“Entre tanto en ancha hoguera
Como encendido tizon,
Ya la marca centellea
Con1 chispas de azul punzó.”
Ventura de la Vega.
It was late in the evening when we partook of our only meal that day, and we afterward2 retired3 to rest, but not to sleep, owing to the incessant4 noise made by the cattle in the corrals, who, during the whole night, were rushing to and fro as if goaded5 by demons7. Sometimes we feared that the fences would give way before their mad onset9, while the dust rose in suffocating10 clouds, filling the atmosphere and mingling11 with our food, which was thus rendered almost unfit for use. The bellowing12, roaring, and moaning of the herd13 could only be likened to the wild confusion of a battle-field. Many of the savage14 bulls in their fury turned their horns, sharp as bayonets, against their own kindred. The proud padrote, his dusky mate, and the tender heifer shared alike in the slaughter15. The next day numbers lay gored16 to death in the dust{190} of the corrals, while others presented ghastly wounds. Soon the carcasses began to putrefy, which, added to the particles of dust floating through the air we breathed, rendered the atmosphere intolerable. Many more of the cattle died of suffocation17, and others from an infectious disease induced by the crowded state of the herd and the noxious18 exhalations from the carcasses. We therefore lost no time in branding them that they might be set free, lest the infection should extend to the whole herd.
Animals affected19 in this manner exhibit no symptoms of the disease until immediately prior to their demise20, when they are observed to stagger a few paces and drop suddenly, as if shot by a rifle ball; and yet the vultures seem to possess an intuitive knowledge of this approaching dissolution, in proof whereof, numbers of these feathery satellites of death can be seen hovering21 around an animal which the scourge22 has doomed23, although it is apparently24 still in perfect health. The infection, fortunately, is confined to the horned cattle, no instance of its transmission to other creatures occurring, except in the case of men venturing to skin the carcasses, when it assumes a different form. Persons who have thus exposed themselves are seized with a horrible swelling25 of the neck, commencing with a pimple26 not larger than a pin’s head, and gradually increasing in size until it extends to the cerebellum. Death is the inevitable27 result if the patient is not promptly28 attended by a skilful29 physician. There were two or three cases of the kind among our own people, but by careful treatment we were fortunate enough to save them. There are, however,{191} every year many poor fellows in that improvident30 region, who, not having the same advantages, are often carried away by the distemper.
The branding of cattle, as conducted in extensive establishments, is a real festival for the sport-loving people of the Llanos; and each one feels himself as deeply interested therein as though assisting at a grand bull fight—the time-honored amusement of the descendants of Pelayo, the Cid, and other worthies31 of like celebrity32; and indeed the former, or hierra, as that wild pageant33 is termed, with all its incidents and dangers, all its noise and bustle34, is perhaps the grandest spectacle of the kind that could be devised for the entertainment and training of that chivalric35 race. It is undoubtedly36 one of the wildest scenes ever beheld37 in the pampas, and one which afforded me exceeding pleasure from the variety of incident accompanying it. The majada is, in fact, the school in which from infancy38 the Llanero is trained to conquer or to die in daily struggles with the brute39 creation. It is a veritable Olympic Circus, where the agility40 and strength for which he is famed are displayed during the exciting operations performed upon the savage denizens41 of the savannas42, branding and marking the calves44, sawing off the horns of furious bulls and converting them into oxen for the improvement of their flesh and disposition45.
On the day appointed, all animals confined in the majada are driven into the corralejas or smaller corrals adjoining the great enclosure, and there packed as closely as possible to prevent the bulls, always ready to strike, from doing much mischief46 among{192} their own kindred. Meantime the men prepare their lazos and station themselves according to their respective strength and ability, while the boys kindle47 a blazing fire in a safe corner of the majada, in which the various brands to be used are kept at a red heat. These brands generally represent the initials of the owner, or some sort of hieroglyphic48 stamp affixed49 to the end of a long handle. A record of these is kept by the Justice of the Peace in each district; and it is considered a great crime to alter or in any unauthorized manner efface50 their impression from the skin of animals. The cattle are usually branded on the haunches; but whenever a horse, mule51, or mare52 is sold, the brand in a reversed position is again affixed, this time on its shoulder, followed by the buyer’s brand, the same operation being repeated whenever the animal changes hands, so that some poor beasts come at last to be quite disfigured with deep scars.
When all is ready for the fray53, the majordomo, climbing to the highest post of the enclosure, from whence he directs operations, gives the signal. Here he keeps an account of the calves branded, by notching54 a long strip of raw hide. A number of these strips, called tarja or tally55, are carefully preserved in every cattle farm as a record to be laid before the owner at the year’s end in lieu of balance-sheet.
