Lord Kitchener wanted men. During August and September he wanted them at once—without a moment's delay. Obviously the right plan was to ask in a loud voice who would volunteer; to take as many of these as it was possible to house, clothe, feed, and train; then to sit down quietly and consider how many more were likely to be wanted, at what dates, and how best they could be got. But as regards the first quarter of a million or so, which there were means for training at once, there was only one way—to call loudly for volunteers. The case was one of desperate urgency, and as things then stood, it would have been the merest pedantry1 to delay matters until a system, for which not even a scheme or skeleton existed before the emergency arose, had been devised. The rough and ready {365} method of calling out loudly was open to many objections on the score both of justice and efficiency, but the all-important thing was to save time.
NEED FOR A SYSTEM
Presumably, by and by, when the first rush was over, the Cabinet did sit down round a table to talk things over. We may surmise2 the character of the conversation which was then poured into Lord Kitchener's ears—how England would never stand this or that; how no freeborn Englishman—especially north of the Humber and the Trent,[1] whence the Liberal party drew its chief support—would tolerate being tapped on the shoulder and told to his face by Government what his duty was; how much less would he stand being coerced3 by Government into doing it; how he must be tapped on the shoulder and told by other people; how he must be coerced by other people; how pressure must be put on by private persons—employers by threats of dismissal—young females of good, bad, and indifferent character by blandishments and disdain4. The fear of starvation for the freeborn Englishman and his family—at that time a real and present danger with many minds—or the shame of receiving a white feather, were the forces by which England and the Empire were to be saved at this time of trial. Moreover, would it not lead to every kind of evil if, at this juncture5, the country were to become annoyed with the Government? Better surely that it should become annoyed with any one rather than the Government, whose patriotic6 duty, therefore, was to avoid unpopularity with more devoted7 vigilance than heretofore, if such a thing were possible.
One can imagine Lord Kitchener—somewhat weary {366} of discussions in this airy region, and sorely perplexed8 by all these cobwebs of the party system—insisting doggedly9 that his business was to make a New Army, and to come to the assistance of France, without a day's unnecessary delay. He must have the men; how was he to get the men?
And one can imagine the response. "Put your trust in us, and we will get you the men. We will go on shouting. We will shout louder and louder. We will paste up larger and larger pictures on the hoardings. We will fill whole pages of the newspapers with advertisements drawn10 up by the 'livest publicity11 artists' of the day. We will enlist12 the sympathies and support of the press—for this is not an Oriental despotism, but a free country, where the power of the press is absolute. And if the sympathies of the press are cool, or their support hangs back, we will threaten them with the Press Bureau. We will tell the country-gentlemen, and the men-of-business, that it is their duty to put on the screw; and most of these, being easily hypnotised by the word 'duty,' will never dream of refusing. If their action is resented, and they become disliked it will be very regrettable; but taking a broad view, this will not be injurious to the Liberal party in the long run.
"Leave this little matter, Lord Kitchener, to experts. Lend your great name. Allow us to show your effigies13 to the people. Consider what a personal triumph for yourself if, at the end of this great war, we can say on platforms that you and we together have won it on the Voluntary System. Trust in us and our methods. We will boom your {367} New Army, and we will see to it at the same time that the Government does not become unpopular, and also, if possible, that the Empire is saved."
THE ADVERTISEMENT CAMPAIGN
So they boomed the Voluntary System and the New Army in Periclean passages; touched with awe14 the solemn chords; shouted as if it had been Jericho.
Two specimens15, out of a large number of a similar sort—the joint16 handiwork apparently17 of the 'publicity artists,' bettering the moving appeals of the late Mr. Barnum, and of the party managers, inspired by the traditions of that incomparable ex-whip, Lord Murray of Elibank—are given below.[2] It is of course impossible to do justice here to the splendour of headlines and leaded capitals; but the nature of the appeal will be gathered clearly enough. Briefly18, the motive19 of it was to avoid direct compulsion by Government—which would have fallen equally and fairly upon all—and to substitute for this, indirect compulsion and pressure by private individuals—which must of necessity operate unequally, unfairly, and invidiously. To say that this sort of thing is not compulsion, is to say what is untrue. If, as appears to be the case, the voluntary system has broken down, and we are to have compulsion, most honest men and women will prefer that the compulsion should be fair rather than unfair, direct rather than indirect, and that it should be exercised by those responsible for the government of the country, rather than by private persons who cannot compel, but can only penalise.
