The wind was north, as it always is here in the morning, and the landing was difficult. We had the usual excitement of swarming4 boats and clamorous5 boatmen and lively waves. One passenger went into the water instead of the boat, but was easily fished out by his baggy6 trousers, and, as he was a Greek pilgrim, it was thought that a little water would n't injure him. Coming to the shore we climbed with difficulty out of the bobbing boat upon the sea-wall; the shiftless Turkish government will do nothing to improve the landing at this great port,—if the Sultan can borrow any money he builds a new palace on the Bosphorus, or an ironclad to anchor in front of it.
Smyrna may be said to have a character of its own in not having any character of its own. One of the most ancient cities on the globe, it has no appearance of antiquity7; containing all nationalities, it has no nationality; the second commercial city of the East, it has no chamber8 of commerce, no Bourse, no commercial unity9; its citizens are of no country and have no impulse of patriotism10; it is an Asiatic city with a European face; it produces nothing, it exchanges everything,—the fabrics11 of Europe, the luxuries of the Orient; the children of the East are sent to its schools, but it has no literary character nor any influence of culture; it is hospitable12 to all religions, and conspicuous13 for none; it is the paradise of the Turks, the home of luxury and of beautiful women, but it is also a favorite of the mosquito, and, until recently, it has been the yearly camp of the plague; it is not the most healthful city in the world, and yet it is the metropolis14 of the drug-trade.
Smyrna can be compared to Damascus in its age and in its perpetuity under all discouragements and changes,—the shocks of earthquakes, the constant visitations of pestilence15, and the rule of a hundred masters. It was a great city before the migration16 of the Ionians into Asia Minor17, it saw the rise and fall of Sardis, it was restored from a paralysis18 of four centuries by Alexander. Under all vicissitudes19 it seems to have retained its character of a great mart of exchange, a necessity for the trade of Asia; and perhaps the indifference20 of its conglomerate21 inhabitants to freedom and to creeds22 contributed to its safety. Certainly it thrived as well under the Christians24, when it was the seat of one of the seven churches, as it did under the Romans, when it was a seat of a great school of sophists and rhetoricians, and it is equally prosperous under the sway of the successor of Mohammed. During the thousand years of the always decaying Byzantine Empire it had its share of misfortunes, and its walls alternately, at a later day, displayed the star and crescent, and the equal arms of the cross of St. John. Yet, in all its history, I seem to see the trading, gay, free, but not disorderly Smyrna passing on its even way of traffic and of pleasure.
Of its two hundred thousand and more inhabitants, about ninety thousand are Rayah Greeks, and about eighty thousand are Turks. There is a changing population of perhaps a thousand Europeans, there are large bodies of Jews and Armenians, and it was recently estimated to have as many as fifteen thousand Levantines. These latter are the descendants of the marriage of Europeans with Greek and Jewish women; and whatever moral reputation the Levantines enjoy in the Levant, the women of this mixture are famous for their beauty. But the race is said to be not self-sustaining, and is yielding to the original types. The languages spoken in Smyrna are Turkish, a Greek dialect (the Romaic), Spanish, Italian, Trench25, English, and Arabic, probably prevailing26 in the order named. Our own steamer was much more Oriental than the city of Smyrna. As soon as we stepped ashore27 we seemed to have come into a European city; the people almost all wear the Frank dress, the shops offer little that is peculiar28. One who was unfamiliar29 with bazaars30 might wonder at the tangle31 of various lanes, but we saw nothing calling for comment. A walk through the Jewish quarter, here as everywhere else the dirtiest and most picturesque32 in the city, will reward the philosophic33 traveller with the sight of lovely women lolling at every window. It is not the fashion for Smyrniote ladies to promenade34 the streets, but they mercifully array themselves in full toilet and stand in their doorways35.
