“He lived, as mothers wish their sons to live,”
and, on the score of fidelity4 to duty,
“He died, as fathers wish their sons to die,”
leaving a name that will long be honored in every civilized5 land as that of a martyr6 in the cause of geographical7 exploration.
8
Many of those connected with the Naval8 Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, before the civil war, will remember a playful and mischievous9 boy, whose ready smile and cheerful ways beguiled10 them in their hours of relaxation11. Others who were at that school after the war will remember the same boy, grown into a youth of sixteen years, rugged12 in aspect, devoted13 to manly14 sports, and assiduous in all his duties. It is the story of his brief but eventful life to which this volume is devoted, written for the information of his friends and all those who admire true heroism15 and rare abilities when allied16 to sufferings for the public weal.
James Booth Lockwood was the second son and third child of General Henry H. Lockwood and Anna Booth Lockwood. He was born at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, on the 9th of October, 1852, at which time and place his father—a Professor of Mathematics in the Navy—instructed the midshipmen in the military branches, as he had done for many years before. Both his parents were from the State of Delaware, and came from the best stock of that State; and, as his father taught his students “how to shoot,” and prepare themselves for the conflicts of life, it was quite natural that the son should have acquired a love of noble deeds and adventure.
Like many boys, he had his narrow escapes from death, one of which occurred in April, 1860, when, having fallen into the river from the dock, he was rescued in an insensible condition, and restored to life with great difficulty. This escape must have been 9 recalled by him with special emotion in after-years amid his struggles with the ice of Smith’s Sound.
His innate19 love of fun had been one of his characteristics from childhood, nor was it subdued20 even when recovering from the accident which nearly cost him his life; for, while lying in his bed, he peered into his father’s face with a quizzical smile, and remarked, “I was drowned, but not drowned dead.”
When the Naval Academy was occupied by a general of the army, in 1861, and the students and professors were transferred to Newport, Rhode Island, young Lockwood accompanied his father and family, and was placed at a public school in that place. After a brief residence in Newport, his father, being a graduate of the Military Academy at West Point, was called upon to command a volunteer regiment21 of Delaware troops, and having been subsequently commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers, he was placed in charge of the Eastern Shore counties of Virginia and returned to the region of hostilities23, making his headquarters at Drummondtown, in Accomac County. In this quaint24 and quiet place, and while a mere25 stripling of ten years, young Lockwood displayed his love of adventure and active life by forming a company of all the colored boys in the village, erecting26 earthworks in a vacant lot, and, all armed with corn-stalks and broom-handles, meeting a company of white boys in mimic27 war—noisy, if not dangerous to life or limb. The vanity of personal strife28, however, soon becoming irksome to his mind, he turned his attention to horsemanship, and explored 10 the surrounding shores of Accomac on a Chincoteague pony29 belonging to his father. He also spent many quiet hours conversing30 about horses and their habits with the soldiers in the garrison31, with whom he was a special favorite. After a while, his father was transferred to the command of troops at Harper’s Ferry, and there a new field of adventure occupied the attention of the incipient32 hero. He was foremost in climbing the neighboring mountain-heights and scaling precipices33, and always on the lookout34 for adventure along the waters of the Potomac. Afterward35, when living with his family near the city of Baltimore, he displayed his activity and energy in other ways. When neighboring boys were wont36 to trespass37 on his father’s grounds and fruit-trees, he was quite as ready to defend his home as he had been in Accomac to maintain the national struggle then rending38 the land. And here it was that he often accompanied his father on his rounds among the military works near Baltimore, and always attracted the attention of the troops by his skill in riding. But these experiences were not deemed satisfactory for molding the character of a boy, and then it was that his father sent him to a boarding-school at Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania, kept by a Mr. Schwartz, a good scholar and strict disciplinarian. Of course, like those of all boys, his letters teemed39 with complaints. He was very homesick—a mere child separated from all he loved. In one letter he spoke40 of praying to God to make him satisfied. In after-years, and when suffering all the horrors of the Arctic, his 11 mother’s prayer was that his childhood’s star might again arise, and lead his sorrowing heart to that comfort found only above. His chief grievances41 were a Dutch dish regularly given to the boys, called scrapul, and the discipline of powers administered to those