It is necessary at the outset to distinguish carefully between what became known subsequently as the Indian Navy and the Company’s merchant ships. The former existed to protect the latter, by suppressing both local and nomadic4 pirates of all kinds, by convoying East Indiamen and even carrying troops when necessary, and by performing other duties, such as surveying, in addition to existing as a defence against any aggressive projects of rival nations. The Indian Navy evolved from the Bombay Marine5. It is not necessary to recapitulate6 the history of the East India Company and the rise of its mercantile fleet: it is sufficient to state that with the establishment of factories on shore and the passing and repassing of valuable freights over seas frequented by hostile ships some sort of local force282 was essential. The Portuguese7 had their Indian Navy, consisting of large, ocean-going vessels8 and small-draught craft for operating in shallow local waters, the crews being composed of Portuguese, slaves and Hindoos. It was therefore natural enough that the English should soon find it necessary to fit out ships capable of meeting the enemy on a fairly even basis. Furthermore, the Bombay trade had been so much interfered9 with by the attacks from Malabar pirates that it became essential to build small armed vessels to protect merchant craft. The result was that Warwick Pett, of that famous shipbuilding family which had been building vessels in England from the early Tudor times, was sent out in the seventeenth century to Bombay to construct suitable ships. Local craft were also employed, and very useful they were found in negotiating shallow waters.G
Throughout most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the East India Company’s cruisers were kept actively10 employed in suppressing the native pirates who roamed the Indian Ocean and attacked with great daring and ingenuity11. They hung about off the entrance to the Red Sea, found a snug12 base near the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, strengthened it with fortifications for the protection of themselves and their shipping13, and eventually moved to Madagascar, which was to be a famous base for those notorious eighteenth-century pirates of European and North American origin, whose names are familiar to most schoolboys.
THE “CAMBRIA” BRIG, RECEIVING ON BOARD THE LAST BOAT-LOAD FROM THE “KENT,” EAST INDIAMAN, WHEN THE LATTER WAS BEING BURNT.
(By courtesy of Messrs. T. H. Parker Brothers)
Larger image
The year 1697 was marked by attacks on the283 Company’s ships, not merely by pirates, but by the French. Three of these East Indiamen were attacked, plundered14 and burned by pirate craft flying English colours. Two more of the Company’s ships were captured by the French, so things were serious enough. The matter was reported to England, and a squadron of four well-armed ships was accordingly sent out to extirpate15 these robbers of the sea. In fact, the pirate problem became so great that by a mutual16 agreement the English, French and Dutch eventually agreed to an arrangement for policing the Eastern seas for the purpose of destroying their common foe17. Thus the English looked after the southern Indian Ocean, the Dutch were responsible for the Red Sea, and the French for the Persian Gulf18.
The English Indian Marine had sometimes to be strengthened by seamen19 from the Company’s merchant ships, and very gallant20 fighters they proved themselves to be. Arabian pirates roamed about over the whole of the Indian seas, and having become emboldened21 with success actually built more ships and formed what was in fact a navy of their own. Their ships were well armed and their men were excellent both as seamen and fighters, and as soon as ever the English men-of-war moved off, these pirates, swooping22 down on coast or ship, would act as they liked.
After the occupation by the English of Bombay and that island becoming a presidency23, the naval24 force there developed under the name of the Bombay Marine, under the command of an admiral, drafts of officers and men being obtained from ships arriving from Europe. For years this service had284 indeed fought against privateers, pirates, Portuguese, Dutch and French, to defend both ships and factories of the Company. In a smaller, but still an important, degree they had been called upon also to keep out those interloping English ships which had no lawful25 right to trade with India. Looking back through the first century of the Company’s existence, its ships had captured the Island of St Helena in 1601. Eight years later the Solomon had defeated several Portuguese ships. In 1612 the Company’s fleet had again defeated the Portuguese fleet in India, and the year after this incident had been repeated. In 1616 a valuable Portuguese frigate26 had been taken and the Dutch severely27 defeated at Batavia. Four of the Company’s ships in 1619 and 1620 defeated yet another Portuguese fleet. The capture of Ormuz in 1622 had been made by the Company’s fleet acting28 with the King of Persia’s forces. In 1635 Bombay had been recaptured by the Company’s fleet, but it was not till 1662 that England sent out men-of-war to India for the protection of the Company’s interests. Therefore, during its first sixty years the Company had to act both as merchants and a naval power without any external aid, such as trade had a right to demand.
