The first few days of the cruise were uneventful. On the 14th of April, 1778, between the Scilly Isles3 and Cape4 Clear, the Ranger captured a brig bound for Ireland loaded with flaxseed. As the prize and her cargo5 were not worth sending in, the vessel6 was burned at sea. On the 17th, off St. George's Channel, they overhauled7 a large ship, the Lord Chatham, loaded with porter en route from London to Dublin. The ship and cargo being of great value--one likes to think how the porter must have appealed to the seamen8, who, it is quite likely, were permitted to regale9 themselves to a limited extent from the cargo--she was manned and sent back to Brest as a prize. After this capture Jones proceeded up the Irish Channel, heading to the northeast, and on the 18th, finding himself off the northern extremity11 of the Isle2 of Man, and in line with Whitehaven, he attempted to carry out a preconceived project of destroying the shipping12 in the port; being determined13, as he says, by one great burning of ships to put an end to the burnings and ravagings and maraudings of the British upon the undefended coasts of North America.
The wind was blowing from the east, and he beat up against it toward the town, where he hoped to find a large number of ships in the harbor. The adverse14 wind delayed him, however, and it was not until ten o'clock at night that the Ranger reached a point from which it was practicable to dispatch the boats. Preparations were hastily made, and the boats were called away and manned by volunteers. The boats were already in the water when the wind suddenly shifted and blew hard on shore, so that the Ranger was forced to beat out to sea promptly15 to avoid taking ground on the shoals under her lee. The expedition, therefore, for that time, was abandoned, the boats were swung up to the davits, and the Ranger filled away again.
The next morning, off the Mull of Galloway, they captured a schooner17 loaded with barley18 and sunk her. Learning from some prisoners that ten or twelve large ships, under the protection of a small tender, were anchored in Lochvyau, Scotland, Jones ran for that harbor, intending to destroy them, but the variable weather, as before, interfered19 with his plans, and a sudden squall drove the Ranger into the open once more and saved the ships. He captured and sunk a small Irish fishing sloop20, making prisoners of the fishermen, that same afternoon. The sloop was of no value to Jones, and he would have let her go had it not been that he feared the alarm would be given. He treated the fishermen kindly21, however, and, as we shall see, in the end they suffered no loss from his action.
On the 20th he captured a sloop loaded with grain, and on the 21st, off Carrickfergus, he took another small fishing boat. Learning from the fishermen that the British man-of-war Drake, twenty guns and a hundred and fifty men, was lying at anchor in Belfast Lough, he promptly determined upon a bold scheme to effect her capture. Beating to and fro off the mouth of the Lough until the evening, as soon as it was dark he ran for the harbor, proposing to lay his vessel athwart the hawse of the Drake, lying unsuspiciously at anchor, drop his own anchor over the cable of the English sloop of war, and capture her by boarding.
Every preparation was made to carry out this brilliant coup22 de main. The crew were mustered23 at quarters, armed for boarding with pike or cutlass and pistol, the best shots were told off to sweep the decks of the Drake with small-arm fire, guns were loaded and primed, and so on. It was blowing heavily as the Ranger under reduced canvas dashed gallantly24 into the harbor. With masterly seamanship Jones brought her to in exactly the right position, and gave the order to let go the anchor. His orders were not obeyed, through the negligence27 of a drunken boatswain, it was said, and the anchor was not dropped until the Ranger had drifted down past the lee quarter of the Drake, when she brought up. The position of the American was now one of extreme peril28. The Ranger lay under the broadside of the Drake, subjected to her fire and unable to make reply.
The watch kept on the British ship, however, must have been very careless. In the darkness of the night, too, the guns of the Ranger being run in, it is probable that if they observed her they took her for a clumsy merchantman. Enjoining29 perfect silence on the part of his crew, with the greatest coolness Jones took the necessary steps to extricate30 the vessel from her dangerous position. The cable was cut, sail made, and under a heavy press of canvas the Ranger beat out of the harbor, barely clearing the entrance, and only escaping wreck31 by the consummate32 ability of her captain.
The plan was brilliantly conceived, and would have been successful but for the mischance, or delay, in dropping the anchor. The crew originally was only a fair one, as has been stated, and, owing to the fact that their wages had not been paid, they were in a more or less mutinous33 state by this time. Jones was covetous34 of glory only. A less mercenary man never lived. To fight and conquer was his aim, but in this he radically35 differed from the ideas of his officers and men. Where he wrote honor and fame they saw plunder36 and prize money, and it was sometimes difficult to get them to obey orders and properly to work the ship.
