A night had sufficed to transport us into another world, a world in which all outlines are softened7 and colored, a world in which history appears like romance. We might have imagined that we had sailed into some tropical harbor, except that the island before us was bare of foliage8; there was the calm of perfect repose9 in the sky, on the sea, and the land; Cyprus made no harsh contrast with the azure10 water in which it seemed to be anchored for the morning, as our ship was. You could believe that the calm of summer and of early morning always rested on the island, and that it slept exhausted11 in the memory of its glorious past.
Taking a cup of coffee, we rowed ashore12. It was the festival of St. George, and the flags of various nations were hung out along the riva, or displayed from the staffs of the consular14 residences. It is one of the chief f阾e days of the year, and the foreign representatives, who have not too much excitement, celebrated16 it by formal visits to the Greek consul13. Larnaka does not keep a hotel, and we wandered about for some time before we could discover its sole locanda, where we purposed to breakfast. This establishment would please an artist, but it had few attractions for a person wishing to break his fast, and our unusual demand threw it into confusion. The locanda was nothing but a kitchen in a tumble-down building, smoke-dried, with an earth floor and a rickety table or two. After long delay, the cheerful Greek proprietor17 and his lively wife—whose good-humored willingness both to furnish us next to nothing, but the best they had, from their scanty18 larder20, and to cipher21 up a long reckoning for the same, excited our interest—produced some fried veal22, sour bread, harsh wine, and tart23 oranges; and we breakfasted more sumptuously24, I have no doubt, than any natives of the island that morning. The scant19 and hard fare of nearly all the common people in the East would be unendurable to any American; but I think that the hardy25 peasantry of the Levant would speedily fall into dyspeptic degeneracy upon the introduction of American rural cooking.
After we had killed our appetites at the locanda, we presented our letters to the American consul, General di Cesnola, in whose spacious26 residence we experienced a delightful27 mingling28 of Oriental and Western hospitality. The kaw鈙s of the General was sent to show us the town. This kaw鈙s was a gorgeous official, a kind of glorified29 being, in silk and gold-lace, who marched before us, huge in bulk, waving his truncheon of office, and gave us the appearance, in spite of our humility30, of a triumphal procession. Larnaka has not many sights, although it was the residence of the Lusignan dynasty,—Richard Cour de Lion having, toward the close of the twelfth century, made a gift of the island to Guy de Lusignan. It has, however, some mosques31 and Greek churches. The church of St. Lazarus, which contains the now vacant tomb of the Lazarus who was raised from the dead at Bethany and afterwards became bishop33 of Citium, is an interesting old Byzantine edifice34, and has attached to it an English burial-ground, with tombs of the seventeenth century. The Greek priest who showed us the church does not lose sight of the gain of godliness in this life while pursuing in this remote station his heavenly journey. He sold my friend some exquisite35 old crucifixes, carved in wood, mounted in antique silver, which he took from the altar, and he let the church part with some of its quaint36 old pictures, commemorating37 the impossible exploits of St. Demetrius and St. George. But he was very careful that none of the Greeks who were lounging about the church should be witnesses of the transfer. He said that these ignorant people had a prejudice about these sacred objects, and might make trouble.
The excavations38 made at Larnaka have demonstrated that this was the site of ancient Citium, the birthplace of Zeno, the Stoic39, and the Chittim so often alluded40 to by the Hebrew prophets; it was a Phoenician colony, and when Ezekiel foretold41 the unrecoverable fall of Tyre, among the luxuries of wealth he enumerated43 were the "benches of ivory brought out of the isles44 of Chittim." Paul does not mention it, but he must have passed through it when he made his journey over the island from Salamis to Paphos, where he had his famous encounter with the sorcerer Bar-jesus. A few miles out of town on the road to Citti is a Turkish mosque32, which shares the high veneration45 of Moslems with those of Mecca and Jerusalem. In it is interred46 the wet-nurse of Mohammed.