{368}
By these means, during the past six months, a great army has been got together—an army great in numbers,[3] still greater in spirit; probably one of the noblest armies ever recruited in an cause. And Lord Kitchener has done his part by training this army with incomparable energy, and by infusing into officers and men alike his own indomitable resolution.
The high quality of the New Army is due to the fact that the bulk of it consists of two kinds of men, who of all others are the best material for soldiers. It consists of men who love fighting for its own sake—a small class. It also consists of men who hate fighting, but whose sense of duty is their guiding principle—fortunately a very large class. It consists of many others as well, driven on by divers21 motives22. But the spirit of the New Army—according to the {369} accounts of those who are in the best position to judge—is the spirit of the first two classes—of the fighters and the sense-of-duty men. It is these who have leavened23 it throughout.
ITS EFFECT ON PUBLIC OPINION
This magnificent result—for it is magnificent, whatever may be thought of the methods which achieved it—has been claimed in many quarters—Liberal, unionist, and non-party—as a triumph for the voluntary system. But if we proceed to question it, how voluntary was it really? Also how just? Did the New Army include all, or anything like all, those whose clear duty it was to join? And did it not include many people who ought never to have been asked to join, or even allowed to join, until others—whose ages, occupations, and responsibilities marked them out for the first levies—had all been called up?
There is also a further question—did the country, reading these various advertisements and placards—heroic, melodramatic, pathetic, and facetious—did the country form a true conception of the gravity of the position? Was it not in many cases confused and perplexed by the nature of the appeal? Did not many people conclude, that things could not really be so very serious, if those in authority resorted to such flamboyant24 and sensational25 methods—methods so conspicuously26 lacking in dignity, so inconsistent with all previous ideas of the majesty27 of Government in times of national peril28?
The method itself, no doubt, was only unfamiliar29 in so far as it used the King's name. It was familiar and common enough in other connections. But a method which might have been unexceptionable for calling attention to the virtues31 of a shop, a soap, a {370} circus, or a pill, seemed inappropriate in the case of a great nation struggling at the crisis of its fate.[4]
Each of us must judge from his own experience of the effect produced. The writer has heard harsher things said of these appeals by the poor, than by the well-to-do. The simplest and least sophisticated minds are often the severest critics in matters of taste as well as morals. And this was a matter of both. Among townspeople as well as countryfolk there were many who—whether they believed or disbelieved in the urgent need, whether they responded to the appeal or did not respond to it—regarded the whole of this 'publicity' campaign with distrust and dislike, as a thing which demoralised the country, which was revolting to its honour and conscience, and in which the King's name ought never to have been used.[5]
{371}
ON THE WORKING CLASSES
On the part of the working-classes there were other objections to the methods employed. They resented the hints and instructions which were so obligingly given by the 'publicity artists' and the 'party managers' to the well-to-do classes—to employers of all sorts—as to how they should bring pressure to bear upon their dependents. And they resented—especially the older men and those with family responsibilities—the manner in which they were invited by means of circulars to signify their willingness to serve—as they imagined in the last dire20 necessity—and when they had agreed patriotically32 to do so, found themselves shortly afterwards called upon to fulfil their contract. For they knew that in the neighbouring village—or in the very next house—there were men much more eligible33 for military {372} service in point of age and freedom from family responsibilities, who, not having either volunteered, or filled up the circular, were accordingly left undisturbed to go about their daily business.[6]
The attitude of the country generally at the outbreak of war was admirable. It was what it should have been—as on a ship after a collision, where crew and passengers, all under self-command, and without panic, await orders patiently. So the country waited—waited for clear orders—waited to be told, in tones free from all ambiguity35 and hesitation36, what they were to do as classes and as individuals. There was very little fuss or confusion. People were somewhat dazed for a short while by the financial crisis; but the worst of that was soon over. They then said to themselves, "Let us get on with our ordinary work as hard as usual (or even harder), until we receive orders from those responsible for the ship's safety, telling us what we are to do."
