The distant bellowing5 of bulls assembling their herds—sure sign that the tiger was prowling near them—lulled us pleasantly to sleep in our hammock-beds after the fatigues8 and labors9 of the day. Not unfrequently we were treated to a serenading chorus of araguatos or howling monkeys, and to the hootings of the titirijí or tiger-owl7 of the pampas, whose peculiar10 cries might be readily mistaken, by an unaccustomed ear, for the angry growl11 of that spotted12 bandit of the forest—the jaguar13. The neighboring woods were also the haunts of several other species of owls14 and goat-suckers, whose dreary15 notes wake mournful echoes by night and fill superstitious16 imaginations with fearful and foreboding visions.
The tiger-owl, which may be said to rank among the feathered tribe as does the jaguar or American tiger among beasts, is nearly the size of a domestic turkey. Like his powerful prototype, he is spotted with black, and seldom makes himself heard excepting{164} at night, when calling on his mate; or during his nocturnal expeditions in the neighborhood of the farmyard. He is then, not only a terror to the defenceless brood, but also to the younger inmates17 of the house, who look upon him with a kind of superstitious awe18, on which account he sometimes escapes punishment.
Less imposing19 in size than the preceding—although more terrifying in their way—are the ya-acabó and the pavita—two other species of owl considered harbingers of calamity20 or death, when heard fluttering around a house. The first portends21 an approaching death among the inmates, and is therefore looked upon with dread22 even by men who would not flinch23 at the sight of the most formidable bull or jaguar. Yet that appalling24 cry, ya acabó! ya acabó!—it is finished! it is finished!—seems so fraught25 with evil mystery, that few hear it unmoved. The only expedient26 resorted to, in such cases, is to form a cross with hot ashes in front of the house, which, it is believed, will drive away this ill-omened messenger. The pavita—although not larger than a turtle-dove, is also considered pajaro de mal agüero—a bird of ill-omen—being no less—they say—than the departed spirit of some good-natured relative come to warn his kindred against approaching calamity. In these cases, as it is believed that nothing is so acceptable to the poor soul as a few Pater Nosters and Ave Marias, they usually try to disembarrass themselves of the unwelcome visitor by reciting aloud several of these prayers, after crossing themselves twice with much devotion. Whenever this owl’s dreaded27 cry is heard, it is certain to{165} be followed by a scene of great confusion and dismay: the children run to the women and hide behind their skirts; the women seek protection from the men; while these content themselves with muttering the holy invocation Ave Maria Purisima! which is ever with them the favorite talisman28 against danger.
Great varieties of goat-suckers—not unlike huge butterflies fluttering in the light evening breeze—also make their appearance at sundown, when may be heard their singularly harsh notes closely resembling human articulations.
“The harmless, unoffending goat-sucker, from the time of Aristotle down to the present day”—says Waterton in his “Wanderings”—“has been in disgrace with man. Father has handed down to son, and author to author, that this nocturnal thief subsists29 by milking the flocks. Poor injured little bird of night! how sadly hast thou suffered, and how foul30 a stain has inattention to facts put upon thy character! Thou hast never robbed man of any part of his property, nor deprived the kid of a drop of milk.”
“When the moon shines bright, you may have a fair opportunity of examining the goat-sucker. You will see it close by the cows, goats, and sheep, jumping up every now and then, under their bellies31. Approach a little nearer—he is not shy, ‘he fears no danger for he knows no sin.’ See how the nocturnal flies are tormenting32 the herd6, and with what dexterity33 he springs up and catches them as fast as they alight on the belly34, legs and udder of the animals. Observe how quiet they stand, and how sensible they seem of his good offices, for they neither strike at him,{166} nor hit him with their tails, nor tread on him, nor try to drive him away as an uncivil intruder. Were you to dissect35 him and inspect his stomach, you would find no milk there. It is full of the flies which have been annoying the herd.
“The prettily36 mottled plumage of the goat-sucker, like that of the owl, wants the lustre37 which is observed in the feathers of the birds of day. This, at once, marks him as a lover of the pale moon’s nightly beams. There are nine species here” (in Demerara). “The largest appears nearly the size of the English wood-owl. Its cry is so remarkable38, that having once heard it, you will never forget it. When night reigns39 over these immeasurable wilds, whilst lying in your hammock, you will hear this goat-sucker lamenting40 like one in deep distress41. A stranger would never conceive it to be the cry of a bird. He would say it was the departing voice of a midnight murdered victim, or the last wailing42 of Niobe for her poor children, before she was turned into stone. Suppose yourself in hopeless sorrow, begin with a high loud note, and pronounce, ‘ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha,’ each note lower and lower, till the last is scarcely heard, pausing a moment or two betwixt every note, and you will have some idea of the moaning of the largest goat-sucker in Demerara.
