The division had no easy task before it. Napoleon rated the forcing of a river crossing as one of the most difficult operations in war. In this case the difficulties were increased by several factors. West of the river the ground sloped gently upwards2 for about 3000 yards, in a wide expanse of plough and grass land, unbroken by a single tree or bush. On the east the ground was much steeper, thus giving good command of the river, and was thickly covered with scrub and innumerable big boulders3, which afforded excellent protection to the enemy. The river was deep and very swift, and the only known ford4, some few hundred yards south of the bridge, was commanded by the fire of numbers of enemy machine guns. The only cover on the west bank was afforded by a small group of buildings close to the bridge, and by the insignificant5 ruins of the castle of Baldwin II. (Kusr Atra), a few hundred yards farther down stream.
[Pg 259]
A local native stated that he thought the south end of Lake Huleh was shallow enough to be waded6 by mounted men, and it was accordingly decided7 to send the 3rd Brigade, by a long detour8, to attempt a passage here. To the French troops was assigned the task of endeavouring to reach the buildings at the west end of the bridge, from where they could engage the enemy with rifle and machine-gun fire, and, possibly, force a passage over the river. The remainder of the 5th Brigade was to reconnoitre for a ford farther south, and, if successful in finding one, to cross the river, and get astride the enemy's line of retreat. One regiment9 of the 4th Brigade, which had rejoined the division at El Mejdel, accompanied the 5th Brigade. The rest of the 4th did not arrive till the evening.
While the two brigades were moving to the north and south, the two batteries of the division, in action due west of the bridge, amused themselves by knocking out the enemy guns. Having silenced these, they turned their attention to a column of motor lorries that had brought some of the Turks from Damascus, and were now waiting to take the Germans back again, when they judged it expedient10 to retire, and leave their allies to be captured. Two of the lorries were knocked out, and the remainder chased out of range. Our guns were then occupied with the more serious business of registering such of the enemy machine guns as had been located.
While thus engaged, the two batteries received orders to report to the 3rd and 5th Brigades respectively. Following instructions from the brigadiers concerned, they limbered up, and moved off to accompany the brigades moving north and south. Owing to the difficulties of the country over which they had to move, and the long distance they were[Pg 260] required to go, it was nearly two hours before they were in action again.
The French regiment, moving over the open, dismounted and widely extended, reached the buildings with some loss, but was unable to attempt the ford, in face of the very heavy fire from the east bank. No artillery11 support was available, as our batteries were on the move.
The 3rd Brigade scouts12 found Lake Huleh quite unfordable, but one regiment succeeded in working its way dismounted down to the river bank south of the lake. It came under very heavy fire here—indeed the water in the river was bubbling with machine-gun bullets—but the men gradually worked south by twos and threes, towards what looked like a possible crossing just north of the bridge.
Meanwhile the regiments13 with the 5th Brigade, after riding for two miles south of the bridge, without finding any sign of a ford, waded boldly into the river at a likely looking place, and succeeded in struggling across. Arrived on the other side, they found themselves involved in a perfect maze14 of precipitous wadis running in every direction, in a formation of old lava15, broken into huge, jagged boulders. They wandered about in this wilderness16 for the rest of the afternoon and evening, and only gained the Damascus road after dark, too late to intercept17 the retiring enemy. The threat to their communications, however, had had its invariable effect on the Turks, and, as soon as darkness fell, they retreated hurriedly. All the Germans, and as many Turks as could find room, piled themselves on to the lorries. The rest of the Turks had to walk.
At dusk the regiment of the 3rd Brigade on the river bank, taking advantage of the failing light, plunged19 into the river, and swam across. The cold[Pg 261] plunge18, and the prospect20 of a night in their wet clothes, induced in the men a suitable frame of mind for dealing21 efficiently22 with any Turks they might meet, and, in the ensuing bayonet fight on the east bank, they killed a large number of the enemy and took eighty-five prisoners. They then pushed on up the road as far as Deir el Saras, where they met patrols of the 5th Brigade.
Just before dark a German aeroplane flew over our troops at a great height, and dropped a couple of bombs, which did no harm. This was the first enemy aeroplane seen in the air by our cavalry since the commencement of the operations, a fine tribute to the work of the Royal Air Force.
The name Jisr Benat Yakub means the Bridge of the Daughters of Jacob. The bridge carries on its grey, old arches the oldest known road in the world, the caravan23 way from Egypt to Mesopotamia. All the armies of time have trod this trail. Egyptian, Assyrian, Hittite, Jew; Saracen Arab and Christian24 Knight25; Turkish Janissary and soldier of Napoleon—all have crossed the sacred river at this point. So it is conceivable that the name really comes, as the Arabs aver26, from the daughters of the patriarch, though a local tradition ascribes it to a massacre27 of some Jacobin nuns28, which took place here in the twelfth century. The bridge marks the northern limit of Napoleon's advance through Syria, and it was a strange turn of the wheel of fate that again brought French soldiers here fighting the Turks, a hundred and twenty years later, but this time as allies of the English.
The action had delayed the division for the better part of a day, thus increasing the chance of the enemy army reaching Damascus first. Indeed, had it not been for the vigorous and effective action of Lawrence's[Pg 262] camel corps29 on the following day, it is just possible that the Turks might have won the race.
The delay had, however, permitted the 5th Cavalry Division, which had left Kefr Kenna at dawn, to close up, and it lay that night near Rosh Pina, a Jewish village about eight miles west of the Jordan.