BUSINESS AS USUAL
There was a certain amount of sparring, then and subsequently, between high-minded journalists, who {373} were engaged in carrying on their own business as usual, and hard-headed traders and manufacturers who desired to do likewise. The former were perhaps a trifle too self-righteous, while the latter took more credit than they deserved for patriotism37, seeing that their chief merit was common sense. To have stopped the business of the country would have done nobody but the Germans any good, and would have added greatly to our national embarrassment38.
At times of national crisis, there will always be a tendency, among most men and women, to misgivings39, lest they may not be doing the full measure of their duty. Their consciences become morbidly40 active; it is inevitable41 that they should; indeed it would be regrettable if they did not. People are uncomfortable, unless they are doing something they have never done before, which they dislike doing, and which they do less well than their ordinary work. In many cases what they are inspired to do is less useful than would have been their ordinary work, well and thoughtfully done. At such times as these the Society for Setting Everybody Right always increases its activities, and enrols43 a large number of new members. But very soon, if there is leadership of the nation, things fall into their proper places and proportions. Neither business nor pleasure can be carried on as usual, and everybody knows it. There must be great changes; but not merely for the sake of change. There must be great sacrifices in many cases; and those who are doing well must give a helping44 hand to those others who are doing ill. But all—whether they are doing well or ill from the standpoint of their own private interests—must be prepared to do what the leader of the nation orders them to do. {374} This was fully42 recognised in August, September, October, and November last. The country expected orders—clear and unmistakable orders—and it was prepared to obey whatever orders it received.
But no orders came. Instead of orders there were appeals, warnings, suggestions, assurances. The panic-monger was let loose with his paint-box of horrors. The diffident parliamentarian fell to his usual methods of soothing45, and coaxing46, and shaming people into doing a very vague and much-qualified thing, which he termed their duty. But there was no clearness, no firmness. An ordinary man will realise his duty so soon as he receives a definite command, and not before. He received no such command; he was lauded47, lectured, and exhorted48; and then was left to decide upon his course of action by the light of his own reason and conscience.[7]
He was not even given a plain statement of the {375} true facts of the situation, and then left at peace to determine what he would do. He was disturbed in his meditations49 by shouting—more shouting—ever louder and louder shouting—through some thousands of megaphones. The nature of the appeal was emotional, confusing, frenzied50, and at times degrading. Naturally the results were in many directions most unsatisfactory, unbusinesslike, and disorderly. The drain of recruiting affected51 industries and individuals not only unequally and unfairly, but in a way contrary to the public interest. If Government will not exercise guidance and control in unprecedented52 circumstances, it is inevitable that the country must suffer.
AN ORGIE OF SENSATIONALISM
To judge from the placards and the posters, the pictures and the language, a casual stranger would not have judged that the British Empire stood at the crisis of its fate; but rather that some World's Fair was arriving shortly, and that these were the preliminary flourishes. Lord Kitchener cannot have enjoyed the pre-eminence which was allotted53 to him in our mural decorations, and which suggested that he was some kind of co-equal with the famous Barnum or Lord George Sanger. Probably no one alive hated the whole of this orgie of vulgar sensationalism, which the timidity of the politicians had forced upon the country, more than he did.[8]
{376}
Having stirred up good and true men to join the New Army, whether it was rightly their turn or not; having got at others in whom the voluntary spirit burned less brightly, by urging their employers to dismiss them and their sweethearts to throw them over if they refused the call of duty, the 'publicity artists' and the 'party managers' between them undoubtedly54 collected for Lord Kitchener a very fine army, possibly the finest raw material for an army which has ever been got together. And Lord Kitchener, thereupon, set to work, and trained this army as no one but Lord Kitchener could have trained it.
These results were a source of great pride and self-congratulation among the politicians. The voluntary principle—you see how it works! What a triumph! What other nation could have done the same?
Other nations certainly could not have done the same, for the reason that there are some things which one cannot do twice over, some things which one cannot give a second time—one's life for example, or the flower of the manhood of a nation to be made into soldiers.