“Four other species of the goat-sucker articulate some words so distinctly, that they have received their names from the sentences they utter, and absolutely bewilder the stranger on his arrival at these parts. The most common one sits down close by your door, and flies and alights three or four yards before you, as{167} you walk along the road, crying, ‘Who are you, who, who, who are you?’ Another bids you, ‘Work away, work, work, work away.’ A third cries mournfully, ‘Willy, come go, Willy, Willy, Willy come go.’ And high up the country a fourth tells you ‘Whip poor Will, whip, whip, whip poor Will.’ ”[27]
There is a bird, however, among these nocturnal serenaders which impresses you with very different feelings from those produced by the owl species: this is the Gallineta de monte or forest-hen, a most beautiful creature both in color and in shape, and not unlike a water-hen in general appearance: the eyes especially are peculiarly pretty, being of a brilliant ruby43 color and scintillate44 like fire. These birds sing in concert, and their song—a lively chatter—has a mystic fascination45 I am unable to describe. They are also considered delicate eating; but unfortunately are very difficult to catch, for even after being shot, unless wounded in the leg, they can outstrip46 the swiftest hound, although their wings, being very small, avail them little. Nature, however, has provided them with long yellow legs for the purpose.
The ponds and lagoons47 of the savannas48 are literally49 crowded with other individuals of the feathered tribe, whose lively notes and incessant50 chatterings contribute likewise to enliven the night. The most conspicuous51 among them are various species of teal-ducks, such as güires and yaguasos, and a long-legged plover—alcaravan.—This last has the peculiarity52 of uttering a long, shrill53 sound at hourly intervals54, thus marking every{168} hour of the night after the manner of a clock’s alarum. It is easily domesticated55 in the houses, where it renders some service, not only by marking time, but also by giving warning of the approach of strangers.
The aruco is another bird of large size, whose drum-like notes are often heard in the stillness of night. In size and plumage it greatly resembles a turkey; but its flesh is so spongy, that in lifting one of these uncouth56 birds from the ground, it appears like a mere57 bundle of feathers. The wings of the male are provided with a pair of sharp spurs, with which, when fighting, they greatly injure one another.
Another feature of the cattle-farm is the great number of carrion vultures and other birds of prey58 constantly hovering59 around the houses and corrals, attracted thither60 by the carcasses of dead animals. The most conspicuous among them is the zamuro or gallinazo, (Cathartes Atratus,) that constant companion of rude civilization in all tropical countries, but an indolent, greedy and disgusting associate. As, however, they occasionally render service in the capacity of scavengers, they are generally tolerated among the fowl62 of the farmyard. It is a gregarious63 bird, and collects in large flocks on the roof and fences, where, with knowing glances, they seem to be scanning all the actions of the inmates. I often amused myself in threatening them with a missile of some sort; but they never appeared to notice it, until they perceived me to be in earnest: then with wings half spread and leaning forward, they watched intently the moment when I should hurl64 it at them to evade65 it by flight or a dodge66 of the head.—They build their nests in holes which they dig{169} in the ground. Their young are white, gradually changing to black as they grow older, and only two are raised by the parent every year. Although essentially67 carrion feeders, the olfactories68 of these birds are not so sensitive as to discover for them a dead animal—as many suppose;—but their sight is very good. They fly to immense heights, and thence examine every portion of the ground below them. In doing this they may often be observed on motionless wing, whirling round and round in graceful69 evolutions.
With the zamuro is often associated another carrion vulture, the oripopo or turkey-buzzard, (Vultur aura,) of the same size and with similar habits to the former. It differs however, from its relative in color—which is dark brown—and in having its neck more destitute70 of feathers. It is also more elegant in form and in its graceful evolutions through the air than the black vulture. The turkey-buzzard has a wide geographical71 range, having been met by Audubon as far north as Pennsylvania, and by Darwin in the arid73 plains of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. When soaring through the upper regions of the air, it can be at once recognized by its long, sweeping74 flight, accompanied by a buzzing sound, much like the gust61 of the whirlwind, and perfectly75 audible from a great distance.
The Rey-Zamuro or king of the vultures, (Vultur papa,) larger than the foregoing, is the most beautiful of its kind. Its plumage, resembling down in softness and fineness, is of a pearly white, excepting the wings, which are tipped with black. The breast and neck, although entirely76 bare of feathers, are decked in the most brilliant tint77 of blue, orange, and red, while a sort{170} of membranous78 excrescence crowns the head, giving it a truly royal appearance.
