaba at Mecca.
We sat down upon a stone bench near the entrance of the chapel, where we could observe the passing streams of people, and were greatly diverted by a blithe23 and comical beggar who had stationed himself on the pavement there to intercept24 the Greek charity of the worshippers when they passed into the rotunda. He was a diminutive25 man with distorted limbs; he wore a peaked red cap, and dragged himself over the pavement, or rather skipped and flopped26 about on it like a devil-fish on land. Never was seen in a beggar such vivacity28 and imperturbable29 good-humor, with so much deviltry in his dancing eyes.
As we appeared to him to occupy a neutral position as to him and his victims, he soon took us into his confidence and let us see his mode of operations. He said (to our guide) that he was a Greek from Damascus,—O yes, a Christian, a pilgrim, who always came down here at this season, which was his harvest-time. He hoped (with a wicked wink) that his devotion would be rewarded.
It was very entertaining to see him watch the people coming out, and select his victims, whom he would indicate to us by a motion of his head as he hopped30 towards them. He appeared to rely more upon the poor and simple than upon the rich, and he was more successful with the former. But he rarely, such was his insight, made a mistake. Whoever gave him anything he thanked with the utmost empressement of manner; then he crossed himself, and turned around and winked31 at us, his confederates. When an elegantly dressed lady dropped the smallest of copper32 coins into his cap, he let us know his opinion of her by a significant gesture and a shrug33 of his shoulders. But no matter from whom he received it, whenever he added a penny to his store the rascal34 chirped35 and laughed and caressed36 himself. He was in the way of being trodden under foot by the crowd; but his agility37 was extraordinary, and I should not have been surprised at any moment if he had vaulted38 over the heads of the throng and disappeared. If he failed to attract the attention of an eligible39 pilgrim, he did not hesitate to give the skirt of his elect a jerk, for which rudeness he would at once apologize with an indescribable grimace40 and a joke.
When the crowd had passed, he slid himself into a corner, by a motion such as that with which a fish suddenly darts41 to one side, and set himself to empty his pocket into his cap and count his plunder42, tossing the pieces into the air and catching43 them with a chuckle44, crossing himself and hugging himself by turns. He had four francs and a half. When he had finished counting his money he put it in a bag, and for a moment his face assumed a grave and business-like expression. We thought he would depart without demanding anything of us. But we were mistaken; he had something in view that he no doubt felt would insure him a liberal backsheesh. Wriggling45 near to us, he set his face into an expression of demure46 humility47, held out his cap, and said, in English, each word falling from his lips as distinctly and unnaturally48 as if he had been a wooden articulating machine,—
"Come unto me all ye that labor49 and are heavy laden50, and I will give you rest."
The rascal's impiety51 lessened52 the charity which our intimacy53 with him had intended, but he appeared entirely54 content, chirped, saluted55 with gravity, and, with a flop27, was gone from our sight.
At the moment, a procession of Franciscan monks56 swept by, chanting in rich bass57 voices, and followed, as usual, by Latin pilgrims, making the daily round of the holy places; after they had disappeared we could still hear their voices and catch now and again the glimmer58 of their tapers in the vast dark spaces.
Opposite the place where we were sitting is the Chapel of the Apparition59, a room not much more than twenty feet square; it is the Latin chapel, and besides its contiguity60 to the sepulchre has some specialties61 of its own. The chapel is probably eight hundred years old. In the centre of the pavement is the spot upon which our Lord stood when he appeared to the Virgin62 after the resurrection; near it a slab63 marks the place where the three crosses were laid after they were dug up by Helena, and where the one on which our Lord was crucified was identified by the miracle that it worked in healing a sick man. South of the altar is a niche64 in the wall, now covered over, but a round hole is left in the covering. I saw pilgrims thrust a long stick into this hole, withdraw it, and kiss the end. The stick had touched a fragment of the porphyry column to which the Saviour65 was bound when he was scourged66.
