Closely allied1 to the Lion, whom he resembles in size, in power, in external form, in internal structure, in zoological characters, in his prowling habits, and in his sanguinary propensities2, the Tiger is at once distinguished3 from that king of beasts, and from every other of their common genus, by the peculiar4 marking of his coat. On a ground which exhibits in different individuals various shades of yellow, he is elegantly striped by a series of transverse black bands or bars, which occupy the sides of his head, neck, and body, and are continued upon his tail in the form of rings, the last of the series uniformly occupying the extremity5 of that[26] organ, and giving to it a black tip of greater or less extent. The under parts of his body and the inner sides of his legs are almost entirely6 white; he has no mane; and his whole frame, though less elevated than that of the Lion, is of a slenderer and more graceful7 make. His head is also shorter and more rounded.
Almost in the same degree that the Lion has been exalted8 and magnified, at the expense of his fellow brutes10, has the Tiger been degraded and depressed11 below his just and natural level. While the one has been held up to admiration12, as the type and standard of heroic perfection, the other has, with equal capriciousness of judgment13 and disregard of the close and intimate relationship subsisting14 between them, been looked upon by mankind in general with those feelings of unmingled horror and detestation which his character for untameable ferocity and insatiable thirst of blood was so well calculated to inspire. It requires, however, but little consideration to teach us that the broad distinction, which has thus been drawn15, cannot by possibility exist; and the recorded observations of naturalists16 and travellers, both at home and abroad, will be found amply sufficient to prove that the difference in their characters and habits, on which so much stress has been laid, is in reality as slight and unessential as that which exists in their corporeal17 structure.
Unquestionably the Tiger has not the majesty18 of the Lion; for he is destitute19 of the mane, in which that majesty chiefly resides. Neither has he the same calm and dignified20 air of imperturbable21 gravity which is at once so striking and so prepossessing in the aspect of the Lion. But, on the other hand, it will readily be[27] granted, that in the superior lightness of his frame, which allows his natural agility22 its free and unrestricted scope, and in the graceful ease and spirited activity of his motions, to say nothing of the beauty, the regularity23, and the vividness of his colouring, he far excels his competitor, whose giant bulk and comparative heaviness of person, added to the dull uniformity of his colour, detract in no small degree from the impression produced by his noble and majestic24 bearing.
In comparing the moral qualities of these two formidable animals, we shall also find that the shades of difference, for at most they are but shades, which distinguish them, are, like their external characteristics, pretty equally balanced in favour of each. In all the leading features of their character, the habits of both are essentially25 the same. The Tiger, equally with the Lion, and in common indeed with the whole of the group to which he belongs, reposes26 indolently in the security of his den28, until the calls of appetite stimulate29 him to look abroad for food. He then chooses a convenient ambush30, in which to lie concealed31 from observation, generally amid the underwood of the forest, but sometimes even on the branches of a tree, which he climbs with all the agility of a cat. In this secret covert32 he awaits with patient watchfulness33 the approach of his prey34, upon which he darts35 forth36 with an irresistible37 bound, and bears it off in triumph to his den. Unlike the Lion, however, if his first attack proves unsuccessful, and he misses his aim, he does not usually slink sullenly38 back into his retreat, but pursues his victim with a speed and activity which is seldom baffled even by the fleetest animals.
It is only when this close and covert mode of attack[28] has failed in procuring39 him the necessary supply, that, urged by those inward cravings, which are the ruling impulse of all his actions, he prowls abroad under the veil of night, and ventures to approach the dwellings40 of man, of whom he does not appear to feel that instinctive41 awe42 which the Lion has been known so frequently to evince. But even on such occasions, and although impelled43 by the strong stimulus44 of famine, he is in general far from unmindful of his own security; but creeps slowly along his silent path with all the stealthy caution so characteristic of the feline45 tribe. Occasionally, however, when the pangs46 of hunger have become intolerable, and can no longer be controlled even by the overpowering sway of instinct, he will boldly advance upon man himself in the open face of day, and brave every danger in the pursuit of that object which, to the exclusion47 of every other sentiment, appears under such circumstances wholly to engross48 his faculties49.