Other nations could not have done what we were doing, because they had done it already. They had their men prepared when the need arose—which we had not. Other nations were engaged in holding the common enemy at enormous sacrifices until we made ourselves ready; until we—triumphing in our {377} voluntary system, covering ourselves in self-praise, and declaring to the world, through the mouths of Sir John Simon and other statesmen, that each of our men was worth at least three of their 'pressed men' or conscripts—until we came up leisurely55 with reinforcements—six, nine, or twelve months hence—supposing that by such time, there was anything still left to come up for. If the Germans were then in Paris, Bordeaux, Brest, and Marseilles, there would be—temporarily at least—a great saving of mortality among the British race. If, on the other hand, the Allies had already arrived at Berlin without us, what greater triumph for the voluntary principle could possibly be imagined?
A FRENCH VIEW
Putting these views and considerations—which have so much impressed us all in our own recent discussions—before a French officer, I found him obstinate56 in viewing the matter at a different angle. He was inclined to lay stress on the case of Northern France, and even more on that of Belgium, whose resistance to the German invasion we had wished for and encouraged, and who was engaged in fighting our battles quite as much as her own. The voluntary principle, in spite of its triumphs at home—which he was not concerned to dispute—had not, he thought, as yet been remarkably57 triumphant58 abroad; and nine months had gone by since war began.
He insisted, moreover, that for years before war was declared, our great British statesmen could not have been ignorant of the European situation, either in its political or its military aspects. Such ignorance was inconceivable. They must have suspected the intentions of Germany, and they must have known the numbers of her army. England had common {378} interests with France. Common interests, if there be a loyal understanding, involve equal sacrifices—equality of sacrifice not merely when the push comes, but in advance of the crisis, in preparation for it—a much more difficult matter. Why then had not our Government told the British people long ago what sacrifice its safety, no less than its honour, required of it to give?
I felt, after talking to my friend for some time, that although he rated our nation in some ways very highly indeed, although he was grateful for our assistance, hopeful of the future, confident that in Lord Kitchener we had found our man, nothing—nothing—not even selections from Mr. Spender's articles in the Westminster Gazette, or from Sir John Simon's speeches, or Sir John Brunner's assurances about the protection afforded by international law—could induce him to share our own enthusiasm for the voluntary system.... The triumph of the voluntary system, he cried bitterly, is a German triumph: it is the ruin of Belgium and the devastation59 of France.
And looking at the matter from a Frenchman's point of view, there is something to be said for his contention60.
Apart from any objections which may exist to British methods of recruiting since war broke out—to their injustice61, want of dignity, and generally to their demoralising effect on public opinion—there are several still more urgent questions to be considered. Have those methods been adequate? And if so, are they going to continue adequate to the end? Is there, in short, any practical need for conscription?
{379}
We do not answer these questions by insisting that, if there had been conscription in the past, we should have been in a much stronger position when war broke out; or by proving to our own satisfaction, that if we had possessed62 a national army, war would never have occurred. Such considerations as these are by no means done with; they are indeed still very important; but they lie rather aside from the immediate63 question with which we are now faced, and which, for lack of any clear guidance from those in authority, many of us have been endeavouring of late to solve by the light of our own judgment64.
NEED FOR NATIONAL SERVICE
The answer which the facts supply does not seem to be in any doubt. We need conscription to bring this war to a victorious65 conclusion. We need conscription no less in order that we may impose terms of lasting66 peace. Conscription is essential to the proper organisation67 not only of our manhood, but also of our national resources.[9] Judging by the increasing size, frequency, and shrillness68 of recent recruiting advertisements, conscription would seem to be equally essential in order to secure the number of recruits necessary for making good the wastage of war, even in the present preliminary stage of the war. And morally, conscription is essential in order that the whole nation may realise, before it is too late, the life-or-death nature of the present struggle; in order also that other nations—our Allies as well as our enemies—may understand—what they certainly do not understand at present—that our spirit is as firm and self-sacrificing as their own.
The voluntary system has broken down long ago. {380} It broke down on the day when the King of England declared war upon the Emperor of Germany. From that moment it was obvious that, in a prolonged war, the voluntary system could not be relied upon to give us, in an orderly and businesslike way, the numbers which we should certainly require. It was also obvious that it was just as inadequate69 for the purpose of introducing speed, order, and efficiency into the industrial world, as strength into our military affairs.