The programme of the voyage of the Achille promised us a day and a half in Smyrna, which would give us time to visit Ephesus. We were due Friday noon; we did not arrive till Saturday noon. This vexatious delay had caused much agitation36 on board; to be cheated out of Ephesus was an outrage37 which the tourists could not submit to; they had come this way on purpose to see Ephesus. They would rather give up anything else in the East. The captain said he had no discretion38, he must sail at 4 p. M. The passengers then prepared a handsome petition to the agent, begging him to detain the steamer till eight o'clock, in order to permit them to visit Ephesus by a special train. There is a proclivity39 in all those who can write to sign any and every thing except a subscription40 paper, and this petition received fifty-six eager and first-class signatures. The agent at Smyrna plumply refused our request, with unnecessary surliness; but upon the arrival of the captain, and a consultation41 which no doubt had more reference to freight than to the petition, the official agreed, as a special favor, to detain the steamer till eight o'clock, but not a moment longer.
We hastened to the station of the Aidin Railway, which runs eighty miles to Aidin, the ancient Tralles, a rich Lydian metropolis of immemorial foundation. The modern town has perhaps fifty thousand inhabitants, and is a depot42 for cotton and figs43; that sweetmeat of Paradise, the halva, is manufactured there, and its great tanneries produce fine yellow Morocco leather. The town lies only three miles from the famous tortuous44 M鎍nder, and all the region about it is a garden of vines and fruit-trees. The railway company is under English management, which signifies promptness, and the special train was ready in ten minutes; when lo! of the fifty-six devotees of Ephesus only eleven appeared. We were off at once; good engine, solid track, clean, elegant, comfortable carnages. As we moved out of the city the air was full of the odor of orange-blossoms; we crossed the Meles, and sped down a valley, very fertile, smiling with grain-fields, green meadows, groves45 of midberry, oranges, figs, with blue hills,—an ancient Mount Olympus, beyond which lay green Sardis, in the distance, a country as lovely and home-like as an English or American farm-land. We had seen nothing so luxuriant and thriving in the East before. The hills, indeed, were stripped of trees, but clad on the tops with verdure, the result of plentiful46 rains.
We went "express." The usual time of trains is three hours; we ran over the fifty miles in an hour and a quarter. We could hardly believe our senses, that we were in a luxurious47 carriage, flying along at this rate in Asia, and going to Ephesus! While we were confessing that the lazy swing of the carriage was more agreeable than that of the donkey or the dromedary, the train pulled up at station Ayasolook, once the residence of the Sultans of Ayasolook, and the camp of Tamerlane, now a cluster of coffeehouses and railway-offices, with a few fever-stricken inhabitants, who prey48 upon travellers, not with Oriental courtesy, but with European insolence49.
On our right was a round hill surmounted50 by a Roman castle; from the hills on the left, striding across the railway towards Ephesus, were the tall stone pillars of a Roman aqueduct, the brick arches and conductor nearly all fallen away. On the summit of nearly every pillar a white, red-legged stork51 had built, from sticks and grass, a high round nest, which covered the top; and the bird stood in it motionless, a beautiful object at that height against the sky.
The station people had not obeyed our telegram to furnish enough horses, and those of us who were obliged to walk congratulated ourselves on the mistake, since the way was as rough as the steeds. The path led over a ground full of stone d閎ris. This was the site of Ayasolook, which had been built out of the ruins of the old city; most picturesque objects were the small mosque52-tombs and minarets54, which revived here the most graceful55 forms and fancies of Saracenic art. One, I noticed, which had the ideal Persian arch and slender columns, Nature herself had taken into loving care and draped with clinging green and hanging vines. There were towers of brick, to which age has given a rich tone, flaring56 at the top in a curve that fascinated the eye. On each tomb, tower, and minaret53 the storks57 had nested, and upon each stood the mother looking down upon her brood. About the crumbling58 sides of a tower, thus draped and crowned, innumerable swallows had built their nests, so that it was alive with birds, whose cheerful occupation gave a kind of pathos59 to the human desertion and decay.