The Corps bridging train came up during the night, and the Sappers set to work repairing the bridge. This proved a big task, as one of the four arches had been completely demolished30. At daylight on the 28th, as the work was still far from finished, the rest of the Australian Mounted Division forded the river, and at once pressed on up the road towards El Kuneitra. The passage of the guns was very arduous31. The river was only about four feet deep at the ford, but there were deep holes on either side, and the current was torrential. The ground on the other side proved to be a marsh32, covered with a tangle33 of high, stiff scrub, and interspersed34 with large boulders. A road had to be cut through this scrub, boggy35 places filled in with tree trunks and bushes, and the ford improved. All this took time, and it was nine o'clock before the first gun was across the ford, and safely on the road.
For the first two miles from the Jordan, the road climbs out of the valley in a series of steep zigzags36, and the surface was atrocious. Once out of the valley, however, an excellent, metalled road stretched ahead all the way to Damascus. Four Turkish guns, three of them destroyed by direct hits from our artillery, two motor lorries, and a number of machine guns were found on the east bank.
The division made good progress, and the advanced troops reached the Circassian village of El Kuneitra, at the top of the watershed37, about one o'clock. The 5th Division got in about five hours later, and the[Pg 263] two divisions bivouacked for the night east and west of the village.
The cavalry were now over sixty miles from Nazareth, the nearest post held by our infantry38, and Damascus was forty miles farther on. The whole country was, very naturally, in a most disturbed state. Bands of marauding Arabs and Druses patrolled the Hauran, ostensibly at war with the Turks, but always ready to fall on and plunder39 any weakly-guarded convoy40. To protect our communications, therefore, General Grant, with the headquarters of the 4th A.L.H. Brigade and the 11th Regiment, was stationed at Kuneitra. The Hyderabad Lancers, who had been left at the Jordan, near Jisr Benat Yakub, were also placed under his command.
Kuneitra is the seat of government of a Kaza, and one of the most important of the Circassian villages that are found scattered41 throughout the Hauran, and as far south as Amman. Their origin dates back to the annexation42 by Russia of the Turkish provinces of Kars, Batoum, and Ardahan in 1877. The Circassians, being Moslems, left the annexed43 provinces in considerable numbers, and were planted by the Turks along the fringe of the desert, to act as a check on the turbulent Arab tribes. They were given land and favoured in other ways by the Turks, and are consequently cordially hated by the local Arab population. Our cavalry had encountered them before, during the Amman raids. They used to enlist44 freely in the Turkish cavalry, and should make good soldiers if properly trained. Now, however, the defeat of their protectors laid them open to the vengeance45 of the Arabs, whom they had always despised and insulted, and they were completely cowed. On the afternoon of the 26th, our[Pg 264] aircraft had reported a force of enemy cavalry, estimated at 3000, in the neighbourhood of El Kuneitra. This large force made no attempt to assist in holding the passage of the Jordan, and, by the time our troops reached El Kuneitra, it had all melted away. Arms were buried or hidden, uniforms thrown away, and the big, sturdy, fair-haired louts were all wandering about their villages, with their hands in the pockets of their baggy46 breeches, trying to look as much like peaceful agriculturists as possible.
A party of Hauran Druses had looted the village before our troops arrived. Some of them were rounded up near by and questioned, but, as they were fighting with the Arabs, and were thus our 'allies,' albeit47 their methods were not ours, they had to be set free again.
While the Australians and the 5th Cavalry Division were advancing on El Kuneitra, the 4th Cavalry Division passed through Deraa, and pressed on to El Mezerib and Tafas, with the Arabs on its right flank, harassing48 the rear of the retreating IVth Army. The main Turkish force had got some distance farther north, but it had been delayed for many hours on the previous day at Sheikh Saad, by the skilful49 fighting of Lawrence's Arabs. It was this delay that finally decided the fate of the Turks in the race for Damascus. The remnants of the IVth Army did, in fact, reach the city, but our troops were close on their heels, and they got no farther. Of the units that left Deraa on the 27th, however, not one man lived to reach Damascus. Passing through Tafas on the afternoon of that day, they seized eighty Arab women and children, and butchered them in cold blood, with every refinement50 of torture and outrage51 that the bestial52 mind of the Turk could conceive. For this deed the Arabs[Pg 265] exacted vengeance to the last man. Not only was every man of the Turkish rearguard killed, but two trains full of sick and wounded, which were captured by the Arabs on the railway farther north, were set on fire, and burnt with their human freight. It was a terrible vengeance, but characteristic of the Arabs, and one can hardly blame them. It is to be noted53 that the Turks who perpetrated this horrible massacre were accompanied by a number of German officers, who appear to have made no effort to stop the hideous54 work.
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1
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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8
detour
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| n.绕行的路，迂回路；v.迂回，绕道 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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11
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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12
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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maze
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| n.迷宫，八阵图，混乱，迷惑 | |
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lava
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| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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20
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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efficiently
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| adv.高效率地，有能力地 | |
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caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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aver
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| v.极力声明；断言；确证 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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29
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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boggy
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| adj.沼泽多的 | |
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36
zigzags
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| n.锯齿形的线条、小径等( zigzag的名词复数 )v.弯弯曲曲地走路，曲折地前进( zigzag的第三人称单数 ) | |
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watershed
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| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
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38
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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39
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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40
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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41
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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annexation
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| n.吞并，合并 | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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44
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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45
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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46
baggy
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| adj.膨胀如袋的，宽松下垂的 | |
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47
albeit
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| conj.即使；纵使；虽然 | |
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48
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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49
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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50
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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51
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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52
bestial
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| adj.残忍的；野蛮的 | |
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53
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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54
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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