The principal business of the day being that of branding the calves collected at the rodeo, two or three men armed with lazos, fearlessly enter the pens at peril57 of life and limb—for the mothers are ever ready to defend their young—and proceed to drag the calves out singly by means of the lazo,{193} though not without many obstinate59 struggles on their part, and the more formidable resistance of their parents, which are kept back at the point of the garrocha by men stationed on the fences. The contest, however, is not of very long duration; the calf60 nearly choked by the lazo, and tormented61 by a cruel twisting of his tail, springs forward toward the branding place. The moment he passes the threshold, one or two little imps62 pounce63 upon the tail, jerking it until they succeed in throwing him down; the lazo is then quickly removed, and the captor hurries back to the pen for another calf. When a number have been thus secured, a man goes round with the brand, and in a very short time the whole lot are stamped with the burning seal of the estate amidst the piteous bellowings and ineffectual kicks of the helpless creatures.
These operations, although performed on young animals, are not so easily accomplished64 as might be supposed; it being not unusual for full-grown ones to spring over the fences, or force their way through the narrow gate of their pen. At such times, the operators outside are in imminent65 danger of being assailed66 by the fugitives67, if the latter are not promptly secured by men stationed for the purpose at the gate of the corralejas. It becomes a much more serious business when a powerful bull is lazoed. He not only refuses obstinately68 to be dragged out like a calf, but requires the combined force and skill of all the men to compel him from the pen, although the gate is purposely left wide open. In such cases a picador, climbing to the top of the fence, endeavors to drive{194} out the animal by repeated thrusts of the goad6; that also failing, another lets himself down close to the bull’s tail, which he twists violently, and this seldom fails to drive the refractory69 creature madly out, followed by the shouts and huzzas of his cruel tormentors. The next proceeding70 is to throw him for the purpose of regaining71 the lazo, and for the performance of the above-mentioned operations. This, however, is no easy matter, from the frantic72 plunges73 of the bull, who has the entire range of the lazo. The only certain method is that of dragging him close upon a post—botalon—driven into the ground, where his overthrow74 is finally accomplished by the united efforts of several men, one grappling his hind75 legs, another seizing the tail, while two others keep a steady hold of the thong76, until the animal, at last exhausted77, drops heavily to the ground.
To justly appreciate scenes like these, one must himself behold78 the dusky athlete battling single-handed with a bull just escaping from the corral. Seizing him by a horn with one hand, the Llanero still holding it watches his opportunity until he can grasp with the other the animal’s tail. The bull is then allowed to run as fast as he will, as the greater his speed the more easily his downfall is accomplished. If the bull moves too slowly, a few impressive jerks generally accelerate his speed; but occasionally he returns the compliment by turning fiercely upon his tail-bearer, who, if not very nimble, risks being gored to death; yet his skilful antagonist79, not only usually succeeds in evading80 his attack, but speedily contrives81 to throw him. No sooner does this occur, than the{195} vanquished82 one is surrounded by a host of merry yelling vagabonds, one brandishing83 a huge knife, which he sharpens on the horns previous to performing the operation which transforms the animal into an ox, and if not previously84 marked, cuts his ear according to the rule of the estate whose property he is; another holds a red-hot brand, which he implants85 at once upon the quivering hide; while a third with a small hand-saw cuts off the sharp points of the horns. The whole operation scarcely occupies three minutes’ time; but notwithstanding this, the danger is very great if the bull succeed in regaining his feet before it is finished, as, instead of being subdued86, no sooner is he free, than he turns upon his assailants in renewed fury, and then those valiant87 heroes may be seen scattering88 about the arena89 like a flock of partridges. With nostrils90 widely distended91, and foaming92 at the mouth, the bull for an instant stands an embodiment of rage and terror, endeavoring to discover the objects of his vengeance93. None, however, are presumptuous94 enough to await his onset; they would be levelled with the dust in an instant, and his conquerors95 therefore adopt the wiser policy of a speedy retreat to the highest fence, whence they pour a volley of abuse upon his shaggy head.
Occasionally, while the men were engaged with one bull, several others effected their escape in spite of the men whose business it was to prevent it. The situation of the others then became critical in the extreme, being exposed to the attacks of the fugitives on the one hand, and to those of the prisoner on the other; this last they were often compelled to abandon{196} in the midst of their labors96. Those who held younger animals formed with their bodies a sort of barricade97 with which to fend58 off the aggressor, when no other expedient98 could be resorted to. At times it appeared almost impossible to escape the impetuous charge of the bulls, especially when the men were some distance from the fences; the only remaining means of safety then consisted in throwing themselves flat upon the ground at the moment the bull aimed a stroke, as in that case the animal invariably jumped over their bodies. It is asserted that bulls in charging always close their eyes, thus missing in blind precipitancy many excellent opportunities for avenging99 the outrages100 perpetrated on their race. Not so the cows, who are said to keep their eyes fully56 open when they are bent101 on mischief, seldom if ever turning from their intended victim without leaving some mark, of either horn or hoof102, in token of displeasure.