Behind the Roman castle stands the great but ruinous mosque of Sultan Selim, which was formerly61 the Church of St. John. We did not turn aside for its empty glory, but to the theologian or the student of the formation of Christian23 dogmas, and of the gladiatorial spectacles of an ancient convocation, there are few arenas62 in the East more interesting than this; for in this church it is supposed were held the two councils of a. d. 431 and 449. St. John, after his release from Patmos, passed the remainder of his life here; the Virgin63 Mary followed him to the city, so favored by the presence of the first apostles, and here she died and was buried. From her entombment, Ephesus for a long time enjoyed the reputation of the City of the Virgin, until that honor was transferred to Jerusalem, where, however, her empty tomb soon necessitated64 her resurrection and assumption,—the subject which inspired so many artists after the revival65 of learning in Europe. In the hill near this church Mary Magdalene was buried; in Ephesus also reposed66 the body of St. Timothy, its first bishop67.
This church of St. John was at some distance from the heart of the city, which lay in the plain to the south and near the sea, but in the fifth century Ephesus was a city of churches. The reader needs to remember that in that century the Christian controversy68 had passed from the nature of the Trinity to the incarnation, and that the first council of Ephesus was called by the emperor Theodosius in the hope of establishing the opinion of the Syrian Nestorius, the primate69 of Constantinople, who refused to give to the mother of Christ the title, then come into use, of the Mother of God, and discriminated70 nicely the two natures of the Saviour71. His views were anathematized by Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria, and the dispute involved the entire East in a fierce contest. In the council convened72 of Greek bishops73, Nestorius had no doubt but he would be sustained by the weight of authority; but the prompt Cyril, whose qualities would have found a conspicuous and useful theatre at the head of a Roman army against the Scythians, was first on the ground, with an abundance of spiritual and temporal arms. In reading of this council, one recalls without effort the once famous and now historical conventions of the Democratic party of the State of New York, in the days when political salvation74, offered in the creeds of the "Hard Shells" and of the "Soft Shells," was enforced by the attendance of gangs of "Short boys" and "Tammany boys," who understood the use of slung-shot against heretical opinions. It is true that Nestorius had in reserve behind his prelates the stout75 slaves of the bath of Zeuxippus, but Cyril had secured the alliance of the bishop of Ephesus, and the support of the rabble76 of peasants and slaves who were easily excited to jealousy77 for the honor of the Virgin of their city; and he landed from Egypt, with his great retinue78 of bishops, a band of merciless monks79 of the Nile, of fanatics80, mariners81, and slaves, who took a ready interest in the theological discussions of those days. The council met in this church, surrounded by the fierce if not martial83 array of Cyril; deliberations were begun before the arrival of the most weighty supporters of Nestorius,—for Cyril anticipated the slow approach of John of Antioch and his bishops,—and in one day the primate of Constantinople was hastily deposed84 and cursed, together with his heresy85. Upon the arrival of John, he also formed a council, which deposed and cursed the opposite party and heresy, and for three months Ephesus was a scene of clamor and bloodshed. The cathedral was garrisoned86, the churches were shut against the Nestorians; the imperial troops assaulted them and were repelled87; the whole city was thrown into a turmoil88 by the encounters of the rival factions89, each council hurled90 its anathemas91 at the other, and peace was only restored by the dissolution of the council by command of the emperor. The second session, in the year 449, was shorter and more decisive; it made quick work of the heresy of Nestorius. Africa added to its delegation92 of bullies93 and fanatics a band of archers94; the heresy of the two natures was condemned95 and anathematized,—
"May those who divide Christ be divided with the sword, may they be hewn in pieces, may they be burned alive,"—and the scene in the cathedral ended in a mob of monks and soldiers, who trampled96 upon Flavian, the then primate of Constantinople, so that in three days thereafter he died of his wounds.
It is as difficult to make real now upon this spot those fierce theologic wars of Ephesus, as it is the fabled97 exploits of Bacchus and Hercules and the Amazons in this valley; to believe that here were born Apollo and Diana, and that hither fled Latona, and that great Pan lurked98 in its groves.