In the semicircle at the east end of the nave are several interesting places: the prison where Christ was confined before his execution, a chapel dedicated67 to the centurion68 who pierced the side of our Lord, and the spot on which the vestments were divided. From thence we descend69, by a long flight of steps partly hewn in the rock, to a rude, crypt-like chapel, in the heavy early Byzantine style, a damp, cheerless place, called the Chapel of Helena. At the east end of it another flight of steps leads down into what was formerly70 a cistern71, but is now called the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross. Here the cross was found, and at one side of the steps stands the marble chair in which the mother of Constantine sat while she superintended the digging. Nothing is wanting that the most credulous pilgrim could wish to see; that is, nothing is wanting in spots where things were. This chapel belongs to the Latins; that of Helena to the Greeks; the Abyssinian convent is above both of them.
On the south side of the church, near the entrance, is a dark room called the Chapel of Adam, in which there is never more light than a feeble taper16 can give. I groped my way into it often, in the hope of finding something; perhaps it is purposely involved in an obscurity typical of the origin of mankind. There is a tradition that Adam was buried on Golgotha, but the only tomb in this chapel is that of Melchizedek! The chapel formerly contained that of Godfrey de Bouillon, elected the first king of Jerusalem in 1099, and of Baldwin, his brother. We were shown the two-handed sword of Godfrey, with which he clove72 a Saracen lengthwise into two equal parts, a genuine relic73 of a heroic and barbarous age. At the end of this chapel a glimmering74 light lets us see through a grating a crack in the rock made by the earthquake at the crucifixion.
The gloom of this mysterious chapel, which is haunted by the spectre of that dim shadow of unreality, Melchizedek, prepared us to ascend75 to Golgotha, above it. The chapels76 of Golgotha are supported partly upon a rock which rises fifteen feet above the pavement of the church. The first is that of the Elevation77 of the Cross, and belongs to the Greeks. Under the altar at the east end is a hole in the marble which is over the hole in the rock in which the cross stood; on either side of it are the holes of the crosses of the two thieves. The altar is rich with silver and gold and jewels. The chamber78, when we entered it, was blazing with light, and Latin monks were performing their adorations, with chanting and swinging of incense79, before the altar. A Greek priest stood at one side, watching them, and there was plain contempt in his face. The Greek priests are not wanting in fanaticism80, but they never seem to me to possess the faith of the Latin branch of the Catholic church. When the Latins had gone, the Greek took us behind the altar, and showed us another earthquake-rent in the rock.
Adjoining this chapel is the Latin Chapel of the Crucifixion, marking the spot where Christ was nailed to the cross; from that we looked through a window into an exterior81 room dedicated to the Sorrowing Virgin, where she stood and beheld82 the crucifixion. Both these latter rooms do not rest upon the rock, but upon artificial vaults83, and of course can mark the spots commemorated84 by them only in space.
Perhaps this sensation of being in the air, and of having no standing85-place even for tradition, added something to the strange feeling that took possession of me; a mingled86 feeling that was no more terror than is the apprehension87 that one experiences at a theatre from the manufactured thunder behind the scenes. I suppose it arose from cross currents meeting in the mind, the thought of the awful significance of the events here represented and the sight of this theatrical88 representation. The dreadful name, Golgotha, the gloom of this part of the building,—a sort of mount of darkness, with its rent rock and preternatural shadow,—the blazing contrast of the chapel where the cross stood with the dark passages about it, the chanting and flashing lights of pilgrims ever coming and going, the neighborhood of the sepulchre itself, were well calculated to awaken89 an imagination the least sensitive. And, so susceptible90 is the mind to the influence of that mental electricity—if there is no better name for it—which proceeds from a mass of minds having one thought (and is sometimes called public opinion), be it true or false, that whatever one may believe about the real location of the Holy Sepulchre, he cannot witness, unmoved, the vast throng of pilgrims to these shrines91, representing as they do every section of the civilized92 and of the uncivilized world into which a belief in the cross has penetrated93. The undoubted sincerity94 of the majority of the pilgrims who worship here makes us for the time forget the hundred inventions which so often allure95 and as often misdirect that worship.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre offers at all times a great spectacle, and one always novel, in the striking ceremonies and the people who assist at them. One of the most extraordinary, that of the Holy Fire, at the Greek Easter, which is three weeks later than the Roman, and which has been so often described, we did not see. I am not sure that we saw even all the thirty-seven holy places and objects in the church. It may not be unprofitable to set down those I can recall. They are,—
The Stone of Unction.