If the Bombay Marine was distinctly a small service as regards numbers, it was certainly very gallant, and many a fine incident bright with bravery and daring belongs to its history. During the war with France a number of ships belonging to the Bombay Marine were attached to the Royal Navy on service in the waters that wash the coasts of India, and rendered good service in this capacity. For although the real theatre of war between England285 and France was not in the Orient, yet some severe, if indecisive, engagements were here fought, and the Company’s ships, if smaller in size, were a valuable form of assistance. About the middle of the eighteenth century the Marine consisted of about twenty ships, and these were essential for protecting the progress of the mercantile East Indiamen, for without such convoys29 it was impossible for those rich freights ever to have traversed the Indian Ocean. It was the Bombay Marine, also, who made surveys of part of the Arabian, Persian, the west coast of Media and other coasts, and all this was to be for the benefit of navigation and trade generally.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century the Bombay Marine consisted of a couple of frigates30, three sloops-of-war, fourteen brigs, in addition to prizes and vessels specially31 purchased for the service, and a few years before that, when Napoleon was contemplating32 his big scheme in connection with Egypt, which was to be the stepping-stone to India, a naval force was sent from England to cruise in the Red Sea. But, as everyone now knows, the Battle of the Nile prevented these vessels from having any serious work to perform. And when eventually hostilities were resumed, the Bombay Marine had to protect the trade in the Bay of Bengal. This they did with such thoroughness that British merchant ships were singularly free from capture. In spite of the opposition33 in some quarters, and the prejudice against India-built ships, some of the biggest vessels of the Bombay Marine were built in India, and excellent craft they proved themselves to be.
One of the most interesting incidents connected with the Bombay Marine during the early part of286 the nineteenth century was that in which the Mornington sloop-of-war figures conspicuously34. The French privateers, especially La Confiance (of which we spoke35 on an earlier page) and L’Eugénie, were most harassing36 to any craft navigating37 the vicinity of the East Indian coast. The commander of the Mornington was Captain Frost, and he was determined38 to bring L’Eugénie to book. For a time the latter evaded39 him, and he then hit upon a smart idea. He succeeded in altering the Mornington’s appearance so that even her own builder would scarcely have recognised her. In order to prevent any suspicion of her seeming a warship40, Captain Frost added to his ship a false poop, so that she looked just like a country ship. He changed also the painting of the hull41 and added patches of dirty old canvas to the sails, and after a while she seemed to be anything but the smart sloop-of-war which she really was.
When this transformation42 had been completed, the Mornington took up her position to cruise about the track where the French ship was likely to be hovering43, and before long the look-out aloft espied44 the privateer. The Mornington then continued her game of bluff45 and altered her course as if she was anxious to get away from the Frenchman. The latter, unsuspecting, began to work up towards the English ship, and by sunset was getting quite near. After darkness had fallen the Mornington ran under easy sail, and presently the Frenchman hailed, asking the ship’s name, ordering them to heave-to. Too late the privateer discovered that he had been ensnared and fired into the Mornington, mortally wounding a seaman46 and injuring the running gear.287 Captain Frost now determined to injure the enemy’s rigging and sails aloft, and thus cripple him to such an extent that L’Eugénie would not be able to get the windward berth47. So chasing him he blazed away at the Frenchman. It was an exciting chase and lasted for three hours. So anxious was the privateer to escape that she threw overboard guns and boats and spars as she went: but at the end of this time the Mornington had come up alongside and the Frenchman’s captain hailed and begged the Englishman to cease firing as they had surrendered. Very shortly the privateer became an English prize, though she was found to be so crippled that she could not beat to windward. But it was a great relief when the news reached India that this mosquito craft had been taken away from any further possibility of preying49 on the peaceful merchant ships; and by the irony50 of events she who had formerly51 spent her time in attacking these trading craft was now to become their protector, for the Government added her to the service and the command was given to the senior lieutenant52 of the Mornington.
The Bombay dockyard by the end of the second decade of the nineteenth century was building such big warships53 as a ‘74 and ‘84 gun line-of-battle ship, the latter being of 2289 tons. Other big warships were also being constructed, and even those most conservative of sailormen who had always believed exclusively in oak were able after trial to concede that better ships than these Indian teak craft could not be desired. And the men and officers were like their ships. Continuously they seemed to be subject to service, and always they came through it well. French and Dutch, pirates of the Indian288 Ocean or the Persian Gulf, privateers of France, England or America, it was much the same; the Bombay Marine had to do its work, being hurried here and there to fight and conquer. And when the short intervals54 of respite55 occurred these hard-worked people took up again their surveying duties between those distant regions of the Cape48 of Good Hope and the Sea of Japan and northwards to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. At the close of the Burmese War the officers and men of the Bombay Marine received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, for no fewer than five of the Company’s cruisers had served throughout the campaign.