After leaving Belfast the Ranger ratched over to the southern coast of Scotland to ride out the sudden and furious gale10 under the lee of the land. The wind had abated37 by the morning of the 22d, and the sun rose bright and clear, discovering from the of the Ranger a beautiful prospect38 of the three kingdoms covered with snow as far as the eye could see. The wind now set fair for Whitehaven, and Jones squared away for that port to carry out his previous project. The breeze fell during the day, however, and it was not until midnight that the boats were called away.
The expedition comprised two boats, carrying thirty-one officers and men, all volunteers, Jones himself being in command of one boat, while Lieutenant39 Wallingford, one of the best officers of the ship, had the other. Simpson and the second lieutenant both pleaded indisposition and fatigue41 as excuse for not going on the expedition. The tide was ebbing42, and it was not until nearly dawn, after a long, hard pull, that the two boats reached the harbor, which was divided into two parts at that time by a long stone pier43. There were from seventy to one hundred ships on the north side of the pier, and about twice as many on the south side, ranging in size from two hundred to four hundred tons. As the tide was out, the ships were all aground, lying high and dry upon the beach, and in close touch with each other. Directing Wallingford to set fire to the ships on the north side of the pier, Jones and his party landed and advanced toward the fort which protected the harbor.
The weather was raw and cold, the fort was old and dilapidated, and manned by a few men. The sentry44, ignorant of the presence of any foe45, never dreaming of an enemy within a thousand miles of him, had calmly retired46 to the sentry box. Probably he was asleep. The little party approached the walls without being detected. Climbing upon the shoulder of one of his men, Jones sprang over the rampart, where he was followed by the rest of the party. The feeble garrison47 was captured without striking a blow. The guns were hastily spiked48. Ordering the prisoners to be marched down to the wharf49, and throwing out a few sentries50, Jones, attended by a single midshipman, then made his way to the other fort or battery, a distance of about half a mile. Finding it untenanted, he spiked the few guns mounted there and returned to the landing place.
To his very great surprise and disappointment, no evidence of a conflagration51 was apparent. When he reached the wharf he was met by Wallingford, who explained his failure to fire the shipping by claiming that his lights had gone out. It was before the days of lucifer matches, and the party had carried candles in lanterns with which to kindle52 the fires. Wallingford excused himself by a remark which does more credit to his heart than to his head, to the effect that he could not see that anything was to be gained by burning poor people's property. Inasmuch as he was sent on the expedition to obey orders and not to philosophize, his statement gives the key to the disposition40 among the officers and crew. Whether his hesitation53 was dictated54 by charity to others or lack of possible profit to the officers and men it is not necessary to inquire particularly now, for Wallingford redeemed55 himself nobly later in the cruise. A hasty inspection56 revealed the fact that the candles had also burned out, or had been extinguished through carelessness, in Jones' own boat.
It was now broad daylight, and considerations of safety indicated an immediate57 return to the ship; but Jones was not willing to abandon his brilliantly conceived, carefully prepared, and coolly undertaken enterprise without some measure of success. Re-posting his sentries, therefore, he dispatched messengers who broke into a neighboring dwelling58 house and procured59 a light in the shape of a torch or glowing ember. With his own hand Jones kindled60 a fire on one of the largest ships in the midst of the huddle61 of vessels62 on the beach. In order to insure a thorough conflagration, a hasty search through the other vessels was made, and a barrel of tar63 was found which was poured upon the flames now burning fiercely.
One of the boat party, named David Freeman, happened to be an Englishman. In the confusion attendant upon these various maneuvers64 he made off, and, escaping observation, sought shelter in the town, which he quickly alarmed. The inhabitants came swarming65 out of their houses in the gray of the morning and hastened toward the wharf. Seeing that the fire on the ship was at last blazing furiously, and realizing that nothing more could be effected, Jones ordered his men to their boats. Then, in order that the fire already kindled might have sufficient time to develop, the undaunted captain stood alone on the wharf, pistol in hand, confronting the ever-increasing crowd. Impelled66 by pressure from behind, those in front finally made a movement toward him. He gave no ground whatever. Pointing his weapons at the front rank, he sternly bade them retire, which they did with precipitation. I should think so. Having remained a sufficient time, as he thought, he calmly entered the boat and was rowed to the Ranger.