We walked on out of the town to the most considerable church in the place, newly built by the Roman Catholics. There is attached to it a Franciscan convent, a neat establishment with a garden; and the hospitable47 monks49, when they knew we were Americans, insisted upon entertaining us; the contributions for their church had largely come from America, they said, and they seemed to regard us as among the number of their benefactors50. This Christian51 charity expressed itself also in some bunches of roses, which the brothers plucked for our ladies. One cannot but suspect and respect that timid sentiment the monk48 retains for the sex whose faces he flies from, which he expresses in the care of flowers; the blushing rose seems to be the pure and only link between the monk and womankind; he may cultivate it without sin, and offer it to the chance visitor without scandal.
The day was lovely, but the sun had intense power, and in default of donkeys we took a private carriage into the country to visit the church of St. George, at which the f阾e day of that saint was celebrated by a fair, and a concourse of peasants. Our carriage was a four-wheeled cart, a sort of hay-wagon, drawn52 by two steers53, and driven by a Greek boy in an embroidered54 jacket. The Franciscans lent us chairs for the cart; the resplendent kawass marched ahead; Abd-el-Atti hung his legs over the tail of the cart in an attitude of dejection; and we moved on, but so slowly that my English friend, Mr. Edward Rae, was able to sketch55 us, and the Cyprians could enjoy the spectacle.
The country lay bare and blinking under the sun; save here and there a palm or a bunch of cypresses, this part of the island has not a tree or a large shrub56. The view of the town and the sea with its boats, as we went inland, was peculiar, not anything real, but a skeleton picture; the sky and sea were indigo57 blue. We found a crowd of peasants at the church of St. George, which has a dirty interior, like all the Greek churches. The Greeks, as well as the other Orientals, know how to mingle58 devotion with the profits of trade, and while there were rows of booths outside, and traffic went on briskly, the church was thronged59 with men and women who bought tapers60 for offerings, and kissed with fervor61 the holy relics62 which were exposed. The articles for sale at the booths and stands were chiefly eatables and the coarsest sort of merchandise. The only specialty63 of native manufacture was rude but pleasant-sounding little bells, which are sometimes strung upon the necks of donkeys. But so fond are these simple people of musical noise, that these bells are attached to the handles of sickles64 also. The barley65 was already dead-ripe in the fields, and many of the peasants at the fair brought their sickles with them. They were, both men and women, a good-humored, primitive66 sort of people, certainly not a handsome race, but picturesque67 in appearance; both sexes affect high colors, and the bright petticoats of the women matched the gay jackets of their husbands and lovers.
We do not know what was the ancient standard of beauty in Cyprus; it may have been no higher than it is now, and perhaps the swains at this f阾e of St. George would turn from any other type of female charms as uninviting. The Cyprian or Paphian Venus could not have been a beauty according to our notions.
The images of her which General di Cesnola found in her temple all have a long and sharp nose. These images are Phoenician, and were made six hundred to a thousand years before the Christian era, at the time that wonderful people occupied this fertile island. It is an interesting fact, and an extraordinary instance of the persistence68 of nature in perpetuating69 a type, that all the women of Cyprus to-day—who are, with scarcely any exception, ugly—have exactly the nose of the ancient Paphian Venus, that is to say, the nose of the Phoenician women whose husbands and lovers sailed the Mediterranean70 as long ago as the siege of Troy.
It was off the southern coast of this island, near Paphos, that Venus Aphrodite, born of the foam71, is fabled72 to have risen from the sea. The anniversary of her birth is still perpetuated73 by an annual f阾e on the 11th of August,—a rite74 having its foundation in nature, that has proved to be stronger than religious instruction or prejudice. Originally, these f阾es were the scenes of a too literal worship of Venus, and even now the Cyprian maiden75 thinks that her chance of matrimony is increased by her attendance at this annual fair. Upon that day all the young people go upon the sea in small boats, and, until recently, it used to be the custom to dip a virgin76 into the water in remembrance of the mystic birth of Venus. That ceremony is still partially77 maintained; instead of sousing the maiden in the sea, her companions spatter the representative of the goddess with salt water,—immersion has given way here also to sprinkling.