We presently came upon the site of the great Temple of Diana, recently identified by Mr. Wood. We encountered on our way a cluster of stone huts, wretched habitations of the only representatives of the renowned99 capital. Before us was a plain broken by small hillocks and mounds100, and strewn with cut and fractured stone. The site of the temple can be briefly101 and accurately102 described as a rectangular excavation103, perhaps one hundred and fifty feet wide by three hundred long and twelve feet deep, with two feet of water in it, out of which rises a stump104 of a column of granite105 and another of marble, and two bases of marble. Round this hole are heaps of fractured stone and marble. In this excavation Mr. Wood found the statue of Diana, which we may hope is the ancient sacred image, guarded by the priests as the most precious treasure of the temple, and imposed upon the credulity of men as heaven-descended. This is all that remains106 of one of the Seven Wonders of the world,—a temple whose fame is second to none in antiquity; a temple seven times burned and eight times built, and always with increased magnificence; a temple whose origin, referable doubtless to the Cyclopean builders of this coast, cannot be less than fifteen hundred years before our era; a temple which still had its votaries107 and its rites108 in the fourth century. We picked up a bit of marble from its ruins, as a help-both to memory and imagination, but we went our way utterly109 unable to conceive that there ever existed any such person as great Diana of the Ephesians.
We directed our steps over the bramble-grown plain to the hill Pion. I suppose Pion may have been the acropolis of Ephesus, the spot of the earliest settlement, and on it and around it clustered many of the temples and public buildings. The reader will recall Argos, and Athens, and Corinth, and a dozen other cities of antiquity, for which nature furnished in the midst of a plain such a convenient and easily defended hill-fortress. On our way thither110 we walked amid mounds that form a street of tombs; many of the sarcophagi are still in place, and little injured; but we explore the weed-hid ground with caution, for it is full of pitfalls111.
North of the hill Pion is a low green valley, encircled with hills, and in the face of one of its ledges112, accessible only by a ladder, we were pointed113 out the cave of the Seven Sleepers114. This favorite myth, which our patriotism has transferred to the highlands of the Hudson in a modified shape, took its most popular form in the legend of the Seven Sleepers, and this grotto115 at Ephesus was for many centuries the object of Christian and Moslem116 pilgrimage. The Christian legend, that in the time of the persecution117 of Diocletian seven young men escaped to this cave and slept there two centuries, and awoke to find Christianity the religion of the empire, was adopted and embellished118 by Mohammed. In his version, the wise dog Ketmehr, or Al Rakiin as the Koran names him, becomes an important character.
"When the young men," says Abd-el-Atti, "go along the side of the hill to the cave, the dog go to follow them. They take up stones to make him go back, for they 'fraid of him bark, and let the people know where they hide. But the dog not to go back, he sit down on him hind60, and him look berry wise. By and by he speak, he say the name of God.
"'How did you know that?' ask him the young men.
"'I know it,' the dog say, 'before you born!'
"Then they see the dog he wise by Allah, and know great deal, and let him to go with 'em. This dog, Ketmehr, he is gone, so our Prophet say, to be in Paradise; no other dog be there. So I hope."
The names of the Seven Sleepers and Ketmehr are in great talismanic119 repute throughout the East; they are engraved120 upon swords and upon gold and precious stones, and in Smyrna you may buy these charms against evil.
Keeping round the hill Pion, we reached the ruins of the gymnasium, heaps of stone amid brick arches, the remains of an enormous building; near it is the north gate of the city, a fine marble structure, now almost buried. Still circling Pion we found ourselves in a narrow valley, on the other side of which was the long ridge121 of Conessus, which runs southward towards the sea. Conessus seems to have been the burial-place of the old town. This narrow valley is stuffed with remains of splendid buildings, of which nothing is now to be seen but heaps of fine marble, walls, capitals, columns, in prodigal122 waste. We stopped to admire a bit of carving123, or to notice a Greek inscription124, and passed on to the Stadium, to the Little Theatre, to the tomb of St. Luke. On one of the lintels of the entrance of this tomb, in white marble, as fresh as if carved yesterday, is a cross, and under it the figure of an Egyptian ox, the emblem125 of that saint.