Some of the inhabitants promptly made a dash for the burning ship, and succeeded by hard work in confining the fire to that one vessel. Others released the prisoners which Jones left bound on the wharf, taking, as he said, only two or three for a sample. The soldiers ran to the fort and managed to draw the hastily applied67 spikes68 from two or three of the guns, which they loaded and fired after the retreating boats. Answering the harmless fusillade with a few derisive69 musket70 shots, Jones returned to the Ranger; having had, he says, the pleasure of neither inflicting71 nor receiving any loss in killed or wounded.
The desertion and treachery of David Freeman undoubtedly72 saved the shipping. The enterprise was well conceived and carried out with the utmost coolness. Had the orders of Captain Jones been obeyed, the shipping would have been completely destroyed. As it was, the descent created the greatest consternation73 in England. No enemy had landed on those shores for generations, and the expedition by Jones was like slapping the face of the king on his throne. A burning wave of indignation swept over England, as the news was carried from town to town, from hall to hall, and from hamlet to hamlet. It was all very well to burn property in America, but the matter had a different aspect entirely74 when the burning took place in England. A universal demand arose for the capture of this audacious seaman26, who was called many hard names by the infuriated British.
From Whitehaven the Ranger ran over to St. Mary's Isle, a beautifully wooded promontory75 at the mouth of the River Dee, which was the seat of the Earl of Selkirk. In furtherance of his usual desire to ameliorate the wretched condition of the Americans in British prisons, Jones determined to seize the earl. He cherished the hope that by securing the person of a peer of the realm, who could be either held as a hostage or exchanged for some prominent American captive, he could thus effect a recognition of the principle of exchange, which the British had refused to consider. It was a wild hope, to be sure, but not without a certain plausibility76.
Two boat crews under the command of Lieutenants77 Simpson and Hall, with himself in charge of the expedition, landed on the shore. Before moving toward the hall, Jones learned that the earl was not at home. He proposed, therefore, to return to the ship, but the mutinous men demurred78 fiercely to this suggestion, and demanded that they be permitted to enjoy the opportunity for plunder presented. The situation was a precarious79 one, and Jones finally agreed, although very reluctantly, that they should demand the family silver from the Countess of Selkirk, who was at home. He did this with the full intention of purchasing the silver on his own account when the prizes were disposed of, and returning it to the earl. A party of the men, therefore, with Simpson and Hall, went up to the house, leaving Jones pacing to and fro near the shore under the oaks and chestnuts80 of the estate. By Jones' orders the seamen did not enter the house. Simpson and Hall were ushered81 into the presence of the Lady Selkirk, made their demand upon her ladyship, received the silver, which the butler gathered up for them, and retired without molesting82 or harming any of the inmates83 or endeavoring to appropriate anything except what was given them. The men drank her ladyship's health in good Scots whisky, which was served them by the countess' orders. The party then embarked84 on the Ranger.
One of his biographers has said that the whole transaction was an evidence of the singular ability of Jones in creating difficulties which it afterward85 required greater labor86 to overcome; but the criticism is unfair. The only way in which he could satisfy the demands of his men and maintain even that precarious authority which the peculiar87 constitution of the crew and the character of his officers enabled him to have, was by permitting them to take something of value which could be turned into prize money. He could buy it from the prize court, or from the prize master, as well as any other man, and after it became his own property he could return it to its proper owners at his pleasure.
It was a perfectly88 legitimate89 transaction on his part, and he could only obviate90 the necessity by taking the proposed value of the silver out of his own pocket and handing it to his men, a proceeding91 which would have been subversive92 of the last remains93 of discipline, and therefore could not be considered for a moment. It would establish a precedent94 which could not be carried out in the future unless he were willing to abrogate95 his right of command; if he began that way he would have to buy their acquiescence96 to every command--bribe them to obey orders; so he said nothing whatever to them about his intentions with regard to the plate at present.
Standing97 away from St. Mary's Isle on the morning of the 24th, the Ranger came in sight once more of Carrickfergus. By this time her presence on the Irish coast had become well known, and expresses had been sent to the Drake with information of the propinquity of the enemy. In the afternoon the Ranger appeared in the offing easily visible from the Drake. The commander of the Drake, Captain George Burdon, with singular stupidity, sent a lieutenant and a boat off toward the Ranger to investigate and report what she was, meanwhile getting his ship under way and clearing for action. The boat foolishly came alongside the Ranger and was captured. As Burdon weighed anchor he was joined by Lieutenant William Dobbs, engaged on recruiting duty in the vicinity, and a band of volunteers ranging in number, according to different reports, from ten to forty.