This King of the vultures has also very aristocratic habits, never associating with any, not even those of his own tribe. It is a remarkable fact that when he alights upon a carcass, amidst a flock of other vultures, all these last retire, or make a circle round the banquet. When his majesty79 has dined, he flies off, uttering a loud cry, and only then his subjects venture to approach the carrion.
There is in the more elevated part of the adjoining province of Barinas, another bird of the same class—Vultur barbatus—which partakes of the eagle and the vulture, but is larger than either. It is called in consequence gavilucho—eagle-hawk3—and has been seen at times descending80 toward the plains. The legs and wings are very long and powerful. It is said to be very handsome, but it is extremely shy of man. The plumage is bluish, red, white and yellow. This bird joins to the boldness and cruelty of the eagle, the loathsome81 voracity82 of the vultures. It prefers live flesh, especially that of small quadrupeds, and preys83 principally upon rabbits, goats, sheep and even young calves84. It raises only one brood in a season, and builds its nest amidst the most inaccessible85 ledges86 of the Cordilleras.
I will close the list of the carrion birds of Venezuela with enumerating87 two others, nearly allied88 to the hawk, but partaking also of the characteristics of the eagle. These are the caricari and chiriguare (Polyborus Brasiliensis and P. Chimango) corresponding to the caracaras and carrancha of Brazil and{171} Buenos Ayres, concerning which Darwin has given this graphic72 account:
“The caracaras are from their structure placed among the eagles: we shall soon see how ill they become so high a rank. In their habits they will supply the place of our carrion crows, magpies89 and ravens90, a tribe of birds widely distributed over the rest of the world, but entirely absent in South America.
“The carranchas, together with the chimango, constantly attend in numbers the estancias and slaughtering-houses. If an animal dies on the plain, the gallinazo commences the feast, and then the two species of Polyborus pick the bones clean. These birds, although thus commonly feeding together, are far from being friendly. When the carrancha is quietly seated on the branch of a tree or on the ground, the chimango often continues for a long time flying backward and forward, up and down, in a semicircle, trying each time at the bottom of the curve to strike its larger relative. Although the carranchas frequently assemble in numbers, they are not gregarious; for in desert places they may be seen solitary91, or more commonly in pairs.
“The carranchas are said to be very crafty92, and to steal great numbers of eggs. They attempt, also, together with the chimango, to pick off the scabs from the sore backs of horses and mules93. The poor animal, on the one hand, with its ears down and its back arched, and, on the other hand, the hovering bird, eyeing at the distance of a yard the disgusting morsel94, form a picture, which has been described by Captain Head with his own peculiar spirit and accuracy.{172} These false eagles rarely kill any living bird or animal; and their vulture-like, necrophagous habits are very evident to any one who has fallen asleep on the desolate95 plains of Patagonia, for when he wakes he will see, on each surrounding hillock, one of these birds patiently watching him with an evil eye; it is a feature in the landscape of these countries, which will be recognized by every one who has wandered over them. If a party of men go out hunting with dogs and horses, they will be accompanied during the day by several of these attendants. After feeding, the uncovered craw protrudes96; at such times, and indeed, generally, the carrancha is an inactive, tame, and cowardly bird. Its flight is heavy and slow, like that of an English rook. It seldom soars; but I have twice seen one at a great height gliding97 through the air with great ease. It runs, (in contradistinction to hopping,) but not quite so quickly as some of its congeners. At times the carrancha is noisy, but is not generally so; its cry is loud, very harsh and peculiar, and may be likened to the sound of the Spanish guttural g, followed by a rough double r r; when uttering this cry, it elevates its head higher and higher, till at last, with its beak98 wide open, the crown almost touches the lower part of the head. This fact, which has been doubted, is quite true.”
These birds are, however, a great blessing99 to the inhabitants of the Llanos, who are indebted to them, not only for the destruction of vast numbers of snakes and other reptiles100, but for the service they render conjointly with the vultures in consuming the offal near houses. They seek their food both in dry lands{173} and amidst the swampy101 borders of rivers; on the one they find serpents and lizards102 in abundance; in the other terrapins103, frogs and small crocodiles. They are peculiar in always killing104 their prey before commencing to devour105 it. If the caricari meet with a serpent or young crocodile large enough to oppose a long resistance, he approaches it sideways, shielded by one of his wings spread out, and striking his prey near the head with his bill, retires to a short distance to watch the result. A second blow is usually fatal, upon which, seizing his victim in his claws, he tears it with his bill. The sluggish106 tortoises and terrapins are easy prey for the caricari; these he renders helpless by turning them upon their backs, then with his powerful bill tears out the entrails.