who failed in their studies. In this latter punishment, the delinquent43 was required to raise to the fortieth, fiftieth, or one hundredth power any number given him. However distasteful to him at the time, he seems to have changed his mind upon the subjects of food and discipline afterward; for he became, after his return home, a strong advocate of scrapul as a physical, and of “powers” as a mental diet. Returning, in 1866, with his father to Annapolis, he was sent to St. John’s College in that place, and at that time in a flourishing condition, under the able administration of James C. Welling, now the accomplished44 President of Columbian College. Although his mental abilities were acknowledged as superior, he preferred action to books, and his success there was not satisfactory to his father. Others known to be his mental inferiors took a higher stand. He, however, read some Latin, and made considerable progress in mathematics. Here we come to a new illustration of his character. During his residence within the walls of the Academy, a species of tyranny existed among the sons of naval officers of his own age with whom he associated, which he could not endure. Rank in the father was supposed to give rank or prestige to the son. This theory young Lockwood was unwilling45 to acknowledge, and the consequence was that he soon found himself beset46 12 by those whom he opposed. But then, as always with the free and brave, right prevailed, and the aggressors were sent to the wall, while the fearless victor very soon became the peer of his associates. The situation of the Academy offering peculiar47 facilities for boating, fishing, swimming, etc., the professor’s son became an expert in all these exercises, making pets of his sail and row boats, as he had done with the ponies48 of Chincoteague. Many of the Annapolis students, now high officers in the navy, have spoken of his frolicsome49 pranks50 at that time within the grounds of the Academy—for example, how he mimicked51 the strut52 of the drum-major, how he teased the watchman by hiding among the trees and bushes, personating an intruder on the grounds, and how he alarmed the servant-maids and the children by appearing suddenly before them like a phantom53. He was more fond of reading than of study, and among his favorite books were those of De Foe54, Mayne Reid, and others of that class. To what extent he was familiar with the histories of John Ledyard and Joseph R. Bellot can not be stated, but there is a striking similarity in their characters, and indeed it was the fate of the latter, like Lockwood, to lose his life in the Arctic regions. They form a trio of remarkable55 explorers, whose fame will be perennial56, but it was the fate of the last one mentioned to reach the highest success. During the latter part of his residence at Annapolis, he spent many of his spare hours on his father’s farm. By way of encouragement, his father assigned to him a patch of ground for his special cultivation57, with fertilizers 13 and the use of a team. To the surprise of all, his success seemed amazing, and his crops were good and profitable. With the money thus secured he purchased for himself a watch and a sporting gun. He had a special fondness for dogs, and exerted over them great influence. His favorite in this direction was a short-legged, long-bodied, common rat-terrier. In the purity of this dog’s blood, he was a decided58 believer, which faith he maintained with many hot arguments, and exemplified by teaching the animal a great variety of tricks. Indeed, the high degree of training to which he brought the dog Jack59 was remarkable. He was always quiet and positive toward the animal, and Jack gave his commands a serious and implicit60 obedience61. One of the feats62 performed by the dog was to carry a candlestick with a lighted candle wherever ordered to do so. Another was to this effect: the boy would place a small scrap42 of paper on the parlor63 wall at a height which Jack was hardly able to reach. Jack’s attention would then be called to the paper, and the dog and master would retire up-stairs. Some time afterward, Jack, in obedience to a mere word, would proceed to the parlor, and, to the amusement of those congregated64 there, launch his body at the paper until he finally secured it, and then would carry it to his master. Although this dog had a special dislike for fire, he would, under orders, pull chestnuts65 out of the hot coals, even if it took him an hour to perform the task; and it is also related of him that on one occasion, when he slipped his muzzle66 on the Academy grounds, he picked it up and took it to his 14 master. When the lad’s father was ordered to the National Observatory67, the family removing to Washington, the pet dog accompanied them, and the intimacy68 between the dog and his master was unabated. They often rambled69 through the streets together, and it was during one of their walks along Pennsylvania Avenue that the dog disappeared, and was never recovered by his owner, whose grief was most sincere and manifest. He published an advertisement, and, true to his regard for the departed, he spoke of it as a pure-blooded animal; which statement was probably the reason why the dog was never returned, as no stranger could have believed in the alleged70 pedigree of such an ungainly creature.