The regular complement98 of the Drake was one hundred and fifty officers and men. This re-enforcement raised her crew to between one hundred and sixty and one hundred and ninety. It was developed at the court-martial, which was held upon the survivors99 some months after for the loss of the ship, that the Drake was poorly prepared for action; that she was short of commissioned and warrant officers and skilled men; that her powder charges were bad, matches poor, cartridges100 unfilled, and that her guns were badly mounted, so that they were easily "overset," and so on. In short, the whole catalogue of usual excuses for failure is given. It is true that although the Drake carried two more guns than the Ranger, they were of smaller caliber101, being 4-pounders. Still, the two ships were well matched, and preparedness for action has always been considered a test of naval102 ability as much as capacity in maneuvering103 and courage in the actual fight.
The wind was now blowing toward the shore, and the Drake made but slow progress in ratching toward the sea. While the Ranger awaited her, the guns were run in and the English flag hoisted104 on the approach of the Drake's boat, and the character of the American disguised as much as possible. I presume that, save for her armament, she looked more like a merchant vessel than anything else, and, as Jones skillfully kept the sloop end on to the cutter, the British suspected, or at least discovered, nothing. Indeed, so well was the deception105 carried out that the Drake's officer actually boarded the Ranger and was made prisoner with his crew before he discovered her quality.
Meanwhile things were almost in a state of mutiny. Jones states in his journal that he was in peril of his life from his recalcitrant106 crew, who, under the leadership of Simpson, were apparently107 appalled108 at the prospect of encountering a regular man-of-war, and therefore manifested a great unwillingness109 to fight. Plunder without danger was the end of their ambition. However, after the capture of the Drake's boat, by putting a bold front on the situation, Jones succeeded in restoring comparative order and getting his men to their quarters. His power of persuasive110 and inspiring speech never stood him in better stead than on this occasion, and he actually seems to have succeeded in infusing some of his own spirit into the refractory111 men.
It was late in the evening before the Drake neared the Ranger. Jones had stood out to sea to draw his pursuer far away from the land to prevent his escape in case of defeat, and now awaited his advance. The Drake was accompanied by several pleasure yachts filled with people who were desirous of seeing the English victory, which was almost universally attendant upon single ship actions in which the British navy participated; but, not liking112 the look of things in this instance, they one by one dropped astern and returned to the land.
Between five and six o'clock, having come within easy distance, an officer of the Drake sprang on the rail and hailed, demanding to know the name of the stranger. Jones, still keeping the stern of his ship toward the bow of the enemy, seized the trumpet113 and replied:
"This is the American Continental114 ship Ranger. We are waiting for you. The sun is scarce an hour high. It is time to begin. Come on!"
While he was amusing the English captain with this rather lengthy115 rejoinder for the purpose of gaining time, the Stars and Stripes supplanted116 the red ensign of England, the helm of the Ranger, which was to windward of her antagonist117, was suddenly put up, and by smart handling, in the twinkling of an eye she was rushed across the bow of the Drake, which was severely118 raked by a prompt broadside at short range. As Jones shifted his helm so as not to lose the weather gauge119, the advantage of the first hard blow was clearly with the Americans. The English captain, after an attempt to cross her stern, which was frustrated120 by Jones' promptness, ran off by the side of the Ranger, and the combat resolved itself into a fair and square yardarm to yardarm fight, which was continued with the most determined persistence121 on both sides. The two ships under the gentle breeze sailed side by side, gradually nearing, and poured a furious fire upon each other. The lack of preparedness on the English ship was manifested in the slowness and inaccuracy of her gun practice. That of the Ranger, however, was very effective. An hour and five minutes after the first broadside the enemy called for quarter and hauled down the flag. The Drake was a wreck. Her fore16 and main topsail yards were cut adrift and lying on the caps; the fore topgallant yard and the spanker gaff were hanging up and down their respective masts; two ensigns had been shot away, and another one was hanging over the quarter galley122 and dragging in the water. The jib was dragging under her forefoot; her sails and rigging were entirely cut to pieces, most of the yards wounded, and her hull123 very much shattered. Many of her guns were dismounted, and she had lost, according to the statement of the Americans, forty-two[6] men in killed and wounded (or about twenty per cent of her force!), including her captain, who had been struck in the head by a musket ball at the close of the action, about a minute before the ship surrendered; the gallant25 first lieutenant, Dobbs, who had bravely volunteered for service, was so severely wounded that he survived the action only two days. Captain Burdon was still living when Jones boarded the prize, but died a few moments after. The Americans lost two killed, among them being poor Wallingford, whose death has somewhat redeemed him from his failure to obey orders in the raid on Whitehaven. There were six wounded on the Ranger, including the gunner and a midshipman who lost his arm; one of the wounded subsequently died.