The lively curiosity of the world has been of late years turned to Cyprus as the theatre of some of the most important and extensive archaeological discoveries of this century; discoveries unique, and illustrative of the manners and religion of a race, once the most civilized78 in the Levant, of which only the slightest monuments had hitherto been discovered; discoveries which supply the lost link between Egyptian and Grecian art. These splendid results, which by a stroke of good fortune confer some credit upon the American nation, are wholly due to the scholarship, patient industry, address, and enthusiasm of one man. To those who are familiar with the magnificent Cesnola Collection, which is the chief attraction of the Metropolitan79 Museum of New York, I need make no apology for devoting a few paragraphs to the antiquities80 of Cyprus and their explorer.
Cyprus was the coveted81 prize of all the conquerors82 of the Orient in turn. The fair island, with an area not so large as the State of Connecticut, owns in its unequal surface the extremes of the temperate84 climate; snow lies during the greater part of the year upon its mountains, which attain85 an altitude of over seven thousand feet, and the palm spreads its fan-leaves along the southern coast and in the warm plains; irregular in shape, it has an extreme length of over one hundred and forty miles, and an average breadth of about forty miles, and its deeply indented86 coast gives an extraordinarily87 long shore-line and offers the facilities of harbors for the most active commerce.
The maritime88 Phoenicians early discovered its advantages, and in the seventeenth century b. c., or a little later, a colony from Sidon settled at Citium; and in time these Yankees of the Levant occupied all the southern portion of the island with their busy ports and royal cities. There is a tradition that Teucer, after the Trojan war, founded the city of Salamis on the east coast. But however this may be, and whatever may be the exact date of the advent89 of the Sidonians upon the island, it is tolerably certain that they were in possession about the year 1600 b.c., when the navy of Thotmes III., the greatest conqueror83 and statesman in the long line of Pharaohs, visited Cyprus and collected tribute. The Egyptians were never sailors, and the fleet of Thotmes III. was no doubt composed of Phoenician ships manned by Phoenician sailors. He was already in possession of the whole of Syria, the Phoenicians were his tributaries90 and allies, their ships alone sailed the Grecian seas and carried the products of Egypt and of Asia to the Pelasgic populations. The Phoenician supremacy91, established by Sidon in Cyprus, was maintained by Tyre; and it was not seriously subverted92 until 708 b. c., when the Assyrian ravager93 of Syria, Sargon, sent a fleet and conquered Cyprus. He set up a stele94 in Citium, commemorating his exploit, which has been preserved and is now in the museum at Berlin. Two centuries later the island owned the Persians as masters, and was comprised in the fifth satrapy of Darius. It became a part of the empire of the Macedonian Alexander after his conquest of Asia Minor95, and was again an Egyptian province under the Ptolemies, until the Roman eagles swooped96 down upon it. Coins are not seldom found that tell the story of these occupations. Those bearing the head of Ptolemy Physcon, Euergetes VII., found at Paphos and undoubtedly97 struck there, witness the residence on the island of that licentious98 and literary tyrant99, whom a popular outburst had banished100 from Alexandria. Another with the head of Vespasian, and on the obverse an outline of the temple of Venus at Paphos, attests101 the Roman hospitality to the gods and religious rites102 of all their conquered provinces.
Upon the breaking up of the Roman world, Cyprus fell to the Greek Empire, and for centuries maintained under its ducal governors a sort of independent life, enjoying as much prosperity as was possible under the almost uniform imbecility and corruption103 of the Byzantine rule. We have already spoken of its transfer to the Lusignans by Richard Cour de Lion; and again a romantic chapter was added to its history by the reign15 of Queen Catharine Cornaro, who gave her kingdom to the Venetian republic. Since its final conquest by the Turks in 1571, Cyprus has interested the world only by its sufferings; for Turkish history here, as elsewhere, is little but a record of exactions, rapine, and massacre104.