After young Lockwood’s father and family had become settled in Washington, it was decided that he should return to Annapolis and take charge of the farm until some more suitable or congenial employment should come into view. In looking over the home letters which he wrote at that time, I find a few developments of character which are worthy71 of mention. For example, in February, 1872, he writes as follows:
“I find Annapolis the same as ever. It would hardly do for Rip Van Winkle to go to sleep here, for, when he awoke, he would find no change, not even by death.”
After speaking in the same letter of a man going to purchase implements72 in Baltimore, he says: “I think it would pay one capable of judging of such things, or one endowed with ‘Lockwood Common 15 Sense,’” this allusion73 being to an imaginary manual which the children had attributed to their father. The quiet humor of the youthful farmer is manifested in another letter after this fashion: “I have been suffering all the week from the effects of a poison most probably communicated from some vine. It manifests itself pretty much as Job’s troubles showed themselves, and no position of body except standing74 affords relief. I haven’t yet got down into the ashes. If tartar emetic75 produced these eruptions76, they might be attributed in some way to the evil agency of Mrs. W——.”
The person here alluded77 to was the one who became notorious for the alleged poisoning of General W. S. Ketcham, in Baltimore. Young Lockwood had met her at a boarding-house in Annapolis after her release from prison, and was agreeably impressed by her conversation and manners. On a subsequent occasion, when visiting his family in Washington, and some severe remark had been made against the lady in question, he demanded that the company present should not abuse an absent friend in his presence. Being of a sensitive nature in regard to the weather, as is proved by several of his Annapolis letters, and by such passages as the one now to be quoted, it seems surprising that he should ever have decided to visit the icy regions of the North.
“This gloomy weather,” he says, “is by no means calculated to elate one’s spirits, but, on the contrary, makes everything appear in its most dreary78 and desolate79 light, especially on a farm like this, and, though 16 the spring will bring more work and attention, yet I shall hail its appearance with joy. I must confess that I can not prevent a feeling of loneliness from coming over me, particularly in the daytime, for at night my lamp and open wood-fire make things more cheerful, or rather less dreary.”
As these letters were written from a farm, and by a mere boy, they are chiefly devoted to asking for advice as to how he should manage affairs, and to reporting the condition of the crops; but, in their way, they prove that there was much solid manhood in the lad, and that he looked upon life as something substantial, and not as a kind of dreamland.
On one occasion, when visiting his home, he noticed that one of his sisters was manifesting what he thought an unreasonable80 excitement about the advent17 of cockroaches81 in the kitchen, whereupon he drew the figure of a vessel82 under full sail, beneath which he wrote the following: “The brig Anna Baby, bound to the north pole for a load of cockroaches.”
On another occasion, after consulting the family copy of Webster’s Dictionary, he wrote upon one of the fly-leaves, opposite the indorsements of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other distinguished83 men, these words: “I regard this dictionary as very good, especially when you can not get any other.”
These incidents, though unimportant, help us to appreciate the character of the critical and independent youth.
17
The following example of the boy’s ingenuity84 is also worth mentioning:
In 1870 a brother-in-law gave him a small, cheap clock, about four and a half inches in diameter, which he at once adapted to the purpose of waking himself in the morning. After joining the slats of his bed together with battens, he sawed them through in the middle and hinged the parts. That half of the arrangement which was at the head of the bed was supported only by a single prop1. A minute collar of lead was supported by one of the hands of the clock. At the proper time the lead slipped from the hand automatically, and, in falling, set in motion a system of levers which were connected with the prop by a string. Thus, with unfailing regularity85, the prop was jerked from its place, and the young occupant of the bed was pitched headlong to the floor among his pillows and bolster86. When he tired of this apparatus87, it became his custom at night to hitch88 a string around his foot, the end of the string being passed out of the window and allowed to trail down to the kitchen-door. At a definite time in the morning, previously89 ordered, the colored cook pulled the string until she received intimation of a successful result.