The action was a sharp and brilliant one. Jones had maneuvered124 and fought his ship with his usual skill and courage, and had given fair evidence of what might be expected from him with a better vessel and better men under his command. The English captain had been outmaneuvered when he permitted the American to rake him, and he had been outfought in the action. Unpreparedness was the cause of the failure of the Drake to make a better showing in the fight. This lack must be laid at the captain's door. It is the business of a captain to see that things are ready. The deficiencies in the Drake's equipment were counterbalanced by equal deficiencies on the part of the Ranger. The apparent preponderance of the latter's gun power was, in fact, minimized by the shortening of her guns, of which Jones had previously125 complained. It is probable that the Drake had a better crew, and such officers as she had were probably better than those under Jones, with a few exceptions. It is always the custom of the defeated party to make excuses, and always will be; but the ships were as nearly matched in offensive qualities as two vessels in different navies are ever likely to be, and the difference between them, which determined the issue of the conflict, was purely126 a question of the personal equation. It was always hard to find anything to counterbalance Jones for the other side of the equality sign. Burdon was not the man.
The English captain was a brave but very stupid or very confident man. Jones was more than a match for him at best, and when the mistakes of Burdon are considered the comparison is painful. The English knew that the Ranger was on the coast; the Drake had picked up her anchor (it was, of course, recaptured), and an alert mind would have connected the recovered anchor with the attempt of the night of the 20th. The suspicious actions of the stranger--and there must have been some indication in her maneuvers and appearance at least to inspire caution--the failure of the boat crew either to return or to make any signal, should have made the English captain pause and consider the situation. But with the usual "uncircumspect gallantry" of his kind he charged down, bull-like, on his enemy, was promptly raked, hammered to pieces, killed, and his ship surrendered. He proved his courage in battle--which no one would question, bravery being usual and to be expected--and he died in the attempt to atone127 for his rashness; but professionally he was a failure, and his demise129 was fortunate for his reputation and future career. His death probably prevented some very inconvenient130 questions being asked him.
Jones treated his prisoners with a kindness and consideration the more remarkable131 from the fact that the contrary was the custom with the British toward American captives. During the night and the whole of the next day, the weather being moderate, the two ships were hove to while the Drake was refitted as well as their resources permitted. Late the next afternoon a large brigantine, actuated by an unfortunate curiosity, ran down so near the two ships that she was brought to by a shot from the Drake and taken possession of. Having repaired damages and put the Drake in as good trim as possible, Jones first determined to return to Brest by the South Channel, the way he had come, but the variable wind shifted and came strongly, and he decided132 to run northward133 before it and pass around the west coast of Ireland. In spite of his previous insubordination Simpson was placed in command of the Drake.
Before they left these waters, however, something still remained to be done. On the evening of the 25th the two ships sailed once more for Belfast Lough. There Jones hove the Ranger to, and, having given the poor Irish fishermen, whom he had captured on the 21st and held, one of the Drake's boats, and having charitably bestowed134 upon them all the guineas which he had left in his private purse (not many, I suppose) to remunerate them for the loss they had sustained, he sent them ashore135. They took with them one of the Drake's sails, which would attest136 the truth of their story of what had happened. The grateful Irishmen were delighted and touched by such unusual treatment, and they signalized their gratitude137 to their generous and kindhearted captor by giving Jones three cheers from the boat as they passed the Ranger's quarter. The Americans then bore away to the northwestward.
The voyage around the coast of Ireland was uneventful. Lieutenant Dobbs, of the Drake, died on the cruise, and he and Captain Burdon were buried at sea with all possible honors, Jones himself reading the usual Church service. The cruise was continued without incident until the morning of the 5th of May, when the Ranger being off Ushant, and having the Drake in tow, Jones cut the towline and bore away in chase of a sail which had been sighted. Simpson, instead of continuing toward Brest, as he had been directed, hauled off to the south, so that when Jones had overtaken the chase and found her a neutral, the Drake was almost entirely out of sight to the southward.