The spot where the Virgin Mary stood when the body of our Lord was anointed.
The Holy Sepulchre.
The stone on which the angel sat.
The tombs of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus.
The well of Helena.
The stone marking the spot where Christ in the form of a gardener appeared to Mary Magdalene.
The spot where Mary Magdalene stood.
The spot where our Lord appeared to the Virgin after his resurrection.
The place where the true cross, discovered by Helena, was laid, and identified by a miracle.
The fragment of the Column of Flagellation.
The prison of our Lord.
The "Bonds of Christ," a stone with two holes in it.
The place where the title on the cross was preserved.
The place of the division of the vestments.
The centre of the earth (Greek).
The centre of the earth (Armenian).
The altar of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ.
The altar of the penitent96 thief.
The Chapel of Helena.
The chair in which Helena sat when the cross was found.
The spot where the cross was found.
The Chapel of the Mocking, with a fragment of the column upon which Jesus sat when they crowned him with thorns.
The Chapel of the Elevation of the Cross.
The spot where the cross stood.
The spots where the crosses of the thieves stood.
The rent rock near the cross.
The spot where Christ was nailed to the cross.
The spot where the Virgin stood during the crucifixion.
The Chapel of Adam.
The tomb of Melchizedek.
The rent rock in the Chapel of Adam.
The spots where the tombs of Godfrey and Baldwin stood.
No, we did not see them all. Besides, there used to be a piece of the cross in the Latin chapel; but the Armenians are accused of purloining97 it. All travellers, I suppose, have seen the celebrated98 Iron Crown of Lombardy, which is kept in the church at Monza, near Milan. It is all of gold except the inner band, which is made of a nail of the cross brought from Jerusalem by Helena. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre has not all the relics99 it might have, but it is as rich in them as any church of its age.
A place in Jerusalem almost as interesting to Christians as the Holy Sepulchre, and more interesting to antiquarians, is the Harem, or Temple area, with its ancient substructions and its resplendent Saracenic architecture. It is largely an open place, green with grass; it is clean and wholesome100, and the sun lies lovingly on it. There is no part of the city where the traveller would so like to wander at will, to sit and muse101, to dream away the day on the walls overhanging the valley of the Kidron, to recall at leisure all the wonderful story of its splendor102 and its disaster. But admission to the area is had only by special permit. Therefore the ordinary tourist goes not so much as he desires to the site of the Temple that Solomon built, and of the porch where Jesus walked and talked with his disciples103. When he does go, he feels that he treads upon firm historical ground.
We walked down the gutter104 (called street) of David; we did not enter the Harem area by the Bab es-Silsileh (Gate of the Chain), but turned northward105 and went in by the Bab el-Katanm (Gate of the Cotton-Merchants), which is identified with the Beautiful Gate of the Temple. Both these gates have twisted columns and are graceful106 examples of Saracenic architecture. As soon as we entered the gate the splendor of the area burst upon us; we passed instantly out of the sordid107 city into a green plain, out of which—it could have been by a magic wand only—had sprung the most charming creations in stone: minarets108, domes110, colonnades111, cloisters113, pavilions, columns of all orders, horseshoe arches and pointed114 arches, every joyous115 architectural thought expressed in shining marble and brilliant color.