So far, however, most of the accredited70 oracles71 of Government have either denounced national military service as un-English, and a sin against freedom; or else they have evaded72 the issue, consoling their various audiences with the reflection, that it will be time enough to talk of compulsion, when it is clearly demonstrated that the voluntary system can no longer give us what we need. It seems improvident73 to wait until the need has been proved by the painful process of failure. The curses of many dead nations lie upon the procrastination74 of statesmen, who waited for breakdown75 to prove the necessity of sacrifice. Compulsion, like other great changes, cannot be systematised and put through in a day. It needs preparation. If the shoe begins to pinch severely76 in August, and we only then determine to adopt conscription, what relief can we hope to experience before the following midsummer? And in what condition of lameness77 may the British Empire be by then?
"But what," it may be asked, "of all the official and semi-official statements which have been uttered in a contrary sense? Surely the nation is bound to trust its own Government, even although no {381} facts and figures are offered in support of their assurances."
VALUE OF OFFICIAL ASSURANCES
Unfortunately it is impossible to place an implicit78 faith in official and semi-official statements, unless we have certain knowledge that they are confirmed by the facts. There has been an abundance of such statements in recent years—with regard to the innocence79 of Germany's intentions—with regard to the adequacy of our own preparations—while only a few weeks ago Mr. Asquith himself was assuring us that neither the operations of our own army, nor those of our Allies' armies, had ever been crippled, or even hampered80, by any want of munitions81.
When, therefore, assurances flow from the same source—assurances that there is no need for compulsory82 military service—that the voluntary system has given, is giving, and will continue to give us all we require—we may be forgiven for expressing our incredulity. Such official and semi-official statements are not supported by any clear proofs. They are contradicted by much that we have heard from persons who are both honest, and in a position to know. They are discredited83 by our own eyes when we read the recruiting advertisements and posters. It seems safer, therefore, to dismiss these official and semi-official assurances, and trust for once to our instinct and the evidence of our own senses. It seems safer also not to wait for complete breakdown in war, or mortifying84 failure in negotiations85 for peace, in order to have the need for national service established beyond a doubt.
[1] Cf. Mr. Runciman, ante, p. 344.
[2] (A) Four questions to the women of England.
1. You have read what the Germans have done in Belgium. Have you thought what they would do if they invaded England?
2. Do you realise that the safety of your Home and Children depends on our getting more men now?
3. Do you realise that the one word "Go" from you may send another man to fight for our King and Country?
4. When the War is over and your husband or your son is asked 'What did you do in the great War?'—is he to hang his head because you would not let him go?
Women of England do your duty! Send your men to-day to join our glorious Army.
GOD SAVE THE KING.
(B) Five questions to those who employ male servants.
1. Have you a butler, groom86, chauffeur87, gardener, or gamekeeper serving you who, at this moment should be serving your King and Country?
2. Have you a man serving at your table who should be serving a gun?
3. Have you a man digging your garden who should be digging trenches88?
4. Have you a man driving your car who should be driving a transport wagon89?
5. Have you a man preserving your game who should be helping to preserve your Country?
A great responsibility rests on you. Will you sacrifice your personal convenience for your Country's need?
Ask your men to enlist to-day.
The address of the nearest Recruiting Office can be obtained at any Post Office.
GOD SAVE THE KING.
[3] How many we have not been told; but that the numbers whatever they may be do not yet reach nearly what is still required we know from the frantic90 character of the most recent advertisements.
[4] With apologies for the dialect, in which I am not an expert, I venture to set out the gist91 of a reply given to a friend who set himself to find out why recruiting was going badly in a Devonshire village.... "We do-ant think nought92, Zur, o' them advertaizements and noospaper talk about going soldgering. When Guv'ment needs soldgers really sore, Guv'ment'll say so clear enough, like it does when it wants taxes—'Come 'long, Frank Halls, you're wanted.' ... And when Guv'ment taps Frank Halls on showlder, and sez this, I'll go right enough; but I'll not stir foot till Guv'ment does; nor'll any man of sense this zide Exeter."