The Ranger chased her and made various signals, to which no attention was paid. Simpson changed his course aimlessly several times. During the whole of the day the same eccentric maneuvers on the part of the Drake continued. To Jones' great annoyance138, the inexplicable139 actions of the prize prevented him from chasing several large vessels which he saw standing into the Channel, among which he would probably have made many valuable captures. He was forced to abandon any attempt to take them and follow the Drake, which he only overhauled late in the evening. By Jones' orders Lieutenant Elijah Hall immediately replaced Simpson in command of the Drake, and the latter was placed under arrest. On the 8th of May both vessels arrived safely at Brest, from which point Jones promptly dispatched the following remarkable letter to the Countess of Selkirk:
"Ranger, Brest, May 8, 1778.
"The Right Hon. the Countess of Selkirk.
"Madam: It can not be too much lamented140 that, in the profession of arms, the officer of fine feelings and real sensibility should be under the necessity of winking141 at any action of persons under his command which his heart can not approve; but the reflection is doubly severe when he finds himself obliged, in appearance, to countenance142 such actions by his authority. This hard case was mine, when, on the 23d of April last, I landed on St. Mary's Isle. Knowing Lord Selkirk's interest with his king, and esteeming143 as I do his private character, I wished to make him the happy instrument of alleviating145 the horrors of hopeless captivity146, when the brave are overpowered and made prisoners of war. It was perhaps fortunate for you, madam, that he was from home, for it was my intention to have taken him on board the Ranger and detained him until, through, his means, a general and fair exchange of prisoners, as well in Europe as in America, had been effected.
"When I was informed, by some men whom I met at landing that his lordship was absent, I walked back to my boat, determined to leave the island. By the way, however, some officers who were with me could not forbear expressing their discontent, observing that in America no delicacy147 was shown by the English, who took away all sorts of movable property, setting fire not only to towns and to the houses of the rich, without distinction, but not even sparing the wretched hamlets and milch cows of the poor and helpless, at the approach of an inclement148 winter. That party had been with me the same morning at Whitehaven; some complaisance149, therefore, was their due. I had but a moment to think how I might gratify them, and at the same time do your ladyship the least injury. I charged the officers to permit none of the seamen to enter the house, or to hurt anything about it; to treat you, madam, with the utmost respect; to accept of the plate which was offered, and to come away without making a search or demanding anything else. I am induced to believe that I was punctually obeyed, since I am informed that the plate which they brought away is far short of the quantity expressed in the inventory150 which accompanied it. I have gratified my men, and when the plate is sold I shall become the purchaser, and will gratify my own feelings by restoring it to you by such conveyance151 as you shall please to direct.
"Had the earl been on board the Ranger the following evening he would have seen the awful pomp and dreadful carnage of a sea engagement, both affording ample subject for the pencil, as well as melancholy152 reflection for the contemplative mind. Humanity starts back from such scenes of horror, and can not sufficiently153 execrate154 the vile155 promoters of this detestable war.
"'For they, 'twas they unsheathed the ruthless blade, And Heaven shall ask the havoc156 it has made.'
"The British ship of war Drake, mounting twenty guns, with more than her full complement of officers and men, was our opponent. The ships met, and the advantage was disputed with great fortitude157 on each side for an hour and four minutes, when the gallant commander of the Drake fell, and victory declared in favor of the Ranger. The amiable158 lieutenant lay mortally wounded, besides near forty of the inferior officers and crew killed and wounded--a melancholy demonstration159 of the uncertainty160 of human prospects161 and of the sad reverses of fortune which an hour can produce. I buried them in a spacious162 grave, with the honors due to the memory of the brave.
"Though I have drawn163 my sword in the present generous struggle for the rights of men, yet I am not in arms as an American, nor am I in pursuit of riches. My fortune is liberal enough, having no wife and family, and having lived long enough to know that riches can not secure happiness. I profess128 myself a citizen of the world, totally unfettered by the little mean distinctions of climates or of country, which diminish the benevolence164 of the heart and set bounds to philanthropy. Before this war was begun, I had, at an early time in life, withdrawn165 from sea service in favor of 'calm contemplation and poetic166 ease.' I have sacrificed not only my favorite scheme of life, but the softer affections of the heart, and my prospects of domestic happiness, and I am ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerfulness, if that forfeiture167 could restore peace among mankind.