Our dragoman, Abd-el-Atti, did the honors of the place with the air of proprietorship116. For the first time in the Holy City he felt quite at home, and appeared to be on the same terms with the Temple area that he is with the tombs of the Pharaohs. The Christian antiquities117 are too much for him, but his elastic118 mind expands readily to all the marvels120 of the Moslem121 situation. The Moslems, indeed, consider that they have a much better right to the Temple than the Christians, and Abd-el-Atti acted as our cicerone in the precincts with all the delight of a boy and with the enthusiasm of faith. It was not unpleasant to him, either, to have us see that he was treated with consideration by the mosque122 attendants and ulemas, and that he was well known and could pass readily into the most reserved places. He had said his prayers that morning, at twelve, in this mosque, a privilege only second to that of praying in the mosque at Mecca, and was in high spirits, as one who had (if the expression is allowable) got a little ahead in the matter of devotion.
Let me give in a few words, without any qualifications of doubt, what seem to be the well-ascertained facts about this area. It is at present a level piece of ground (in the nature of a platform, since it is sustained on all sides by walls), a quadrilateral with its sides not quite parallel, about fifteen hundred feet long by one thousand feet broad. The northern third of it was covered by the Fortress123 of Antonia, an ancient palace and fortress, rebuilt with great splendor by Herod. The small remains124 of it in the northeast corner are now barracks.
This level piece of ground is nearly all artificial, either filled in or built up on arches. The original ground (Mount Moriah) was a rocky hill, the summit of which was the rock about which there has been so much controversy125. Near the centre of this ground, and upon a broad raised platform, paved with marble, stands the celebrated mosque Kubbet es-Sukhrah, "The Dome109 of the Rock." It is built over the Sacred Rock.
This rock marks the site of the threshing-floor of Oman, the Jebusite, which David bought, purchasing at the same time the whole of Mount Moriah. Solomon built the Temple over this rock, and it was probably the "stone of sacrifice." At the time Solomon built the Temple, the level place on Moriah was scarcely large enough for the naos of that building, and Solomon extended the ground to the east and south by erecting126 arches and filling in on top of them, and constructing a heavy retaining-wall outside. On the east side also he built a porch, or magnificent colonnade112, which must have produced a fine effect of Oriental grandeur127 when seen from the deep valley below or from the Mount of Olives opposite.
To this rock the Jews used to come, in the fourth century, and anoint it with oil, and wail128 over it, as the site of the Temple. On it once stood a statue of Hadrian. When the Moslems captured Jerusalem, it became, what it has ever since been, one of their most venerated129 places. The Khalif Omar cleared away the rubbish from it, and built over it a mosque. The Khalif Abd-el-Melek began to rebuild it in a. d. 686. During the Crusades it was used as a Christian church. Allowing for decay and repairs, the present mosque is probably substantially that built by Abd-el-Melek.
At the extreme south of the area is the vast Mosque of Aksa, a splendid basilica with seven aisles130, which may or may not be the Church of St. Mary built by Justinian in the sixth century; architects differ about it. This question it seems to me very difficult to decide from the architecture of the building, because of the habit that Christians and Moslems both had of appropriating columns and capitals of ancient structures in their buildings; and because the Moslems at that time used both the round and the pointed arch.
This platform is beyond all comparison the most beautiful place in Jerusalem, and its fairy-like buildings, when seen from the hill opposite, give to the city its chief claim to Oriental picturesqueness131.
The dome of the mosque Kubbet-es-Sukhrah is perhaps the most beautiful in the world; it seems to float in the air like a blown bubble; this effect is produced by a slight drawing in of the base. This contraction132 of the dome is not sufficient to give the spectator any feeling of insecurity, or to belittle133 this architectural marvel119 to the likeness134 of a big toy; the builder hit the exact mean between massiveness and expanding lightness. The mosque is octagonal in form, and although its just proportions make it appear small, it is a hundred and fifty feet in diameter; outside and in, it is a blaze of color in brilliant marbles, fine mosaics135, stained glass, and beautiful Saracenic tiles. The lower part of the exterior wall is covered with colored marbles in intricate patterns; above are pointed windows with stained glass; and the spaces between the windows are covered by glazed136 tiles, with arabesque137 designs and very rich in color. In the interior, which has all the soft warmth and richness of Persian needlework, are two corridors, with rows of columns and pillars; within the inner row is the Sacred Rock.