From time to time during the present century efforts have been made by individuals and by learned societies to explore the antiquities of Cyprus; but although many interesting discoveries were made, yet the field was comparatively virgin when General di Cesnola was appointed American consul in 1866. Here and there a stele, or some fragments of pottery105, or the remains106 of a temple, had been unearthed107 by chance or by superficial search, but the few objects discovered served only to pique108 curiosity. For one reason or another, the efforts made to establish the site of ancient cities had been abandoned, the expeditions sent out by France had been comparatively barren of results, and it seemed as if the traces of the occupation of the Phoenicians, the Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Persians, and the Romans were irrecoverably concealed109.
General L. P. di Cesnola, the explorer of Cyprus, is of a noble Piedmontese family; he received a military and classical education at Turin; identified with the party of Italian unity110, his sympathies were naturally excited by the contest in America; he offered his sword to our government, and served with distinction in the war for the union. At its close he was appointed consul at Cyprus, a position of no pecuniary111 attraction, but I presume that the new consul had in view the explorations which have given his name such honorable celebrity112 in both hemispheres.
The difficulties of his undertaking113 were many. He had to encounter at every step the jealousy114 of the Turkish government, and the fanaticism115 and superstition117 of the occupants of the soil. Archaeological researches are not easy in the East under the most favorable circumstances, and in places where the traces of ancient habitations are visible above ground, and ancient sites are known; but in Cyprus no ruins exist in sight to aid the explorer, and, with the exception of one or two localities, no names of ancient places are known to the present generation. But the consul was convinced that the great powers which had from age to age held Cyprus must have left some traces of their occupation, and that intelligent search would discover the ruins of the prosperous cities described by Strabo and mentioned by the geographer118 Ptolemy. Without other guides than the descriptions of these and other ancient writers, the consul began his search in 1867, and up to 1875 he had ascertained119 the exact sites of eleven ancient cities mentioned by Strabo and Ptolemy, most of which had ceased to exist before the Christian era, and none of which has left vestiges120 above the soil.
In the time of David and of Solomon the Phoenicians formed the largest portion of the population of the island; their royal cities of Paphos, Amathus, Carpassa, Citium, and Ammochosto, were in the most flourishing condition. Not a stone remained of them above ground; their sites were unknown in 1867.
When General di Cesnola had satisfied himself of the probable site of an ancient city or temple, it was difficult to obtain permission to dig, even with the authority of the Sultan's firman. He was obliged to wait for harvests to be gathered, in some cases, to take a lease of the ground; sometimes the religious fanaticism of the occupants could not be overcome, and his working parties were frequently beaten and driven away in his absence. But the consul exhibited tact121, patience, energy, the qualities necessary, with knowledge, to a successful explorer. He evaded122 or cast down all obstacles.
In 1868 he discovered the necropoli of Ledra, Citium, and Idalium, and opened during three years in these localities over ten thousand tombs, bringing to light a mass of ancient objects of art which enable us to understand the customs, religion, and civilization of the earlier inhabitants. Idalium was famous of old as the place where Grecian pottery was first made, and fragments of it have been found from time to time on its site.
In 1869 and 1870 he surveyed Aphrodisium, in the northeastern part of the island, and ascertained, in the interior, the site of Golgos, a city known to have been in existence before the Trojan war. The disclosures at this place excited both the wonder and the incredulity of the civilized world, and it was not until the marvellous collection of the explorer was exhibited, partially in London, but fully123 in New York, that the vast importance of the labors124 of General di Cesnola began to be comprehended. In exploring the necropolis of Golgos, he came, a few feet below the soil, upon the remains of the temple of Venus, strewn with mutilated sculptures of the highest interest, supplying the missing link between Egyptian and Greek art, and indeed illustrating126 the artistic127 condition of most of the Mediterranean nations during the period from about 1200 to about 500 b. c. It would require too much space to tell how the British Museum missed and the Metropolitan of New York secured this first priceless "Cesnola Collection." Suffice it to say, that it was sold to a generous citizen of New York, Mr. John Taylor Johnson, for fifty thousand dollars,—a sum which would not compensate128 the explorer for his time and labor125, and would little more than repay his pecuniary outlay129, which reached the amount of over sixty thousand dollars in 1875. But it was enough that the treasure was secured by his adopted country; the loss of it to the Old World, which was publicly called an "European misfortune," was a piece of good fortune to the United States, which time will magnify.