"As the feelings of your gentle bosom168 can not but be congenial with mine, let me entreat169 you, madam, to use your persuasive art with your husband, to endeavour to stop this cruel and destructive war, in which Britain can never succeed. Heaven can never countenance the barbarous and unmanly practice of the Britons in America, which savages170 would blush at, and which, if not discontinued, will soon be retaliated171 on Britain by a justly enraged172 people. Should you fail in this, and I am persuaded you will attempt it (and who can resist the power of such an advocate?), your endeavour to effect a general exchange of prisoners will be an act of humanity, which will afford you golden feelings on your deathbed.
"I hope this cruel contest will soon be closed; but, should it continue, I wage no war with the fair. I acknowledge their force, and bend before it with submission173. Let not, therefore, the amiable Countess of Selkirk regard me as an enemy; I am ambitious of her esteem144 and friendship, and would do anything, consistent with my duty, to merit it. The honor of a line from your hand, in answer to this, will lay me under a singular obligation, and if I can render you any acceptable service in France or elsewhere I hope you see into my character so far as to command me, without the least grain of reserve. I wish to know the exact behaviour of my people, as I am determined to punish them if they have exceeded their liberty.
"I have the honor to be, with much esteem and with profound respect, madam, etc.,
"John Paul Jones."
The shrewd Franklin says of this extraordinary document: "It is a gallant letter, which must give her ladyship a high and just opinion of your generosity174 and nobleness of mind." But I seem to read a gentle laugh in the tactful words of the old philosopher. I like this epistle less than any of Jones' letters I have read, but it certainly does not merit the severe censures175 which have been passed upon it. No one would write such a letter to-day, certainly, but things were different then, and we need not too closely criticise176 the form and style of the document in view of its honest purpose and good intent.
As might have been expected, the Countess of Selkirk made no reply to this singular communication. To anticipate the course of events, and obviate the necessity of further discussion of this incident, it may be stated that more than a year after its capture Jones obtained possession of the plate through the prize court by strenuous177 effort, and by paying for it at an exorbitant178 valuation. The state of warfare179 then existing between France and England prevented the delivery of the silver for several years, though Jones made earnest efforts to get it into the hands of the Selkirks whenever apparent opportunity presented. It was not, however, until 1784, after peace had been declared, that the plate was restored to its original owners. It is stated that it was received by them in exactly the same condition as when it had been taken, even to the tea leaves which were still in the teapot! The receipt of the silver is thus acknowledged in a letter from Lord Selkirk:
"London, August 4, 1789.
"Monsieur le Chevalier Paul Jones, à Paris.
"Sir: I received the letter you wrote to me at the time you sent off my plate, in order for restoring it. Had I known where to direct a letter to you at the time it arrived in Scotland I would then have wrote to you; but, not knowing it, nor finding that any of my acquaintance at Edinburgh knew it, I was obliged to delay writing till I came here, when, by means of a gentleman connected with America, I was told M. le Grand was your banker at Paris, and would take proper care of a letter for you; therefore, I inclose this to him.
"Notwithstanding all the precautions you took for the easy and uninterrupted conveyance of the plate, yet it met with considerable delays: first at Calais, next at Dover, then at London; however, it at last arrived at Dumfries, and I dare say quite safe, though as yet I have not seen it, being then at Edinburgh.
"I intended to have put an article in the newspapers about your having returned it; but before I was informed of its being arrived, some of your friends, I suppose, had put it in the Dumfries newspaper, whence it was immediately copied into the Edinburgh papers, and thence into the London ones. Since that time I have mentioned it to many people of fashion; and, on all occasions, sir, both now and formerly180, I have done you the justice to tell that you made an offer of returning the plate very soon after your return to Brest; and, although you yourself was not at my house, but remained at the shore with your boat, that yet you had your officers and men in such extraordinary good discipline that your having given them the strictest orders to behave well, to do no injury of any kind, to make no search, but only to bring off what plate was given them; that in reality they did exactly as ordered, and that not one man offered to stir from his post on the outside of the house, nor entered the doors, nor said an uncivil word; that the two officers stayed not a quarter of an hour in the parlour and butler's pantry, while the butler got the plate together, behaved politely, and asked for nothing but the plate, and instantly marched their men off in regular order; and that both officers and men behaved in all respects so well that it would have done credit to the best disciplined troops whatever.
"Some of the English newspapers at that time having put in confused accounts of your expedition to Whitehaven and Scotland, I ordered a proper one of what had happened in Scotland to be put in the London newspapers, by a gentleman who was then at my house, by which the good conduct and civil behaviour of your officers and men was done justice to, and attributed to your order, and the good discipline you maintained over your people.