This rock, which is the most remarkable138 stone in the world, if half we hear of it be true, and which by a singular fortune is sacred to three religions, is an irregular bowlder, standing some five feet above the pavement, and is something like sixty feet long. In places it has been chiselled139, steps are cut on one side, and various niches140 are hewn in it; a round hole pierces it from top to bottom. The rock is limestone141, a little colored with iron, and beautiful in spots where it has been polished. One would think that by this time it ought to be worn smooth all over.
If we may believe the Moslems and doubt our own senses, this rock is suspended in the air, having no support on any side. It was to this rock that Mohammed made his midnight journey on El Burak; it was from here that he ascended142 into Paradise, an excursion that occupied him altogether only forty minutes. It is, I am inclined to think, the miraculous143 suspension of this stone that is the basis of the Christian fable144 of the suspension of Mohammed's coffin,—a miracle unknown to all Moslems of whom I have inquired concerning it.
"Abd-el-Atti," I said, "does this rock rest on nothing?"
"So I have hunderstood; thim say so."
"But do you believe it?"
"When I read him, I believe; when I come and see him, I can't help what I see."
At the south end of the rock we descended145 a flight of steps and stood under the rock in what is called the Noble Cave, a small room about six feet high, plastered and whitewashed146. This is supposed to be the sink into which the blood of the Jewish sacrifices drained. The plaster and whitewash147 hide the original rock, and give the Moslems the opportunity to assert that there is no rock foundation under the big stone.
"But," we said to Abd-el-Atti, "if this rock hangs in the air, why cannot we see all around it? Why these plaster walls that seem to support it?"
"So him used to be. This done so, I hear, on account of de women. Thim come here, see this rock, thim berry much frightened. Der little shild, what you call it, get born in de world before him wanted. So thim make this wall under it."
There are four altars in this cave, one of them dedicated to David; here the Moslem prophets, Abraham, David, Solomon, and Jesus, used to pray. In the rock is a round indentation made by Mohammed's head when he first attempted to rise to heaven; near it is the hole through which he rose. On the upper southeast corner of the rock is the print of the prophet's foot, and close to it the print of the hand of the angel Michael, who held the rock down from following Mohammed into the skies.
In the mosque above, Abd-el-Atti led us, with much solemnity, to a small stone set in the pavement near the north entrance. It was perforated with holes, in some of which were brass148 nails.
"How many holes you make 'em there?"
"Thirteen."
"How many got nails?"
"Four."
"Not so many. Only three and a half nails. Used to be thirteen nails. Now only three and a half. When these gone, then the world come to an end. I t'ink it not berry long."
"I should think the Moslems would watch this stone very carefully."
"What difference? You not t'ink it come when de time come?"
We noticed some pieces of money on the stone, and asked why that was.
"Whoever he lay backsheesh on this stone, he certain to go into Paradise, and be took by our prophet in his bosom149."
We wandered for some time about the green esplanade, dotted with cypress-trees, and admired the little domes: the Dome of the Spirits, the dome that marks the spot where David sat in judgment150, etc.; some of them cover cisterns151 and reservoirs in the rock, as old as the foundations of the Temple.
In the corridor of the Mosque of Aksa are two columns standing close together, and like those at the Mosque of Omar, in Cairo, they are a test of character; it is said that whoever can squeeze between them is certain of Paradise, and must, of course, be a good Moslem. I suppose that when this test was established the Moslems were all lean. A black stone is set in the wall of the porch; whoever can walk, with closed eyes, across the porch pavement and put his finger on this stone may be sure of entering Paradise. According to this criterion, the writer of this is one of the elect of the Mohammedan Paradise and his dragoman is shut out. We were shown in this mosque the print of Christ's foot in a stone; and it is said that with faith one can feel in it, as he can in that of Mohammed's in the rock, the real flesh. Opening from this mosque is the small Mosque of Omar, on the spot where that zealous152 khalif prayed.