[5] The following letter which appeared in the Westminster Gazette (January 20, 1915), states the case so admirably that I have taken the liberty of quoting it in full:
"DEAR SIR—Every day you tell your readers that we are collecting troops by means of voluntary enlistment93, yet it is self-evident that our recruiting campaign from the first has been a very noisy and a very vulgar compulsion, which in a time of immense crisis has lowered the dignity of our country and provoked much anxiety among our Allies. Our national habit of doing the right thing in the wrong way has never been exercised in a more slovenly94 and unjust manner. It is a crime against morals not to use the equitable95 principles of national service when our country is fighting for her life; and this obvious truth should be recognised as a matter of course by every true democrat96. A genuinely democratic people, proud of their past history, and determined97 to hold their own against Germany's blood-lust, would have divided her male population into classes, and would have summoned each class to the colours at a given date. Those who were essential to the leading trades of the country would have been exempted98 from war service in the field, as they are in Germany; the younger classes would have been called up first, and no class would have been withdrawn99 from its civil work until the military authorities were ready to train it. Instead of this quiet and dignified100 justice, this admirable and quiet unity101 of a free people inspired by a fine patriotism, we have dazed ourselves with shrieking102 posters and a journalistic clamour against 'shirkers,' and loud abuse of professional footballers; and now an advertisement in the newspapers assures the women of England that they must do what the State declines to achieve, that they must send their men and boys into the field since their country is fighting for her life. What cowardice103! Why impose this voluntary duty on women when the State is too ignoble104 to look upon her own duty in this matter as a moral obligation?
"The one virtue30 of voluntary enlistment is that it should be voluntary—a free choice between a soldier's life and a civilian's life. To use moral pressure, with the outcries of public indignation, in order to drive civilians105 from their work into the army—what is this but a most undignified compulsion? And it is also a compulsion that presses unequally upon the people, for its methods are without system. Many families send their all into the fighting line; many decline to be patriotic. A woman said to me yesterday: 'My husband has gone, and I am left with his business. Why should he go? Other women in my neighbourhood have their husbands still, and it's rubbish to say that the country is in danger when the Government allows and encourages this injustice in recruiting. If the country is in danger all the men should fight—if their trade work is unnecessary to the armies."
"This point of view is right; the wrong one is advocated by you and by other Radicals106 who dislike the justice of democratic equality.—Yours truly, WALTER SHAW SPARROW."
[6] There have been bitter complaints of this artful way of getting recruits, as a boy 'sniggles' trout107. The following letter to the Times (April 21, 1915) voices a very widely spread sense of injustice:
"SIR—Will you give me the opportunity to ask a question, which I think you will agree is important? When the Circular to Householders was issued, many heads of families gave in their names on the assumption that they would be called up on the last resort, and under circumstances in which no patriotic man could refuse his help. Married men with large families are now being called up apparently without the slightest regard to their home circumstances. Many of the best of them are surprised and uneasy at leaving their families, but feel bound in honour to keep their word, some even thinking they have no choice. The separation allowances for these families will be an immense burden on the State, and, if the breadwinner falls, a permanent burden. Is the need for men still so serious and urgent as to justify108 this? If it is, then I for one, who have up to now hoped that the war might be put through without compulsion, feel that the time has come to 'fetch' the unmarried shirkers, and I believe there is a wide-spread and growing feeling to that effect.—I am, Sir, etc., CHARLES G. E. WELBY."
[7] An example of the apparent inability of the Government to do anything thoroughly109 or courageously110 is found in a circular letter to shopkeepers and wholesale111 firms, which was lately sent out by the Home Secretary and the President of the Board of Trade. The object of this enquiry—undertaken at leisure, nine months after the outbreak of war—is to obtain information as to the number of men of military age, who are still employed in these particular trades, and as to the willingness of their employers to spare them if required, and to reinstate them at the end of the war, etc., etc.
The timid futility112 of this attempt at organising the resources of the country is shown first by the fact that it left to the option of each employer whether he will reply or not. Businesses which do not wish to have their employees taken away need not give an answer. It is compulsory for individuals to disclose all particulars of their income; why, therefore, need Government shrink from making it compulsory upon firms to disclose all particulars of their staffs? ... The second vice34 of this application is that the information asked for is quite inadequate for the object. Even if the enquiry were answered faithfully by every employer and householder in the country, it would not give the Government what they require for the purposes of organising industry or recruiting the army.... In the third place, a certain group of trades is singled out at haphazard113. If it is desired to organise114 the resources of the country what is needed is a general census115 of all males between 16 and 60.