Singing birds are of great numbers and varieties in the Llanos; these are mostly of the oriole species, all of which seem to delight in the vicinity of man. They usually select some tree near the house, and from its slender topmost branches, weave their hanging nests beyond reach of mischievous107 boys and monkeys. One of these songsters, the gonzal, had his nest close by the ropes of my hammock, where every morning before sunrise he awakened108 me by his sweetly plaintive109 notes; and so fascinated was I by this charming neighbor, that I always remained long after the reveille, listening to his delicious music.
There is another closely allied species, far superior to this or any other bird of the kind with which I am acquainted. It is the troupial, whose powerful notes can only be likened to strains of the violin. It is easily domesticated in houses, and learns readily any{174} air from hearing it whistled. I have one of these birds at home (in New York) which sings the Cachuca, Yankee Doodle, and various other tunes110, besides distinctly whistling the name of a person. Its predominant colors are rich orange and shining black, with white spots on the wings and bill in beautiful contrast. It is a dangerous pet, however, if at large in a house, attacking strangers furiously, and always aiming at the eyes.
The arrendajo, or mocking-oriole, is perhaps the most extraordinary of its kind, on account of its imitative proclivities111, mimicking112 every sound with such exactness, that he goes by the name of mocking-bird among the colonists113 of Demerara; according to Waterton, “His own song is sweet, but very short. If a toucan114 be yelping115 in the neighborhood, he drops it, and imitates him. Then he will amuse his protector with the cries of the different species of woodpecker, and when the sheep bleat116 he will distinctly answer them. Then comes his own song again; and if a puppy dog or a guinea fowl interrupt him, he takes them off admirably, and by his different gestures during the time, you would conclude that he enjoys the sport.”
The arrendajo is, besides, a beautiful bird, and considered by ornithologists a model of symmetry; his predominant color is a glossy117 black, with the exception of his belly, rump and half the tail, which are of a bright yellow. On each wing also he has a spot of the same color. His beak is tinged118 of a delicate shade of lemon, while his eyes are sky blue, the pupil being a deeper shade of the same.
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1
omen
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| n.征兆，预兆；vt.预示 | |
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carrion
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| n.腐肉 | |
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hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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hawks
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| 鹰( hawk的名词复数 )； 鹰派人物，主战派人物 | |
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bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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owl
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| n.猫头鹰，枭 | |
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fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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growl
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| v.（狗等）嗥叫，（炮等）轰鸣；n.嗥叫，轰鸣 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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jaguar
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| n.美洲虎 | |
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owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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portends
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| v.预示( portend的第三人称单数 )；预兆；给…以警告；预告 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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flinch
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| v.畏缩，退缩 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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talisman
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| n.避邪物，护身符 | |
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subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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bellies
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| n.肚子( belly的名词复数 )；腹部；（物体的）圆形或凸起部份；腹部…形的 | |
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tormenting
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| 使痛苦的，使苦恼的 | |
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dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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dissect
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| v.分割；解剖 | |
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prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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ruby
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| n.红宝石，红宝石色 | |
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scintillate
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| v.闪烁火光；放出火花 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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outstrip
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| v.超过，跑过 | |
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lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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gust
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| n.阵风，突然一阵（雨、烟等），（感情的）迸发 | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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olfactories
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| n.嗅觉的( olfactory的名词复数 ) | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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membranous
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| adj.膜的，膜状的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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voracity
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| n.贪食，贪婪 | |
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preys
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| v.掠食( prey的第三人称单数 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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ledges
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| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
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enumerating
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的现在分词 ) | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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magpies
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| 喜鹊（magpie的复数形式） | |
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ravens
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| n.低质煤；渡鸦( raven的名词复数 ) | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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protrudes
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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101
swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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102
lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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103
terrapins
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| n.（北美的）淡水龟( terrapin的名词复数 ) | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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106
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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107
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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108
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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109
plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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110
tunes
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| n.曲调，曲子( tune的名词复数 )v.调音( tune的第三人称单数 )；调整；（给收音机、电视等）调谐；使协调 | |
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proclivities
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| n.倾向，癖性( proclivity的名词复数 ) | |
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112
mimicking
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| v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的现在分词 )；酷似 | |
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113
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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114
toucan
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| n.巨嘴鸟，犀鸟 | |
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115
yelping
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| v.发出短而尖的叫声( yelp的现在分词 ) | |
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116
bleat
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| v.咩咩叫，(讲)废话，哭诉；n.咩咩叫，废话，哭诉 | |
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117
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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118
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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