The massive pillared substructions under Aksa are supposed by Moslems to be of Solomon's time. That wise monarch153 had dealings with the invisible, and no doubt controlled the genii, who went and came and built and delved154 at his bidding. Abd-el-Atti, with haste and an air of mystery, drew me along under the arches to the window in the south end, and showed me the opening of a passage under the wall, now half choked up with stones. This is the beginning of a subterranean155 passage made by the prophet Solomon, that extends all the way to Hebron, and has an issue in the mosque over the tomb of Abraham. This fact is known only to Moslems, and to very few of them, and is considered one of the great secrets. Before I was admitted to share it, I am glad that I passed between the two columns, and touched, with my eyes shut, the black stone.
In the southeast corner of the Harem is a little building called the Mosque of Jesus. We passed through it, and descended the stairway into what is called Solomon's Stables, being shown on our way a stone trough which is said to be the cradle of the infant Jesus. These so-called stables are subterranean vaults, built, no doubt, to sustain the south end of the Temple platform. We saw fifteen rows of massive square pillars of unequal sizes and at unequal distances apart (as if intended for supports that would not be seen), and some forty feet high, connected by round arches. We were glad to reascend from this wet and unpleasant cavern156 to the sunshine and the greensward.
I forgot to mention the Well of the Leaf, near the entrance, in the Mosque of Aksa, and the pretty Moslem legend that gave it a name, which Abd-el-Atti relates, though not in the words of the hand-book:—
"This well berry old; call him Well of the Leaf; water same as Pool of Solomon, healthy water; I like him very much. Not so deep as Bir el-Arw鈎; that small well, you see it under the rock; they say it goes down into Gehenna."
"Why is this called the Well of the Leaf?"
"Once, time of Suleiman [it was Omar], a friend of our prophet come here to pray, and when he draw water to wash he drop the bucket in the bottom of the well. No way to get it up, but he must go down. When he was on the bottom, there he much surprised by a door open in the ground, and him berry cur'ous to see what it is. Nobody there, so he look in, and then walk through berry fast, and look over him shoulder to the bucket left in the well. The place where he was come was the most beautiful garden ever was, and he walk long time and find no end, always more garden, so cool, and water run in little streams, and sweet smell of roses and jasmine, and little birds that sing, and big trees and dates and oranges and palms, more kind, I t'ink, than you see in the garden of his vice-royal. When the man have been long time in the garden he begin to have fright, and pick a green leaf off a tree, and run back and come up to his friends. He show 'em the green leaf, but nobody have believe what he say. Then they tell him story to the kadi, and the kadi send men to see the garden in the bottom of the well. They not find any, not find any door. Then the kadi he make him a letter to the Sultan—berry wise man—and he say (so I read it in our history), 'Our prophet say, One of my friends shall walk in Paradise while he is alive. If this is come true, you shall see the leaf, if it still keep green.' Then the kadi make examine of the leaf, and find him green. So it is believe the man has been in Paradise."
"And do you believe it?"
"I cannot say edzacly where him been. Where you t'ink he done got that leaf?"
Along the east wall of the Harem there are no remains of the long colonnade called Solomon's Porch, not a column of that resplendent marble pavilion which caught the first rays of the sun over the mountains of Moab, and which, with the shining temple towering behind it, must have presented a more magnificent appearance than Babylon, and have rivalled the architectural glories of Baalbek. The only thing in this wail worthy157 of note now is the Golden Gate, an entrance no longer used. We descended into its archways, and found some fine columns with composite capitals, and other florid stone-work of a rather tasteless and debased Roman style.