From 1870 to 1872 the General's attention was directed to the southwestern portion of the island, and he laid open the necropoli of Marium, Paphos, Alamas, and Soli, and three ancient cities whose names are yet unknown. In 1873 he explored and traced the cities of Throni, Leucolla, and Arsin鬳, and the necropoli of several towns still unknown. In 1874 and 1875 he brought to light the royal cities of Amathus and Curium, and located the little town of Kury.
It would not be possible here to enumerate42 all the objects of art or worship, and of domestic use, which these excavations have yielded. The statuary and the thousands of pieces of glass, some of them rivalling the most perfect Grecian shapes in form, and excelling the Venetian colors in the iridescence130 of age, perhaps attract most attention in the Metropolitan Museum. From the tombs were taken thousands of vases of earthenware131, some in alabaster132 and bronze, statuettes in terra-cotta, arms, coins, scarab鎖, cylinders133, intaglios, cameos, gold ornaments134, and mortuary steles. In the temples were brought to light inscriptions135, bas-reliefs, architectural fragments, and statues of the different nations who have conquered and occupied the island. The inscriptions are in the Egyptian, Assyrian, Phoenician, Greek, and the Cypriote languages; the last-mentioned being, in the opinion of the explorer, an ancient Greek dialect.
At Curium, nineteen feet below the surface of the ground, were found the remains of the Temple of Apollo Hylates; the sculptures contained in it belong to the Greek period from 700 to 100 B.C. At Amathus some royal tombs were opened, and two marble sarcophagi of large dimensions, one of them intact, were discovered, which are historically important, and positive additions to the remains of the best Greek art.
After Golgos, Paleo Paphos yielded the most interesting treasures. Here existed a temple to the Paphian Venus, whose birthplace was in sight of its portals, famous throughout the East; devotees and pilgrims constantly resorted to it, as they do now to the shrines136 of Mecca and Jerusalem. Not only the maritime adventurers and traders from Asia Minor and the Grecian mainland crowded to the temple of this pleasing and fortunate goddess, and quitted their vows137 or propitiated138 her favor by gifts, but the religious or the superstitious139 from Persia and Assyria and farthest Egypt deposited there their votive offerings. The collector of a museum of antiquity140 that should illustrate141 the manners and religion of the thousand years before the Christian era could ask nothing better than these deposits of many races during many centuries in one place.
The excavations at Paphos were attended with considerable danger; more than once the workmen were obliged to flee to save their lives from the fanatic116 Moslems. The town, although it has lost its physical form, and even its name (its site is now called Baffo), retains the character of superstition it had when St. Paul found it expedient142 to darken the vision of Elymas there, as if a city, like a man, possessed143 a soul that outlives the body.
We spent the afternoon in examining the new collection of General di Cesnola, not so large as that in the Metropolitan Museum, but perhaps richer in some respects, particularly in iridescent144 glass.
In the summer of 1875, however, the labors of the indefatigable145 explorer were crowned with a discovery the riches of which cast into the shade the real or pretended treasures of the "House of Priam,"—a discovery not certainly of more value to art than those that preceded it, but well calculated to excite popular wonder. The finding of this subterranean146 hoard147 reads like an adventure of Aladdin.