On one occasion our leader himself very narrowly escaped from one of these infuriate feminalities in spite of his ability in dealing103 with wild cattle, and his dexterity104 in avoiding their attacks. We had just entered the majada, and were making preparations for the coming frolic. We stood under the shade of a splendid matapalo or wild fig-tree growing within the great enclosure, when a cow, which had left her young behind while chased in the savanna43, feeling rather uneasy in consequence, cleared the fence of the pen wherein she was confined, and the next moment was among us. All retreated to the fences, excepting our leader, who, ever rather sensitive about turning his back upon an enemy, stood his ground somewhat{197} protected by the stout105 body of the tree. The cow at first appeared to pay but little attention to him, making straight for the gate of the majada, which she, unfortunately, found strongly barred against her escape. Then retracing106 her steps, she sought to avenge107 her evident disappointment upon the gentleman in white, whom she very well recollected108 having left at the foot of the old matapalo. Still the undaunted soldier, although repeatedly urged by his men to fly, scorned the idea of seeking the talanquera, or, in other words, climbing the fence in a hurry, thinking at first to avoid the enemy by stepping round and round the tree; but the cow was too cunning to be cheated in this manner. After thus chasing him in vain for a few minutes, she suddenly changed her course, seeking him in the opposite direction, which brought them face to face. Unfortunately, the General, who had that morning been sitting for his likeness110 in the full costume of the Llanos which he still wore, found himself rather embarrassed in his movements by the wide folds of the manta. This prevented him from drawing the sword he had retained, which was his first impulse; and he therefore retreated a few paces into a more open space where he could torear her until others came to his assistance. With the subtlety111 of her sex the cow at once perceived his intentions, and rapidly following his every movement, watched her opportunity to strike him on the side; but he, precisely112 at the right instant, with great presence of mind threw himself flat upon the ground just as she aimed the blow. Instead, however, of jumping over him, as is usual with bulls in similar cases, the{198} cow rushed upon him, when his adroitness113 in grasping one of her fore8 feet so firmly as to arrest further attack until others came to his relief, prevented any injury beyond a slight scratch on his side and tearing his manta.
It is needless to add that after so disrespectful an assault upon the revered114 person of our leader, the cow received no gentle treatment at the hands of the indignant vaqueros: some were for despatching her at once for their evening meal; others, for affixing115 a dry hide to the end of her tail and letting her loose over the plain; while a few, compassionating116 her ignorance, among them the aggrieved117 owner, were only for depriving her of the means of doing further mischief with the horns. This opinion prevailing118 at last over all others, the ruthless hand of the executioner at once applied119 the saw to the pride of her head, after which she was allowed to depart in peace. Thus ended a short, but not altogether inglorious struggle, which, but for the cunning and address displayed on both sides, might have terminated fatally to either of the parties engaged in it.
After the corralejas had been emptied of their contents, there still remained in the majada several bulls at large, which had escaped during the confusion; and many of these not yet having been operated upon, another most exciting chase was afforded to the indefatigable120 and athletic121 hunters. The narrowness of the field, however, which precluded122 the use of horses, and the fact that each bull required to be captured with the lazo, occasioned serious obstacles{199} and much risk to the men engaged therein. Lack of volunteers there was none, and among them a powerful red-haired zambo, which freak of nature had obtained for him the sobriquet123 of colorado—the red man.
This fellow enjoyed a wide reputation in the country for his exploits, both in field and corral, and on this occasion proved himself deserving of the fame which he had heretofore achieved. It was he who now first led the charge. Seizing a lazo of long dimensions, contrary to usual practice, he proceeded to coil it on his right hand, securing the end upon his left. Then, cautiously approaching a formidable black bull, which stood alone in the centre of the majada, he sent the whole lazo, noose124 and all, uncoiling like a snake through the air until it reached the animal’s head. Although the distance must have been thirty paces, we had the satisfaction of seeing the noose settle round his neck as truly as if placed there by the practised hand of a hangman. From this moment, Colorado was unanimously proclaimed master of the lazo, an honor which he enjoyed to the end of the performances, as all that remained in this case to be accomplished by the others was merely to pull the lazo in order to bring the bull up to the botalon or upright post, which served the double purpose of subduing125 stake for the bulls, and training post for the boys. To it one or more young bulls were usually brought at the end of the day’s work, and the boys compelled to mount them in the manner described in a previous chapter; the animals are then set loose amidst the crowd of assembled quadrupeds, which are evidently amazed at the singular spectacle.{200}
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We witnessed several exhibitions of the kind in the majada, whenever we were present at the branding of the cattle; but never do I recollect109 any serious accident occurring to the little riders. Thus it is that the Llaneros educate their boys from infancy to the severest exercises of their profession, so that they in turn may teach the same to their own children.