In the hope of finding more congenial employment, young Lockwood now fixed90 his mind on engineer work in connection with railroads. He joined a corps91 on the Texas and Pacific Railroad line, and went to the northeastern corner of the State of Texas, where, for four months, he drove pegs92 and cut down bushes in the virgin22 wilderness93, which employment 18 was only terminated by the failure of the company to go on with its enterprise. What with the rough people with whom he was compelled to associate, the hard fare at the rude taverns94, and a severe attack of sickness, he had a very disagreeable experience, which was enhanced by the non-payment of wages by the company, and by the temporary loss of the spare money furnished by his father, which was taken from him by the rascality95 of a pretended friend, an employé of the railroad company. By careful financial engineering, he managed to leave the wilderness of Texas, went to Shreveport, and thence to New Orleans, where he took a steamer for Cincinnati, and on this trip he met with one small bit of good fortune. Owing to his limited means he contracted with the captain of the steamer that he should be carried to Cincinnati, O., for a specific sum, all his meals to be included in the passage-money. It so happened, however, that the steamer was detained by floating ice for three weeks, but this caused no detriment96 to the traveler’s pocket, as time was not “nominated in the bond.” About eleven years after that experience, the same traveler was fighting his way through the ice of the Arctic seas and enduring the horrors of Cape18 Sabine, finding it difficult to secure necessary rations97 at any price or of any quality.
On reaching home, he began the study of bookkeeping with a view to the civil service. With others, he was examined for a position in the Treasury98 Department. He passed the examination with credit, and received a mark much above the number required 19 for passing, but, when the office-mark was thrown in, as was then the custom, his average was reduced, and those who had personal influence and understood the “tricks of the trade” became the successful applicants99.
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1
prop
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| vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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3
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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4
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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5
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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8
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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10
beguiled
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| v.欺骗( beguile的过去式和过去分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
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11
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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12
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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15
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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21
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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22
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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23
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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26
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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mimic
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| v.模仿，戏弄；n.模仿他人言行的人 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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pony
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| adj.小型的；n.小马 | |
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conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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trespass
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| n./v.侵犯，闯入私人领地 | |
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rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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39
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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40
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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41
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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42
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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43
delinquent
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| adj.犯法的，有过失的；n.违法者 | |
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44
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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45
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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46
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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47
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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48
ponies
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| 矮种马，小型马( pony的名词复数 )； ￡25 25 英镑 | |
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49
frolicsome
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| adj.嬉戏的，闹着玩的 | |
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50
pranks
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| n.玩笑，恶作剧( prank的名词复数 ) | |
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51
mimicked
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| v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的过去式和过去分词 )；酷似 | |
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52
strut
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| v.肿胀，鼓起；大摇大摆地走；炫耀；支撑；撑开；n.高视阔步；支柱，撑杆 | |
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53
phantom
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| n.幻影，虚位，幽灵；adj.错觉的，幻影的，幽灵的 | |
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54
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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55
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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56
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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57
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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58
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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59
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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60
implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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61
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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64
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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observatory
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| n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台 | |
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intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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rambled
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的过去式和过去分词 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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emetic
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| n.催吐剂；adj.催吐的 | |
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eruptions
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| n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 ) | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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cockroaches
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| n.蟑螂( cockroach的名词复数 ) | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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bolster
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| n.枕垫；v.支持，鼓励 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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hitch
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| v.免费搭(车旅行)；系住；急提；n.故障；急拉 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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rascality
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| 流氓性，流氓集团 | |
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detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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applicants
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| 申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 ) | |
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