In pursuing his researches at Curium, on the southwestern side of the island, General di Cesnola came upon the site of an ancient temple, and uncovered its broken mosaic148 pavement. Beneath this, and at the depth of twenty-five feet, he broke into a subterranean passage cut in the rock. This passage led to a door; no genie149 sat by it, but it was securely closed by a stone slab150. When this was removed, a suite151 of four rooms was disclosed, but they were not immediately accessible; earth sifting152 through the roofs for ages had filled them, and it required the labor of a month to clean out the chambers153. Imagine the feverish154 enthusiasm of the explorer as he slowly penetrated155 this treasure-house, where every stroke of the pick disclosed the gleam of buried treasure! In the first room were found only gold objects; in the second only silver and silver-gilt ornaments and utensils156; in the third alabasters, terra-cottas, vases, and groups of figures; in the fourth bronzes, and nothing else. It is the opinion of the discoverer that these four rooms were the depositories where the crafty157 priests and priestesses of the old temple used to hide their treasures during times of war or sudden invasion. I cannot but think that the mysterious subterranean passages and chambers in the ancient temples of Egypt served a similar purpose. The treasure found scattered158 in these rooms did not appear to be the whole belonging to the temple, but only a part, left perhaps in the confusion of a hasty flight.
Among the articles found in the first room, dumped in a heap in the middle (as if they had been suddenly, in a panic, stripped from the altar in the temple and cast into a place of concealment), were a gold cup covered with Egyptian embossed work, and two bracelets159 of pure gold weighing over three pounds, inscribed160 with the name of "Etevander, King of Paphos." This king lived in 635 B.C., and in 620 b. c. paid tribute to the Assyrian monarch161 Assurbanapal (Sardanapalus), as is recorded on an Assyrian tablet now in the British Museum. There were also many gold necklaces, bracelets, ear-rings, finger-rings, brooches, seals, armlets, etc., in all four hundred and eighty gold articles.
In the silver-room, arranged on the benches at the sides, were vases, bottles, cups, bowls, bracelets, finger-rings, ear-rings, seals, etc. One of the most curious and valuable objects is a silver-gilt bowl, having upon it very fine embossed Egyptian work, and evidently of high antiquity.
In the third room of vases and terra-cottas were some most valuable and interesting specimens162. The bronze-room yielded several high candelabra, lamp-holders, lamps, statuettes, bulls'-heads, bowls, vases, jugs163, patera, fibula, rings, bracelets, mirrors, etc. Nearly all the objects in the four rooms seem to have been "votive offerings," and testify a pagan devotion to the gods not excelled by Christian generosity164 to the images and shrines of modern worship. The inscriptions betoken165 the votive character of these treasures; that upon the heavy gold armlets is in the genitive case, and would be literally166 translated "Etevandri Regis Paplii," the words "offering of" being understood to precede it.
I confess that the glitter of these treasures, and the glamour167 of these associations with the ingenious people of antiquity, transformed the naked island of Cyprus, as we lay off it in the golden sunset, into a region of all possibilities, and I longed to take my Strabo and my spade and wander off prospecting168 for its sacred placers. It seemed to me, when we weighed anchor at seven o'clock, that we were sailing away from subterranean passages stuffed with the curious treasures of antiquity, from concealed chambers in which one, if he could only remove the stone slab of the door, would pick up the cunning work of the Phoenician jewellers, the barbarous ornaments of the Assyrians, the conceits169 in gold and silver of the most ancient of peoples, the Egyptians.