Not always, however, is the Llanero’s triumph over the brute creation obtained so easily, for many are the instances in which the latter gain the advantage in these hand-to-horn combats, and in such cases the evil resulting is very great. Sometimes the men are dreadfully lacerated, either by the horns or the sharp hoofs126 of their antagonists127, frequently losing their lives in consequence, from want of proper medical treatment at the time the wounds are inflicted128. The most common phase the disease assumes is that of tetanus or lock-jaw, which sometimes ensues from only a slight scratch on the tendinous part of the foot. From the scarcity129 of surgeons in the country, and the lack of skill in dressing130 these wounds, mortification131, aneurisms, malignant132 abscesses, and a variety of other{201} complaints are amongst the evils resulting from this otherwise entertaining sport. In spite of all our precautions, and the assistance of the surgeon, Dr. Gallegos, we lost three of our best men, and several others afterward died in consequence of injuries received during that expedition.
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1
con
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| n.反对的观点，反对者，反对票，肺病；vt.精读，学习，默记；adv.反对地，从反面；adj.欺诈的 | |
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2
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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4
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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5
goaded
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| v.刺激( goad的过去式和过去分词 )；激励；（用尖棒）驱赶；驱使（或怂恿、刺激）某人 | |
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6
goad
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| n.刺棒，刺痛物；激励；vt.激励，刺激 | |
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7
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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8
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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9
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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10
suffocating
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| a.使人窒息的 | |
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11
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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12
bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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13
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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14
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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15
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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16
gored
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| v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破( gore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
suffocation
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| n.窒息 | |
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18
noxious
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| adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的 | |
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19
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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20
demise
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| n.死亡；v.让渡，遗赠，转让 | |
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21
hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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24
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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25
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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pimple
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| n.丘疹，面泡，青春豆 | |
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27
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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30
improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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38
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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41
denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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42
savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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43
savanna
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| n.大草原 | |
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44
calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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45
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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46
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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47
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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48
hieroglyphic
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| n.象形文字 | |
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49
affixed
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| adj.[医]附着的，附着的v.附加( affix的过去式和过去分词 )；粘贴；加以；盖（印章） | |
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50
efface
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| v.擦掉，抹去 | |
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51
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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52
mare
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| n.母马，母驴 | |
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53
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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54
notching
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| adj.多级的（指继电器）n.做凹口，开槽v.在（某物）上刻V形痕( notch的现在分词 )；赢得；赢取；获得高分 | |
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55
tally
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| n.计数器，记分，一致，测量；vt.计算，记录，使一致；vi.计算，记分，一致 | |
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56
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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57
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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58
fend
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| v.照料（自己），（自己）谋生，挡开，避开 | |
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59
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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60
calf
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| n.小牛，犊，幼仔，小牛皮 | |
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61
tormented
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| 饱受折磨的 | |
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62
imps
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| n.（故事中的）小恶魔( imp的名词复数 )；小魔鬼；小淘气；顽童 | |
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63
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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64
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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65
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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66
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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67
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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68
obstinately
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| ad.固执地，顽固地 | |
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69
refractory
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| adj.倔强的，难驾驭的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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73
plunges
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| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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74
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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75
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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thong
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| n.皮带；皮鞭；v.装皮带 | |
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77
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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78
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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80
evading
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| 逃避( evade的现在分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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81
contrives
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的第三人称单数 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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82
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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83
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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implants
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| n.（植入身体中的）移植物( implant的名词复数 ) | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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89
arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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distended
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| v.（使）膨胀，肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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presumptuous
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| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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barricade
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| n.路障，栅栏，障碍；vt.设路障挡住 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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101
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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102
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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103
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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104
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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106
retracing
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| v.折回( retrace的现在分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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107
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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108
recollected
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| adj.冷静的；镇定的；被回忆起的；沉思默想的v.记起，想起( recollect的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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109
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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110
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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111
subtlety
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| n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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113
adroitness
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114
revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
affixing
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| v.附加( affix的现在分词 )；粘贴；加以；盖（印章） | |
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116
compassionating
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| v.同情（compassionate的现在分词形式） | |
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117
aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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118
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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119
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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120
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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121
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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122
precluded
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| v.阻止( preclude的过去式和过去分词 )；排除；妨碍；使…行不通 | |
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123
sobriquet
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| n.绰号 | |
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124
noose
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| n.绳套，绞索（刑）；v.用套索捉；使落入圈套；处以绞刑 | |
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125
subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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126
hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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127
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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128
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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130
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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131
mortification
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| n.耻辱，屈辱 | |
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132
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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