In the Davy lamp a common oil-light is surrounded by a cylinder3 of wire-gauze. When the air around the lamp is pure the flame burns as usual, and the only effect of the gauze is somewhat to diminish the amount of light given out by the lamp. But so soon as the air becomes loaded with the carburetted hydrogen gas generated in the coal-strata, a change takes place. The flame grows larger and less luminous4. The reason of the change is this:—The flame is no longer fed by the oxygen of the air, but is surrounded by an atmosphere which is partly inflammable; and the inflammable part of the gas, so260 fast as it passes within the wire cylinder, is ignited and burns within the gauze. Thus the light now given out by the lamp is no longer that of the comparatively brilliant oil flame, but is the light resulting from the combustion5 of carburetted hydrogen, or ‘fire damp,’ as it is called; and every student of chemistry is aware that the flame of this gas has very little illuminating6 power.
So soon as the miner sees the flame thus enlarged and altered in appearance he should retire. But it is not true that explosion would necessarily follow if he did not do so. The danger is great because the flame within the lamp is in direct contact with the gauze, and if there is any defect in the wire-work, the heat may make for itself an opening which—though small—would yet suffice to enable the flame within the lamp to ignite the gas outside. So long, however, as the wire-gauze continues perfect, even though it become red-hot, there will be no explosion. No authority is required to establish this point, which has been proved again and again by experiment; but I quote Professor Tyndall’s words on the subject to remove some doubts which have been entertained on the matter. ‘Although a continuous explosive atmosphere,’ he says,261 ‘may extend from the air outside through the meshes7 of the gauze to the flame within, ignition is not propagated across the gauze. The lamp may be filled with an almost lightless flame; still explosion does not occur. A defect in the gauze, the destruction of the wire at any point by oxidation hastened by the flame playing against it, would cause explosion;’ and so on. It need hardly be said, however, that, imprudent as miners have often been, no miner would remain where his lamp burned with the enlarged flame indicative of the presence of fire-damp. The lamp should also be at once extinguished.
But here we touch on a danger which undoubtedly8 exists, and—so far as has yet been seen—cannot be guarded against by any amount of caution. Supposing the miner sought to extinguish the lamp by blowing it out, an explosion would almost certainly ensue, since the flame can be forced mechanically through the meshes, though it will not pass through them when it is burning in the ordinary way. Now of course no miner who had been properly instructed in the use of the safety-lamp would commit such a mistake as this. But it happens, unfortunately, that sometimes the fire-damp itself forces the flame of the lamp through the meshes. The gas frequently issues with great force from cavities in the coal (in which it has been pent up), when the pick of the miner breaks an opening for it. In these circumstances an explosion is inevitable9, if the issuing stream of gas happen to be directed full upon the lamp. Fortunately, however, this is a contingency10 which does not often arise. It is one of those risks of coal-mining which seem absolutely unavoidable by any amount of care or caution. It would be well if it were only such risks as these that the miner had to face.
262
Another peculiarity11 sometimes noticed when there is a discharge of fire-damp is worth mentioning. It happens, occasionally, that the light will be put out owing to the absolute exclusion12 of air from the lamp. This, however, can only happen when the gas issues in so large a volume that the atmosphere of the pit becomes irrespirable.
With the exception of the one risk which we have pointed13 out above, the Davy lamp may be said to be absolutely safe. It is necessary, however, that caution and intelligence should be exhibited in its use. On this point Professor Tyndall remarks that unfortunately the requisite14 intelligence is not often possessed15 nor the requisite caution exercised by the miner, ‘and the consequence is that even with the safety-lamp, explosions still occur.’ And he suggests that it would be well to exhibit to the miner in a series of experiments the properties of the valuable instrument which has been devised for his security. ‘Mere advice will not enforce caution,’ he says; ‘but let the miner have the physical image of what he is to expect clearly and vividly16 before his mind, and he will find it a restraining and monitory influence long after the effect of cautioning words has passed away.’
A few words on the history of the invention may be acceptable. Early in the present century a series of terrible catastrophes17 in coal mines had excited the sympathy of enlightened and humane18 persons throughout the country. In the year 1813, a society was formed at Sunderland to prevent accidents in coal263 mines or at least to diminish their frequency, and prizes were offered for the discovery of new methods of lighting20 and ventilating mines. Dr. William Reid Clanny, of Bishopwearmouth, presented to this society a lamp which burnt without explosion in an atmosphere heavily loaded with fire-damp; for which invention the Society of Arts awarded him a gold medal. The Rev19. Dr. Gray called the attention of Sir Humphry Davy to the subject, and that eminent21 chemist visited the coal mines in 1815 with the object of determining what form of lamp would be best suited to meet the requirements of the coal miners. He invented two forms of lamp before discovering the principle on which the present safety-lamps are constructed. This principle—the property, namely, that flame will not pass through small apertures—had been, we believe, discovered by Stephenson, the celebrated22 engineer, some time before; and a somewhat angry controversy23 took place respecting Davy’s claim to the honour of having invented the safety-lamp. It seems admitted, however, by universal consent, that Davy’s discovery of the property above referred to was made independently, and also that he was the first to suggest the idea of using wire-gauze in place of perforated tin.
In comparing the present frequency of colliery explosions with what took place before the invention of the safety-lamp, we must take into consideration the enormous increase in the coal trade since the introduction of steam machinery24. The number of264 miners now engaged in our coal mines is far in excess of the number employed at the beginning of the present century. Thus accidents in the present day are at once more common on account of the increased rapidity with which the mines are worked, and when they occur there are more sufferers; so that the frequency of colliery explosions in the opening years of the present century and the number of deaths resulting from them, are in reality much more significant than they seem to be at first sight. But even independently of this consideration, the record of the colliery accidents which took place at that time is sufficiently25 startling. Seventy-two persons were killed in a colliery at North Biddick at the commencement of the present century. Two explosions in 1805, at Hepburn and Oxclose, left no less than forty-three widows and 151 children unprovided for. In 1808, ninety persons were killed in a coal-pit at Lumley. On May 24, 1812, ninety-one persons were killed by an explosion at Felling Colliery, near Gateshead. And many more such accidents might readily be enumerated26.
(From the Daily News, December 4, 1868.)
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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combustion
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| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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meshes
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| 网孔( mesh的名词复数 )； 网状物； 陷阱； 困境 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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contingency
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| n.意外事件，可能性 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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catastrophes
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| n.灾祸( catastrophe的名词复数 )；灾难；不幸事件；困难 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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enumerated
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