It is evident then that in the general outline of his habits, and even in most of the separate traits by which his character is marked, he differs but little from the Lion. His courage, if brute9 force stimulated50 by sensual appetite can deserve that honourable51 name, is at least equal; and as for magnanimity and generosity52, the idea of attributing such noble qualities to either is in itself so absurd, and is so fully53 refuted by every particular of their authentic54 history, that it would be perfectly55 ridiculous to attempt a comparison where no materials for comparison exist. It may, however, be observed that in one point the disposition56 of the Tiger appears to be more cruel than that of the Lion; inasmuch as it is related, that he is not at all times satisfied with a single[29] victim, but deals forth wholesale57 destruction, without mercy and without distinction, upon whatever may chance to be within the reach of his murderous talons58. This, however, is by no means his constant or usual practice; his instinct being in general sufficient to teach him that his purpose is as effectually answered by one fatal bound as by the most extensive devastation59; for neither he, nor any of the more powerful of his tribe, return to their prey after the first meal, but leave its mangled60 relics61 for the ignoble62 beasts which follow in their train.
To what cause then, if the similarity between these two animals be so great, and the points of distinction between them so trifling63, can we attribute the very different impressions which we have all received, and in all probability continue to cherish, with regard to their respective characters? Perhaps something like a plausible64 answer to this question may be found in the fact, that our notions of the Lion have been formed on the striking and exaggerated pictures of his noble qualities, for which we are indebted to the poets of antiquity65, who contemplated66 him only in his captive and almost domesticated67 state; while our early ideas of the Tiger were derived68 in a great measure from the equally exaggerated statements of miserable69 and pusillanimous70 Hindoos, the spiritless and unresisting victims of every species of oppression, who regarded him with almost unspeakable horror as the merciless tyrant71 of their forests,—a tyrant whose ferocious72 temper and sanguinary ravages73 were equalled only by those of the human despots, to whom, as well as to their brute oppressors, they paid the base[30] tribute of servile minds, in the fearful dread74 and crouching75 awe with which they prostrated76 themselves at the feet of both.
Nothing in fact can exceed the terror which this formidable animal inspires in those countries which are liable to his devastations. More restricted, however, in this respect than the Lion, he is entirely unknown in Africa, and is rarely, if ever, to be met with in Asia on this side the Indus. In the south of China, and in the larger Asiatic Islands, such as Sumatra and Java, he is unhappily but too common; but it is said, we know not with what degree of truth, that in the last mentioned locality he is less ferocious than in the Peninsula of Hindostan. This is truly the cradle of his existence and the seat of his empire, in which he disputes dominion77 even with the Lion himself, who is comparatively rare in the Indian jungles, and with whom the Tiger has been sometimes known to join in deadly and successful struggle for the mastery. Endowed with a degree of force, which the Lion and the Elephant alone can equal, he carries off a buffalo78 in his tremendous jaws79, almost without relaxing from his usual speed. With a single stroke of his claws he rips open the body of the largest animals; and is said to suck their blood with insatiable avidity. Of the correctness of this latter statement, at least in its full extent, there is however strong reason to doubt. The Tiger does not, according to the most credible80 accounts, exhibit this propensity81 to drinking the blood of his victims in any greater degree than the rest of his carnivorous and blood-thirsty companions. In this, as in other instances, fear has drawn largely on credulity, and[31] the simple and sufficiently82 disgusting fact has been amplified83 and exaggerated with all the refinements84 upon horror which the terrified imagination could suggest.
In making these observations it is far from our intention to become the apologists of this ferocious beast: our object is simply to place him in the rank which he deserves to hold, on a level with those animals with whom Nature has decreed that he should be associated no less in character than in form. In his wild and unrestricted state, he is unquestionably one of the most terrible of the living scourges85, to whose fatal ravages the lower animals, and even man himself, are exposed. But in captivity86, and especially if domesticated while young, his temper is equally pliant87, his disposition equally docile88, and his manners and character equally susceptible89 of amelioration, with those of any other animal of his class. All the stories that have been so frequently reiterated90, until they have at length passed current without examination as accredited91 truths, of his intractable disposition and insensibility to the kind treatment of his keepers, towards whom it is alleged92 that he never exhibits the slightest feelings of gratitude93, have been proved by repeated experience to be utterly94 false and groundless. He is tamed with as much facility, and as completely, as the Lion; and soon becomes familiarised with those who feed him, whom he learns to distinguish from others, and by whom he is fond of being noticed and caressed95. Like the cat, which he resembles so closely in all his actions, he arches his broad and powerful back beneath the hand that caresses96 him; he licks his fur and smooths himself with his paws; and purrs in the same mild and expressive97 manner when he is particularly pleased. He[32] remains98 perfectly quiet and undisturbed, unless when hungry or irritated, and passes the greater part of his time in listless repose27. His roar is nearly similar to that of the Lion, and, like his, is by no means to be regarded as a symptom of anger, which he announces by a short and shrill99 cry, approaching to a scream.