We emerged from this gorge126 to a wide view of the plain, and a glimpse of an arm of the sea. On this plain are the scattered127 ruins of the old city, brick, stone, and marble,—absolute desolation. On the left, near the sea, is a conical hill, crowned by one of the towers of the ancient wall, and dignified128 with the name of the "prison of St. Paul." In this plain is neither life nor cultivation129, but vegetation riots over the crumbling remains of Ephesus, and fever waits there its chance human prey. We stood on the side of the hill Pion, amid the fallen columns and heaped walls of its Great Theatre. It was to this theatre that the multitude rushed when excited against Paul by Demetrius, the silversmith, who earned his religion into his business; and here the companions of Paul endeavored to be heard and could not, for "all with one voice about the space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians." This amphitheatre for fifty thousand spectators is scooped130 out of the side of the hill, and its tiers of seats are still indicated. What a magnificent view they must have enjoyed of the city and the sea beyond; for the water then came much nearer; and the spectator who may have wearied of the strutting131 of the buskined heroes on the stage, or of the monotonous132 chant of the chorus, could rest his eye upon the purple slopes of Conessus, upon the colonnades133 and domes134 of the opulent city, upon the blue waves that bore the merchants' ships of Rome and Alexandria and Berytus.
The theatre is a mine of the most exquisite135 marbles, and we left its treasures with reluctance136; we saw other ruins, bases of columns, the remains of the vast city magazines for the storage of corn, and solid walls of huge stones once washed by the sea; we might have wandered for days amid the fragments, but to what purpose?
At Ephesus we encountered no living thing. Man has deserted137 it, silence reigns138 over the plain, nature slowly effaces139 the evidence of his occupation, and the sea even slinks away from it. No great city that I have seen is left to such absolute desolation; not P鎠tum in its marsh140, not Thebes in its sand, not Ba'albek, not even Memphis, swept clean as it is of monuments, for its site is vocal141 with labor142 and bounteous143 in harvests. Time was, doubtless, when gold pieces piled two deep on this ground could not have purchased it; and the buyers or sellers never imagined that the city lots of Ephesus could become worth so little as they are to-day.
If one were disposed to muse144 upon the vagaries145 of human progress, this would be the spot. No civilization, no religion, has been wanting to it. Its vast Cyclopean foundations were laid by simple pagans; it was in the polytheistic belief of the Greeks that it attained146 the rank of one of the most polished and wealthy cities of antiquity, famed for its arts, its schools of poetry, of painting and sculpture, of logic82 and magic, attracting to its opportunities the devout147, the seekers of pleasure and of wisdom, the poets, the men of the world, the conquerors148 and the defeated; here Artemisia sheltered the children of Xerxes after the disaster of Salamis; here Alexander sat for his portrait to Apelles (who was born in the city) when he was returning from the capture of Sardis; Spartans149 and Athenians alike, Lysander and Alcibiades, sought Ephesus, for it had something for all; Hannibal here conferred with Antiochus; Cicero was entertained with games by the people when he was on his way to his province of Cilicia; and Antony in the character of inebriate150 Bacchus, accompanied by Cleopatra, crowned with flowers and attended by bands of effeminate musicians, made here one of the pageants151 of his folly152. In fact, scarcely any famous name of antiquity is wanting to the adornment153 of this hospitable city. Under the religion of Christ it has had the good fortune to acquire equal celebrity154, thanks to the residence of Paul, the tent-maker, and to its conspicuous position at the head of the seven churches of Asia. From Ephesus went forth155 the * news of the gospel, as formerly had spread the rites of Diana, and Christian* churches and schools of philosophy succeeded the temples and gymnasia of the polytheists. And, in turn, the cross was supplanted156 by the crescent; but it was in the day when Islamism was no longer a vital faith, and except a few beautiful ruins the Moslem occupation has contributed nothing to the glory of Ephesus. And now paganism, Christianity, and Moslemism seem alike to have forsaken157 the weary theatre of so much brilliant history. As we went out to the station, by the row of booths and coffee-shops, a modern Greek, of I do not know what religion, offered to sell me an image of I do not know what faith.
