Uniting to the system of dentition, the general habit and many of the most striking peculiarities1 of the cats, some of the distinguishing features and much of the intelligence, the teachableness, and the fidelity3 of the dog, the Hunting Leopard4 forms a sort of connecting link between two groups of animals, otherwise completely separated, and exhibiting scarcely any other character in common than the carnivorous propensities5 by which both are, in a greater or less degree, actuated and inspired. Intermediate in size and shape between the leopard and the hound, he is slenderer in his body, more elevated on his legs, and less flattened6 on the fore[62] part of his head than the former, while he is deficient7 in the peculiarly graceful8 and lengthened9 form, both of head and body, which characterize the latter. His tail is entirely10 that of a cat; and his limbs, although more elongated11 than in any other species of that group, seem better fitted for strong muscular exertion12 than for active and long-continued speed. From these indications it may be gathered that he approaches much more nearly to the feline13 than to the canine14 group: we shall therefore follow the example of zoologists15 in general, by referring him for the present and provisionally to the genus Felis, and proceed to point out more particularly the characters by which he is connected with, as well as those by which he is distinguished16 from, the rest of that formidable and extensive tribe.
In the number and form of his teeth, in the asperity17 of his tongue, in the conformation of his organs of sense, and in the number of his claws, he accurately18 corresponds with the legitimate19 species of the genus Felis. The principal character in which he differs from them consists in the slight degree of retractility of these latter organs. Instead of being withdrawn20 within sheaths appropriated for the purpose, as in the whole of the cats properly so called, the claws of the Hunting Leopard are capable of only a very limited retraction21 within the skin, and are consequently exposed to the action of the ground on which they tread, their points and edges being thus rendered liable to be blunted by the constant pressure to which they are subjected, almost to the same extent as in the dogs. The slightest consideration of the uses to which the claws are applied22 by the whole of the feline tribe, in whom they are, in fact, in consequence[63] of their extreme power and sharpness, organs of offence if possible more deadly and more destructive than the teeth, will teach us that the modification23 which has just been described in so important a part of their organization, must of necessity be accompanied by a corresponding change in manners and habits; and that convenience alone, and the want of analogous24 structure in any other animal, could justify25 us in continuing to class the Chetah among the cats, from whom he differs in so essential a particular.
In outward form, however, notwithstanding his more slender make, the difference between them is by no means great. His head, although more elevated and prominent in front, exhibits the same broad lateral26 expansion, caused by the thick mass of muscle which acts so powerfully upon the short and dilated27 jaws28 of the cats, and imparts to them that tremendous force and effect for which they are so remarkable29. His legs, notwithstanding their increased length and slender proportions, retain all the elastic30 springiness, by means of which the Leopard or the Tiger are enabled to bound with so much vigour31 and velocity32 upon their unsuspecting prey33. His air and manners, too, are unquestionably those of the cats; and his mode of colouring, which we shall next proceed to describe, although exhibiting very peculiar2 and marked distinctions, offers so close an analogy to that of the Jaguar34 and the Leopard, that, were we to regard this character alone, it would be impossible to arrange him in a different group from that which comprehends those beautifully spotted35, but ferocious36, beasts. His fur, however, it must be remarked, has little of the sleekness37 which characterizes those[64] animals, but exhibits, on the contrary, a peculiar crispness which is not to be found in any other of the tribe.
His ground-colour is a bright yellowish fawn38 above, and nearly pure white beneath, covered above and on the sides by innumerable closely approximating spots, from half an inch to an inch in diameter, which are intensely black, and do not, as in the Leopard and others of the spotted cats, form roses with a lighter39 centre, but are full and complete. These spots, which are wanting on the chest and under part of the body, are larger on the back than on the head, sides, and limbs, where they are more closely set: they are also spread along the tail, forming on the greater part of its extent interrupted rings, which, however, become continuous as they approach its extremity40, the three or four last rings surrounding it completely. The tip of the tail is white, as is also the whole of its under surface, with the exception of the rings just mentioned; it is equally covered with long hair throughout its entire length, which is more than half that of the body. The outside of the ears, which are short and rounded, is marked by a broad black spot at the base, the tip, as also the inside, being whitish. The upper part of his head is of a deeper tinge41; and he has a strongly marked flexuous black line, of about half an inch in breadth, extending from the inner angle of the eye to the angle of the mouth. The extremity of the nose is black, like that of the dog. The mane, from which he derives42 his scientific name, is not very remarkable: it consists of a series of longer, crisper, and more upright hairs, which extend along the back of the neck and the anterior43 portion of the spine44.