Two of these noble animals, the one male and the other female, are among the most striking and attractive ornaments100 of the Menagerie. The beautiful male, of which our figure offers a characteristic likeness101, is a very recent importation, having arrived in England in the month of April of the present year, in the East India Company’s ship Buckinghamshire, to the commander of which, Captain Glasspool, we are indebted for the following particulars relative to his birthplace, capture, early life, and education. He was taken prisoner in company with two other cubs102, supposed to be not more than three weeks old, on that part of the coast of the peninsula of Malacca which is opposite to the island of Penang, and is commonly known by the name of the Queda Coast. In our present imperfect acquaintance with this part of the farther peninsula of Hindoostan, it affords perhaps but little ground for surprise that none of these terrible animals should have previously103 reached this quarter of the globe from a locality so seldom visited by European vessels104. Their existence in its extensive jungles and marshy106 plains has long, however, been notorious; and to judge from the specimen107 now before us, which, although barely two years old, already exceeds in size the full-grown Asiatic Lion which occupies the neighbouring den, they must in that situation be at least as formidable as their fellows of the hither peninsula. The[33] dam of this individual had, it appears, made a nocturnal incursion into one of the towns of the district, from which she had carried off a large quantity of provisions. She was pursued and killed, and her three cubs were taken possession of by the conquerors108 in token of their victory and brought home in triumph. One of them, a female, died shortly after; the second, a male, is still living in the possession of a resident at Penang; and the third, the subject of the present article, also fell into the hands of a gentleman of that settlement, in whose paddock he was confined, in company with a pony109 and a dog, for upwards110 of twelve months, without evincing the least inclination111 to injure his companions or any one who approached him. By this gentleman he was presented to Captain Glasspool, who brought him to England: on the voyage he was remarkably112 tame, allowing the sailors to play with him, and appearing to take much pleasure in their caresses. On being placed in his present den he was rather sulky for a few days; but seems now to have recovered his good temper, and to be perfectly reconciled to his situation. The mildness of his temper may probably be in a great measure due to his having from a very early age been accustomed to boiled food; raw flesh never having been offered to him until after his arrival in the Menagerie. This change of food he seems particularly to enjoy, although he has by no means lost his appetite for soup, which he devours113 with much eagerness. Notwithstanding his immature114 age, Mr. Cops considers him the largest Tiger that he ever saw.
The other individual at present in the Tower is a Tigress of great beauty from Bengal, scarcely a twelvemonth[34] old, who also promises to become an exceedingly fine animal. During her passage from Calcutta she was allowed to range about the vessel105 unrestricted, became perfectly familiar with the sailors, and showed not the slightest symptom of ferocity. On her arrival, however, in the Thames, the irritation115 produced by the sight of strangers completely and instantly changed her temper, rendering116 her irascible and dangerous. Her deportment was so sulky and savage117 that Mr. Cops could scarcely be prevailed on by her former keeper, who saw her shortly afterwards, to allow him to enter her den: but no sooner did she recognise her old friend, than she fawned118 upon him, licked him, and caressed him, exhibiting the most extravagant119 signs of pleasure; and when he left her she cried and whined120 for the remainder of the day. To her new residence and her new keeper she is now perfectly reconciled.
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1
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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2
propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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brutes
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| 兽( brute的名词复数 )； 畜生； 残酷无情的人； 兽性 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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corporeal
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| adj.肉体的，身体的；物质的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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imperturbable
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| adj.镇静的 | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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reposes
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的第三人称单数 ) | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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watchfulness
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| 警惕，留心； 警觉（性） | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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sullenly
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| 不高兴地，绷着脸，忧郁地 | |
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procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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feline
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| adj.猫科的 | |
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pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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engross
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| v.使全神贯注 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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50
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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51
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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52
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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53
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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56
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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57
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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talons
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| n.（尤指猛禽的）爪( talon的名词复数 )；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物；锁簧尖状突出部 | |
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59
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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60
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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64
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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66
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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pusillanimous
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| adj.懦弱的，胆怯的 | |
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71
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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credible
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| adj.可信任的，可靠的 | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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scourges
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| 带来灾难的人或东西，祸害( scourge的名词复数 )； 鞭子 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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pliant
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| adj.顺从的；可弯曲的 | |
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docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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cubs
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| n.幼小的兽，不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 ) | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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pony
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| adj.小型的；n.小马 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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devours
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| 吞没( devour的第三人称单数 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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immature
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| adj.未成熟的，发育未全的，未充分发展的 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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118
fawned
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| v.（尤指狗等）跳过来往人身上蹭以示亲热( fawn的过去式和过去分词 )；巴结；讨好 | |
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119
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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120
whined
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| v.哀号( whine的过去式和过去分词 )；哀诉，诉怨 | |
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