"I am, sir, your most humble181 servant,
"Selkirk."
It is a handsome acknowledgment, but I note with great pleasure the sailor writes better than the peer!
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收听单词发音
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1
ranger
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| n.国家公园管理员，护林员；骑兵巡逻队员 | |
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2
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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3
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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4
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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5
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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6
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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7
overhauled
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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8
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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9
regale
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| v.取悦，款待 | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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11
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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12
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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13
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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14
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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15
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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16
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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17
schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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18
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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19
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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20
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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21
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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22
coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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23
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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24
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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25
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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26
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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27
negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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28
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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29
enjoining
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| v.命令( enjoin的现在分词 ) | |
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30
extricate
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| v.拯救，救出；解脱 | |
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31
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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32
consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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33
mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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34
covetous
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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35
radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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36
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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37
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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38
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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39
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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40
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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41
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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42
ebbing
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| （指潮水）退( ebb的现在分词 )； 落； 减少； 衰落 | |
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43
pier
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| n.码头；桥墩，桥柱；[建]窗间壁，支柱 | |
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44
sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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45
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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46
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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47
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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48
spiked
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| adj.有穗的；成锥形的；有尖顶的 | |
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49
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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50
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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51
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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52
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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53
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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54
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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55
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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56
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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57
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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58
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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59
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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60
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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61
huddle
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| vi.挤作一团；蜷缩；vt.聚集；n.挤在一起的人 | |
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62
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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63
tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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64
maneuvers
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| n.策略，谋略，花招( maneuver的名词复数 ) | |
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65
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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66
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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68
spikes
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| n.穗( spike的名词复数 )；跑鞋；（防滑）鞋钉；尖状物v.加烈酒于( spike的第三人称单数 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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69
derisive
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| adj.嘲弄的 | |
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70
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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71
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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72
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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73
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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74
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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75
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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76
plausibility
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| n. 似有道理, 能言善辩 | |
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77
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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78
demurred
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| v.表示异议，反对( demur的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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79
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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80
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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81
ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
molesting
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| v.骚扰( molest的现在分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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83
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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84
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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85
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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86
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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87
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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88
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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89
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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90
obviate
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| v.除去，排除，避免，预防 | |
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91
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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92
subversive
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| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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93
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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94
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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95
abrogate
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| v.废止，废除 | |
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96
acquiescence
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| n.默许；顺从 | |
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97
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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98
complement
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| n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足 | |
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99
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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100
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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101
caliber
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| n.能力；水准 | |
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102
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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103
maneuvering
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| v.移动，用策略( maneuver的现在分词 )；操纵 | |
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104
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
deception
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| n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计 | |
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106
recalcitrant
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| adj.倔强的 | |
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107
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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108
appalled
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| v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的 | |
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109
unwillingness
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| n. 不愿意，不情愿 | |
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110
persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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111
refractory
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| adj.倔强的，难驾驭的 | |
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112
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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113
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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114
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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115
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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116
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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118
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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119
gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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120
frustrated
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| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
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121
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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122
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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123
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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124
maneuvered
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| v.移动，用策略( maneuver的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵 | |
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125
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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126
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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127
atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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128
profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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129
demise
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| n.死亡；v.让渡，遗赠，转让 | |
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130
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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131
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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133
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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134
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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135
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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136
attest
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| vt.证明，证实；表明 | |
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137
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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138
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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139
inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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140
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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141
winking
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| n.瞬眼，目语v.使眼色( wink的现在分词 )；递眼色（表示友好或高兴等）；（指光）闪烁；闪亮 | |
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142
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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143
esteeming
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| v.尊敬( esteem的现在分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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144
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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145
alleviating
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| 减轻，缓解，缓和( alleviate的现在分词 ) | |
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146
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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147
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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148
inclement
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| adj.严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的 | |
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149
complaisance
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| n.彬彬有礼，殷勤，柔顺 | |
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150
inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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151
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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152
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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153
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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154
execrate
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| v.憎恶；厌恶；诅咒 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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156
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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157
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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158
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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159
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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160
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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161
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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162
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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163
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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164
benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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165
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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166
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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167
forfeiture
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| n.（名誉等）丧失 | |
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168
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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169
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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170
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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171
retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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172
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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173
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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174
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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175
censures
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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176
criticise
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| v.批评，评论；非难 | |
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177
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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178
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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179
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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180
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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181
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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