[65]
Such are the outward and physical characteristics of this beautiful animal; in his moral and intellectual qualities he differs still more widely from that compound of unteachableness, malice45, and mistrust, which is the necessary result of the low degree of intelligence possessed46 by the remainder of the group of animals with which he is at present associated. Of his habits in a state of nature we have no certain information; but in his tamed and domesticated47 condition he has been rendered, in some countries at least, auxiliary48 to man, by the successful cultivation49 of his mental faculties50, which have been trained into a degree of subservience51 to the commands of his master, that can only be surpassed by the superior sagacity of the hound. Chardin, Bernier, Tavernier, and others of the older travellers had related that in several parts of Asia it was customary to make use of a large spotted cat in the pursuit of game, and that this animal was called Youze in Persia, and Chetah in India; but the statements of these writers were so imperfect, and the descriptions given by them so incomplete, that it was next to impossible to recognise the particular species intended. We now, however, know with certainty that the animal thus employed is the Felis jubata of naturalists52, which inhabits the greater part both of Asia and of Africa. It is common in India and Sumatra, as well as in Persia; and is well known both in Senegal and at the Cape53 of Good Hope; but the ingenuity54 of the savage55 natives of the latter countries has not, so far as we know, been exerted in rendering56 its services available in the chase in the manner so successfully practised by the more refined and civilized57 inhabitants of Persia and of Hindostan. In Senegal it[66] is valued only on account of its skin, which forms an important article in the commerce of that colony; while at the Cape, where it is known to the Dutch settlers by the misapplied name of Luipard (Leopard), it seems to be entirely neglected even in a commercial point of view. In the neighbourhood of the latter colony, it should be added, the animal appears from the testimony59 of travellers to be of rare occurrence; and Professor Lichtenstein, in particular, mentions an instance in which the skin of one was worn by the chief of a horde60 of Caffres as a badge of peculiar dignity and distinction.
But even in the East, where the qualities of the Chetah appear to be best appreciated, and his faculties to be turned to most account, it would seem that he is not employed in hunting by all classes of the people indiscriminately; but, on the contrary, that he is reserved for the especial amusement and gratification of the nobles and princes of the land, rather than used for purposes of real and general advantage. In this respect, and indeed in many others, as will be seen by the following brief account of the mode in which the chase with the Hunting Leopard is conducted, it bears a close resemblance to the ancient sport of hawking61, so prevalent throughout Europe in the days of feudal62 tyranny, but scarcely practised at the present day except by the more splendid slaves of Asiatic despotism. The animal or animals, for occasionally several of them are employed at the same time, are carried to the field in low chariots, on which they are kept chained and hooded63, in order to deprive them of the power and temptation to anticipate the word of command by leaping forth64 before the appointed time. When they are thus brought within view[67] of a herd65 of antelopes67, which generally consists of five or six females and a male, they are unchained and their hoods68 are removed, their keepers directing their attention to the prey, which, as they do not hunt by smell, it is necessary that they should have constantly in sight. When this is done, the wily animal does not at once start forwards towards the object of his pursuit, but, seemingly aware that he would have no chance of overtaking an antelope66 in the fleetness of the race, in which the latter is beyond measure his superior, winds cautiously along the ground, concealing69 himself as much as possible from sight, and, when he has in this covert70 manner nearly reached the unsuspecting herd, breaks forth upon them unawares, and after five or six tremendous bounds, which he executes with almost incredible velocity, darts71 at once upon his terrified victim, strangles him in an instant, and takes his fill of blood. In the meanwhile the keeper quietly approaches the scene of slaughter72, caresses73 the successful animal, and throws to him pieces of meat to amuse him and keep him quiet while he blinds him with the hood58 and replaces him upon the chariot, to which he is again attached by his chain. But if, as is not unfrequently the case, the herd should have taken the alarm, and the Chetah should prove unsuccessful in his attack, he never attempts to pursue them, but returns to his master with a mortified74 and dejected air, to be again let slip at a fresh quarry75 whenever a fit opportunity occurs.
The Chetah has been until of late years very imperfectly known in Europe. Linn?us was entirely unacquainted with it, and Buffon described it from the fur alone under the name of Guêpard, the appellation76 by[68] which its skin was distinguished in the commerce with Senegal, but evidently without suspecting its identity with the Asiatic animal, the trained habits of which, misled probably by the authority of Tavernier, he erroneously attributed to his imaginary Ounce. Subsequent French zoologists had rectified77 this error, and it was generally believed that the tamed Leopard of Bernier, the Youze, the Guêpard, and Tavernier’s Ounce, were one and the same animal; but it was not until a year or two ago that the possession of a living specimen78, brought from Senegal, in the Menagerie of the Jardin du Roi, enabled M. F. Cuvier to ascertain79 its characters with precision. The comparison of this African specimen with the skins sent from India, and with the notes and drawings made in that country by M. Duvaucel, to whom we are indebted for a vast deal of interesting information relative to the zoology80 of the East of Asia, at once put an end to all doubts of the identity of the two animals.