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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consular
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| a.领事的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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larder
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| n.食物贮藏室，食品橱 | |
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cipher
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| n.零；无影响力的人；密码 | |
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veal
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| n.小牛肉 | |
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tart
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| adj.酸的；尖酸的，刻薄的；n.果馅饼；淫妇 | |
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sumptuously
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| 奢侈地，豪华地 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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glorified
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| 美其名的，变荣耀的 | |
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humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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33
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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34
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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35
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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36
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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37
commemorating
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的现在分词 ) | |
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38
excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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39
stoic
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| n.坚忍克己之人，禁欲主义者 | |
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40
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
foretold
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|
| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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43
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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45
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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46
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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47
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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48
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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49
monks
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|
| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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50
benefactors
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|
| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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51
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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52
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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53
steers
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|
| n.阉公牛，肉用公牛( steer的名词复数 )v.驾驶( steer的第三人称单数 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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54
embroidered
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|
| adj．绣花的 | |
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55
sketch
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|
| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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56
shrub
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|
| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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57
indigo
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| n.靛青，靛蓝 | |
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58
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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59
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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61
fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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62
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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63
specialty
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| n.(speciality)特性，特质；专业，专长 | |
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64
sickles
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| n.镰刀( sickle的名词复数 ) | |
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65
barley
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|
| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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66
primitive
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|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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67
picturesque
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|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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68
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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69
perpetuating
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|
| perpetuate的现在进行式 | |
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70
Mediterranean
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|
| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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71
foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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72
fabled
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|
| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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73
perpetuated
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|
| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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74
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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75
maiden
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|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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76
virgin
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|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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77
partially
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|
| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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78
civilized
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|
| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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79
metropolitan
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|
| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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80
antiquities
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|
| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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81
coveted
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|
| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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82
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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83
conqueror
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|
| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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84
temperate
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|
| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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85
attain
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|
| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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86
indented
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|
| adj.锯齿状的，高低不平的；缩进排版 | |
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87
extraordinarily
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|
| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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88
maritime
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|
| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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89
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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90
tributaries
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|
| n. 支流 | |
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91
supremacy
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|
| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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92
subverted
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|
| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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93
ravager
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| 破坏者 | |
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94
stele
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|
| n.石碑，石柱 | |
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95
minor
|
|
| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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96
swooped
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|
| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
undoubtedly
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|
| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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98
licentious
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|
| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
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99
tyrant
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|
| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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100
banished
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|
| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
attests
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|
| v.证明( attest的第三人称单数 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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102
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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103
corruption
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|
| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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104
massacre
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|
| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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105
pottery
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|
| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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106
remains
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|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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107
unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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108
pique
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|
| v.伤害…的自尊心，使生气 n.不满，生气 | |
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109
concealed
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|
| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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110
unity
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|
| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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111
pecuniary
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|
| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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112
celebrity
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|
| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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113
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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114
jealousy
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|
| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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115
fanaticism
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|
| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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116
fanatic
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|
| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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117
superstition
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|
| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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118
geographer
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|
| n.地理学者 | |
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119
ascertained
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|
| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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121
tact
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|
| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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122
evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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123
fully
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|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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124
labors
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|
| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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125
labor
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|
| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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126
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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127
artistic
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|
| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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128
compensate
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|
| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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129
outlay
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|
| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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130
iridescence
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| n.彩虹色；放光彩；晕色；晕彩 | |
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131
earthenware
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| n.土器，陶器 | |
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132
alabaster
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|
| adj.雪白的；n.雪花石膏；条纹大理石 | |
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133
cylinders
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|
| n.圆筒( cylinder的名词复数 )；圆柱；汽缸；（尤指用作容器的）圆筒状物 | |
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134
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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135
inscriptions
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|
| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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136
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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137
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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138
propitiated
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| v.劝解，抚慰，使息怒( propitiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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140
antiquity
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|
| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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141
illustrate
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|
| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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142
expedient
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|
| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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143
possessed
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|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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144
iridescent
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|
| adj.彩虹色的，闪色的 | |
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145
indefatigable
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|
| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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146
subterranean
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|
| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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147
hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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148
mosaic
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| n./adj.镶嵌细工的，镶嵌工艺品的，嵌花式的 | |
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149
genie
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| n.妖怪，神怪 | |
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150
slab
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|
| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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151
suite
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|
| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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152
sifting
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| n.筛，过滤v.筛( sift的现在分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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153
chambers
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|
| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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154
feverish
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|
| adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的 | |
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155
penetrated
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|
| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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156
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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157
crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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158
scattered
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|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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159
bracelets
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|
| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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160
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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161
monarch
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|
| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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162
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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163
jugs
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| （有柄及小口的）水壶( jug的名词复数 ) | |
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164
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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165
betoken
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| v.预示 | |
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166
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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167
glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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168
prospecting
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| n.探矿 | |
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169
conceits
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| 高傲( conceit的名词复数 )； 自以为； 巧妙的词语； 别出心裁的比喻 | |
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