There is great curiosity at present about the relics158 and idols159 of dead religions, and a brisk manufacture of them has sprung up; it is in the hands of sceptics who indifferently propagate the images of the Virgin Mary or of the chaste160 huntress Diana.
The swift Asiatic train took us back to Smyrna in a golden sunset. We had been warned by the agent not to tarry a moment beyond eight o'clock, and we hurried breathless to the boat. Fortunately the steamer had not sailed; we were in time, and should have been if we had remained on shore till eight the next morning. All night long we were loading freight, with an intolerable rattling161 of chains, puffing162 of the donkey-engine, and swearing of boatmen; after the novelty of swearing in an Oriental tongue has worn off, it is no more enjoyable than any other kind of profanity.
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1
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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clamorous
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| adj.吵闹的，喧哗的 | |
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baggy
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| adj.膨胀如袋的，宽松下垂的 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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bazaars
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| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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39
proclivity
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| n.倾向，癖性 | |
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40
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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41
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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42
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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43
figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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44
tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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45
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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46
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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47
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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48
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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49
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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50
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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51
stork
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| n.鹳 | |
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52
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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53
minaret
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| n.（回教寺院的）尖塔 | |
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54
minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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55
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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56
flaring
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| a.火焰摇曳的，过份艳丽的 | |
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57
storks
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| n.鹳( stork的名词复数 ) | |
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58
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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59
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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60
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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61
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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62
arenas
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| 表演场地( arena的名词复数 )； 竞技场； 活动或斗争的场所或场面； 圆形运动场 | |
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63
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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64
necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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65
revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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66
reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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68
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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69
primate
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| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
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70
discriminated
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| 分别，辨别，区分( discriminate的过去式和过去分词 )； 歧视，有差别地对待 | |
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71
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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72
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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73
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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74
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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76
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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77
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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78
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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79
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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80
fanatics
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| 狂热者，入迷者( fanatic的名词复数 ) | |
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81
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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82
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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83
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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84
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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85
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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86
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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87
repelled
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| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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88
turmoil
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| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
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89
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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90
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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91
anathemas
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| n.（天主教的）革出教门( anathema的名词复数 )；诅咒；令人极其讨厌的事；被基督教诅咒的人或事 | |
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92
delegation
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| n.代表团；派遣 | |
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93
bullies
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| n.欺凌弱小者, 开球 vt.恐吓, 威胁, 欺负 | |
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94
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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95
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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96
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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97
fabled
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| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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98
lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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99
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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100
mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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101
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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102
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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103
excavation
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| n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地 | |
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104
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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105
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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106
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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107
votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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108
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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109
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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110
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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111
pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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112
ledges
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| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
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113
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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114
sleepers
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| n.卧铺（通常以复数形式出现）；卧车( sleeper的名词复数 )；轨枕；睡觉（呈某种状态）的人；小耳环 | |
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115
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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116
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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117
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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118
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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119
talismanic
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| adj.护身符的，避邪的 | |
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120
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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121
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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122
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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123
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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124
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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125
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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126
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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127
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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128
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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129
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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130
scooped
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| v.抢先报道( scoop的过去式和过去分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等） | |
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131
strutting
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| 加固，支撑物 | |
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132
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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133
colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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134
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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135
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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136
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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137
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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138
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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139
effaces
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| v.擦掉( efface的第三人称单数 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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140
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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141
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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142
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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143
bounteous
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| adj.丰富的 | |
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144
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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145
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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146
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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147
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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148
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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149
spartans
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| n.斯巴达（spartan的复数形式） | |
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150
inebriate
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| v.使醉 | |
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151
pageants
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| n.盛装的游行( pageant的名词复数 )；穿古代服装的游行；再现历史场景的娱乐活动；盛会 | |
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152
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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153
adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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154
celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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155
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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156
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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157
Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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158
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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159
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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160
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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161
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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162
puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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