Several individuals have been brought alive to this country at various times; but, notwithstanding the opportunities thus afforded, it does not appear that English naturalists have paid any particular attention to the study of their character and habits. In all probability the earliest that arrived in Europe was one which was brought from India by Lord Pigot, and which was figured by Pennant81 under the name of the Hunting Leopard. Three others, found at the capture of Seringapatam among the rest of the state paraphernalia82 of the fallen Sultan, came into the possession of General, afterwards Lord, Harris, who, on his return to England, presented them to his late Majesty83, by whose command[69] they were placed in the Tower. They did not, however, long survive the effects of the passage and of the change of climate, which latter has proved equally fatal to the few specimens84 which have since been brought to this country for public exhibition. They appear, indeed, to be exceedingly delicate in their temperament85, and to require considerable attention on the part of their keeper. The pair now in the Tower, if two individuals of the same sex, both of them being males, can be called a pair, were purchased by Mr. Cops a few months since from the captain of a vessel86 trading to Senegal, to whom they were brought by some of the natives when only a few weeks old and no larger than an ordinary cat. They were the constant inmates87 of his cabin, and soon became strongly attached to their master, never, as they grew up, exhibiting the slightest symptom of that savage ferocity to which all the larger cats are occasionally more or less prone88, even under the most favourable89 circumstances. Much of this peculiar meekness90 of temper, which they still maintain, is doubtless owing to the very early age at which they were made captive, as well as to the mild and little stimulating91 nature of the food to which they have ever since been accustomed. This consists chiefly of boiled meat and meal; and during the winter season, in consequence of the delicacy92 of their habit, they are supplied with hot mashes93, gruel94, &c. Their mode of feeding is very like that of the dog.
In size and stature95 these beautiful animals considerably96 exceed any that have been seen in this country of late years. They are truly, as may be judged from their portraits, an elegant and graceful pair, having, when led out into the yard in their couples, very much of the air[70] and manners of a brace97 of greyhounds. When noticed or fondled they purr like a cat; and this is their usual mode of expressing pleasure. If, on the other hand, they are uneasy, whether that uneasiness arises from cold, from a craving98 after food, from a jealous apprehension99 of being neglected, or from any other cause, their note consists of a short, uniform, and repeated mew. They are extremely fond of play, and their manner of playing very much resembles that of the cat; with this difference, however, that it never, as in the latter animal, degenerates100 into malicious101 cunning or wanton mischief102. Their character, indeed, seems to be entirely free from that sly and suspicious feeling of mistrust which is so strikingly visible in the manners and actions of all the cats, and which renders them so little susceptible103 of real or lasting104 attachment105. The Chetahs, on the contrary, speedily become fond of those who are kind to them, and exhibit their fondness in an open, frank, and confiding106 manner. There can, in fact, be little doubt that they might with the greatest facility be reduced to a state of perfect domestication107, and rendered nearly as familiar and as faithful as the dog himself.
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1
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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leopard
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| n.豹 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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flattened
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| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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elongated
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| v.延长，加长( elongate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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feline
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| adj.猫科的 | |
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canine
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| adj.犬的，犬科的 | |
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zoologists
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| 动物学家( zoologist的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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asperity
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| n.粗鲁，艰苦 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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retraction
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| n.撤消；收回 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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dilated
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| adj.加宽的，扩大的v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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jaguar
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| n.美洲虎 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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sleekness
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| 油滑； 油光发亮； 时髦阔气； 线条明快 | |
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fawn
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| n.未满周岁的小鹿；v.巴结，奉承 | |
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lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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anterior
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| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
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spine
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| n.脊柱，脊椎；(动植物的)刺；书脊 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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auxiliary
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| adj.辅助的，备用的 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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subservience
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| n.有利，有益；从属（地位），附属性；屈从，恭顺；媚态 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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hawking
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| 利用鹰行猎 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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antelopes
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| 羚羊( antelope的名词复数 )； 羚羊皮革 | |
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hoods
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| n.兜帽( hood的名词复数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩v.兜帽( hood的第三人称单数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩 | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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72
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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mortified
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| v.使受辱( mortify的过去式和过去分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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rectified
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| [医]矫正的，调整的 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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zoology
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| n.动物学，生态 | |
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pennant
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| n.三角旗；锦标旗 | |
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paraphernalia
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| n.装备；随身用品 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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meekness
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| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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mashes
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| （水、谷物等混合而成的）糊状物( mash的名词复数 ) | |
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gruel
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| n.稀饭，粥 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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brace
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| n. 支柱,曲柄,大括号; v. 绷紧,顶住,(为困难或坏事)做准备 | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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degenerates
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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domestication
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| n.驯养，驯化 | |
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