We climbed the wall by means of the steps, a series of which are placed at intervals158, and sat a long time looking upon a landscape, every foot of which is historical. Merely to look upon it is to recall a great portion of the Jewish history and the momentous159 events in the brief life of the Saviour, which, brief as it was, sufficed to newly create the earth. There is the Mount of Olives, with its commemorative chapels, heaps of stone, and scattered160 trees; there is the ancient foot-path up which David fled as a fugitive161 by night from the conspiracy162 of Absalom, what time Shimei, the relative of Saul, stoned him and cursed him; and down that Way of Triumph, the old road sweeping163 round its base, came the procession of the Son of David, in whose path the multitude cast their garments and branches of trees, and cried, "Hosanna in the highest." There on those hills, Mount Scopus and Olivet, were once encamped the Assyrians, and again the Persians; there shone the eagles of Rome, borne by her conquering legions; and there, in turn, Crusaders and Saracens pitched their tents. How many times has the air been darkened with missiles hurled164 thence upon this shining prize, and how many armies have closed in about this spot and swarmed165 to its destruction! There the Valley of Jehoshaphat curves down until it is merged166 in the Valley of the Brook167 Kidron. There, at the junction168 of the roads that run over and around Olivet, is a clump169 of trees surrounded by a white wall; that is the Garden of Gethsemane. Near it is the tomb of Mary. Farther down you see the tomb of Absalom, the tomb of St. James, the monolith pyramid-tipped tomb of Zacharias (none of them apparently as old as they claim to be), and the remains of a little temple, the model of which came from the banks of the Nile, that Solomon built for his Egyptian wife, the daughter of Pharaoh, wherein they worshipped the gods of her country. It is tradition also that near here were some of the temples he built for others of his strange wives: a temple to Chemosh, the Moabite god, and the image of Moloch, the devourer170 of children. Solomon was wiser than all men, wiser than Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol; his friend Hiram of Tyre used to send riddles171 to him which no one in the world but Solomon could guess; but his wisdom failed him with the other sex, and there probably never was another Oriental court so completely ruled and ruined by women as his.
This valley below us is perhaps the most melancholy172 on earth: nowhere else is death so visibly master of the scene; nature is worn out, man tired out; a gray despair has settled down upon the landscape. Down there is the village of Siloam, a village of huts and holes in the rocks, opposite the cave of that name. If it were the abode173 of wolves it would have a better character than it has now. There is the grim cast of sin and exhaustion174 upon the scene. I do not know exactly how much of this is owing to the Jewish burying-ground, which occupies so much of the opposite hill. The slope is thickly shingled175 with gray stones, that lie in a sort of regularity176 which suggests their purpose. You fall to computing177 how many Jews there may be in that hill, layer upon layer; for the most part they are dissolved away into the earth, but you think that if they were to put on their mortal bodies and come forth178, the valley itself would be filled with them almost to the height of the wall. Out of these gates, giving upon this valley of death, six hundred thousand bodies of those who had starved were thrown during the siege, and long before Titus stormed the city. I do not wonder that the Moslems think of this frightful179 vale as Gehenna itself.
From an orifice in the battlemented wall where we sat projects a round column, mounted there like a cannon180, and perhaps intended to deceive an enemy into the belief that the wall is fortified181. It is astride this column, overhanging this dreadful valley, that Mohammed will sit at the last, the judgment day. A line finer than a hair and sharper than a razor will reach from it to the tower on the Mount of Olives, stretching over the valley of the dead. This is the line Es-Serat. Mohammed will superintend the passage over it. For in that day all who ever lived, risen to judgment, must walk this razor-line; the good will cross in safety; the bad will fall into hell, that is, into Gehenna, this blasted gulf182 and side-hill below, thickly sown with departed Jews. It is in view of this perilous183 passage that the Moslem every day, during the ablution of his feet, prays: "O, make my feet not to slip on Es-Serat, on that day when feet shall slip."