But the time was at hand for a series of changes in the Bombay Marine. First of all we must call attention to the law passed in the year 1826 by which it was decreed that henceforth any naval force that was sent out from England by his Majesty56 to the East Indies on the representation of the East India Company’s Court of Directors, for the purpose of hostilities against native powers, was to be paid for by the Company. The Marine Board which controlled this Company’s naval force consisted of the Superintendent57, the Master-Attendant, the Commodore of the Harbour and the senior captain. To be Commodore at Surat or in the Persian Gulf, or Master-Attendant at Calcutta was also to enjoy one of the plums of the service reserved for those who had served long years. But after twenty-two years’ service an officer could retire with the following pay:—
Master-Attendant and Commodore
￡450 a year
Captain of the First Class
360 “
Captain of the Second Class
270 “
First Lieutenant
180 “
289
If an officer were to retire after ten years’ service, owing to ill-health, he was granted one-half of the above allowance. But except from the cause of ill-health no officer was allowed to come home on furlough under ten years.
During the year 1827 the whole condition of the Bombay Marine was inquired into, and as a result the service was changed from a Marine established purely58 for war purposes into something of a curious character. The officers were embodied59 into a regiment60 called the Marine Corps61, and a regular packet service was established. The larger warships of the service were made more efficient, new ships were added, and a uniform approximating more to that of the Royal Navy was sanctioned. Finally, from the 1st of May 1830 the Bombay Marine was changed to the Indian Navy, and this in turn came to an end in the year 1863. Beginning as an adjunct of the East India Company it rendered a varied62 and important series of services during a period extending over two and a half centuries. It had combated the hostility63 of the Portuguese and Dutch in those early days when the English Company was struggling to get a secure foothold in India. It had made history along the Persian Gulf, it had inflicted64 punishment on privateers and pirates, it had protected the mercantile East Indiamen, it had assisted the British navy wrestling with the French foe in the Orient. The Company’s cruisers were, in fact, excellent fighting ships for their size, commanded by gallant officers and well manned by able crews. And when at last this service was abolished, many were the indignant outcries against such a step. However, it had long survived the existence of the Com290pany’s maritime65 service, both as regards India and China, and a new order of things in India had already begun to be inaugurated. The story of the East India Company’s navy, as distinct from its maritime or mercantile service, is that of a comparatively small force doing wonders for two and a half centuries, showing great gallantry, enterprise, and enduring much hardship. Its last years were conspicuously marked by red tape, yet the time had clearly come for a change, and the last link was snapped that had connected the old East Indiamen of historic memory with the period of steamships66 and the modern men-of-war. Sentiment is an excellent thing in its way, and one of the undoubted forces of the world, yet when it comes into collision with efficiency it is not the latter which must give way. To-day the Royal Indian Marine contains just as gallant and able a personnel as in the past, and the name of Lieutenant Bowers67 of this service, who died in Captain Scott’s expedition to the South Pole, will at once be remembered.
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1
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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nomadic
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| adj.流浪的；游牧的 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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recapitulate
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| v.节述要旨，择要说明 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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9
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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snug
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| adj.温暖舒适的，合身的，安全的；v.使整洁干净，舒适地依靠，紧贴；n.（英）酒吧里的私房 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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14
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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21
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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22
swooping
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的现在分词 ) | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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24
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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30
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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31
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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32
contemplating
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| 深思，细想，仔细考虑( contemplate的现在分词 )； 注视，凝视； 考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）； 深思熟虑，沉思，苦思冥想 | |
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33
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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35
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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36
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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37
navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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38
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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39
evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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40
warship
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| n.军舰，战舰 | |
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41
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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42
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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43
hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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44
espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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46
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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47
berth
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| n.卧铺，停泊地，锚位；v.使停泊 | |
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48
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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49
preying
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| v.掠食( prey的现在分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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50
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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51
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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52
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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53
warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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54
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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55
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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56
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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57
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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60
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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61
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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62
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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63
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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64
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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65
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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66
steamships
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| n.汽船，大轮船( steamship的名词复数 ) | |
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67
bowers
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| n.（女子的）卧室( bower的名词复数 )；船首锚；阴凉处；鞠躬的人 | |
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