One does not know whether to marvel116 most at the belated timorousness117 of this enquiry, or at the slatternly way in which it has been framed.
[8] One who is no longer alive—Queen Victoria—would possibly have hated it even more. Imagine her late Majesty's feelings on seeing the walls of Windsor plastered with the legend—'Be a sport: Join to-day'—and with other appeals of the same elevating character! ... But perhaps the poster which is more remarkable118 than any other—considering the source from which it springs—is one showing a garish119 but recognisable portrait of Lord Roberts, with the motto, 'He did his duty. Will you do yours?' If the timidity of politicians is apparent in certain directions, their courage is no less noteworthy in others. The courage of a Government (containing as it does Mr. Asquith, Lord Haldane, Mr. Runciman, Sir John Simon, Mr. Harcourt, and Mr. Acland—not to mention others) which can issue such a poster must be of a very high order indeed. One wonders, however, if this placard would not be more convincing, and its effect even greater, were the motto amplified120, so as to tell the whole story: "He did his duty; we denounced him for doing it. We failed to do ours; will you, however, do yours?"
[9] This aspect is very cogently121 stated in Mr. Shaw Sparrow's letter to the Westminster Gazette quoted on pp. 370-371.
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coerced
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disdain
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juncture
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devoted
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perplexed
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doggedly
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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effigies
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| n.（人的）雕像，模拟像，肖像( effigy的名词复数 ) | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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16
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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17
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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19
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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22
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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23
leavened
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| adj.加酵母的v.使（面团）发酵( leaven的过去式和过去分词 )；在…中掺入改变的因素 | |
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24
flamboyant
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| adj.火焰般的，华丽的，炫耀的 | |
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25
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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26
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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27
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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28
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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29
unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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30
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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31
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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32
patriotically
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| 爱国地；忧国地 | |
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33
eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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35
ambiguity
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| n.模棱两可；意义不明确 | |
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36
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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37
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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38
embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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misgivings
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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40
morbidly
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| adv.病态地 | |
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41
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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42
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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43
enrols
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| v.招收( enrol的第三人称单数 )；吸收；入学；加入 | |
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44
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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45
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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46
coaxing
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的现在分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱；“锻炼”效应 | |
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47
lauded
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| v.称赞，赞美( laud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
meditations
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| 默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想 | |
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50
frenzied
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| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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51
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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52
unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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53
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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56
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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58
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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59
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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60
contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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61
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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62
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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63
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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64
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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65
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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66
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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67
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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68
shrillness
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| 尖锐刺耳 | |
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69
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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70
accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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71
oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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72
evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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73
improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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74
procrastination
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| n.拖延，耽搁 | |
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75
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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76
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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77
lameness
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| n. 跛, 瘸, 残废 | |
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78
implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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79
innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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80
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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82
compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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83
discredited
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| 不足信的，不名誉的 | |
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84
mortifying
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| adj.抑制的，苦修的v.使受辱( mortify的现在分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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85
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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86
groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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87
chauffeur
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| n.(受雇于私人或公司的)司机；v.为…开车 | |
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88
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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89
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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90
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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91
gist
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| n.要旨；梗概 | |
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92
nought
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| n.／adj.无，零 | |
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93
enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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94
slovenly
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| adj.懒散的，不整齐的，邋遢的 | |
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95
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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96
democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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97
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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98
exempted
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| 使免除[豁免]( exempt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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100
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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101
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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102
shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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103
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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104
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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105
civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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106
radicals
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| n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数 | |
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107
trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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108
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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109
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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110
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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111
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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112
futility
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| n.无用 | |
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113
haphazard
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| adj.无计划的，随意的，杂乱无章的 | |
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114
organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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115
census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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116
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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117
timorousness
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| n.羞怯，胆怯 | |
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118
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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119
garish
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| adj.华丽而俗气的，华而不实的 | |
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120
amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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121
cogently
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| adv.痛切地，中肯地 | |
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