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1
sojourner
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| n.旅居者，寄居者 | |
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2
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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3
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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fumigating
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| v.用化学品熏（某物）消毒( fumigate的现在分词 ) | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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rotunda
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| n.圆形建筑物；圆厅 | |
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9
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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13
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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14
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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15
paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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16
taper
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| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
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17
tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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18
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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19
revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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20
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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21
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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22
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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23
blithe
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| adj.快乐的，无忧无虑的 | |
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24
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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26
flopped
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| v.（指书、戏剧等）彻底失败( flop的过去式和过去分词 )；（因疲惫而）猛然坐下；（笨拙地、不由自主地或松弛地）移动或落下；砸锅 | |
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flop
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| n.失败(者)，扑通一声；vi.笨重地行动，沉重地落下 | |
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28
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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imperturbable
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| adj.镇静的 | |
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30
hopped
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| 跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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31
winked
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| v.使眼色( wink的过去式和过去分词 )；递眼色（表示友好或高兴等）；（指光）闪烁；闪亮 | |
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32
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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33
shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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34
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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35
chirped
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| 鸟叫，虫鸣( chirp的过去式 ) | |
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caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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39
eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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40
grimace
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| v.做鬼脸，面部歪扭 | |
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41
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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42
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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43
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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44
chuckle
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| vi.／n.轻声笑，咯咯笑 | |
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45
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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46
demure
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| adj.严肃的；端庄的 | |
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47
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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48
unnaturally
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| adv.违反习俗地；不自然地；勉强地；不近人情地 | |
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49
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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50
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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51
impiety
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| n.不敬；不孝 | |
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52
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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53
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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54
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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55
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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56
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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57
bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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58
glimmer
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| v.发出闪烁的微光；n.微光，微弱的闪光 | |
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59
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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60
contiguity
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| n.邻近，接壤 | |
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61
specialties
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| n.专门，特性，特别；专业( specialty的名词复数 )；特性；特制品；盖印的契约 | |
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62
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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63
slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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64
niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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65
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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66
scourged
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| 鞭打( scourge的过去式和过去分词 )； 惩罚，压迫 | |
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67
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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68
centurion
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| n.古罗马的百人队长 | |
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69
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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70
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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71
cistern
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| n.贮水池 | |
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72
clove
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| n.丁香味 | |
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73
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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74
glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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75
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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76
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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77
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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78
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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79
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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80
fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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81
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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82
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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83
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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84
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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86
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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87
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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88
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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89
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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90
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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91
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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93
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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94
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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95
allure
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| n.诱惑力，魅力；vt.诱惑，引诱，吸引 | |
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penitent
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| adj.后悔的；n.后悔者；忏悔者 | |
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purloining
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| v.偷窃( purloin的现在分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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100
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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101
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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102
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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103
disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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104
gutter
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| n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟 | |
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105
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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106
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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107
sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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108
minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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109
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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110
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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111
colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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112
colonnade
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| n.柱廊 | |
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113
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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114
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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115
joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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116
proprietorship
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| n.所有（权）；所有权 | |
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117
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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118
elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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119
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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120
marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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121
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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122
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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123
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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124
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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125
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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126
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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127
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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128
wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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129
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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130
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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131
picturesqueness
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132
contraction
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| n.缩略词，缩写式，害病 | |
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133
belittle
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| v.轻视，小看，贬低 | |
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134
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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135
mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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136
glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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137
arabesque
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| n.阿拉伯式花饰；adj.阿拉伯式图案的 | |
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138
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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139
chiselled
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| adj.凿过的，凿光的； （文章等）精心雕琢的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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140
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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141
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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142
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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143
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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144
fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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145
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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146
whitewashed
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| 粉饰，美化，掩饰( whitewash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
whitewash
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| v.粉刷，掩饰；n.石灰水，粉刷，掩饰 | |
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148
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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149
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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150
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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151
cisterns
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| n.蓄水池，储水箱( cistern的名词复数 )；地下储水池 | |
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152
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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153
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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154
delved
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| v.深入探究，钻研( delve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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156
cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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157
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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158
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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159
momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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160
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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161
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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162
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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163
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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164
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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165
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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166
merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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167
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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168
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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169
clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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170
devourer
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| 吞噬者 | |
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171
riddles
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| n.谜（语）( riddle的名词复数 )；猜不透的难题，难解之谜 | |
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172
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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173
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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174
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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175
shingled
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| adj.盖木瓦的；贴有墙面板的v.用木瓦盖(shingle的过去式和过去分词形式) | |
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176
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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177
computing
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| n.计算 | |
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178
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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179
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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180
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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181
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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182
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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183
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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