Henry III. was not at first buried in this chapel3, on which he had lavished4 so much thought and wealth. He died in the November of 1272, and was carried to Westminster, the Knights5 Templars, who had given some precious gifts to the Abbey, undertaking7 to provide the coffin8 and to pay all the expenses of the funeral, that it might be on a scale befitting one who had been so princely in his dealings with the Church and all matters concerning religion. There is something pathetic in the ending of Henry's life, for though he had reigned10 nearly sixty years, he had not won the love or trust of his people, and it has been truly said that "in his time England did nothing great except against him." The old king was alone when the end came, for his son Edward was away on a Crusade, and his brother, Richard, had died the year before, broken-hearted at the murder of his son Henry by a son of Simon de Montfort. But the Templars spared nothing that could make the funeral costly11, so that, as the solemn procession passed along, men declared that "the king shone more magnificent dead than he had appeared when living."
He was laid before the altar, in the very place from which the coffin of Edward the Confessor had been removed, for it was considered that special virtues12 still hovered13 round that spot.
Very different must the new choir14 have looked, with its immense height, its delicate work, and its mysterious flying buttresses15, to the low, simple choir of the Confessor's day. Round the High Altar itself was a blaze of colour, for all the mosaic16 work on the floor, which you still can see, was freshly brought from Rome by the Abbot Ware17, who had gone there to do homage18 to the Pope, the monks19 of Westminster having refused to hold themselves subject to the Bishop21 of London, and it was dazzling in its richness. Quarrels between the monks of Westminster and other dignitaries seem to have occurred very often in those days, as the monks, somewhat elated at the royal favours showered upon their church, were inclined to be overbearing and to resent any authority; while once at least during Henry's reign9 there had been a serious fracas22 between the "citizens of London" and the "men of Westminster" on the occasion of some sports. For when the "men of London" seemed to be getting the mastery, the Baylif of Westminster, with some men, harnessed themselves and fell to fighting, so wounding the citizens that they resolved to be revenged. Spurred on by one Constantine Fitz-Henulfe, they issued forth23 without any order, fought a civil battle round Westminster, and pulled down as many houses as they could belonging to the Abbot and Baylif. Nor when Constantine was captured would he express any sorrow for his misdeeds. On the contrary, he affirmed gladly that "he had done it all, and had done much less than he ought to have done." The fact that King Henry, among other punishments, forced the citizens to pay many thousand marks for this raid, did not tend to soften24 down the ill-feeling which existed.
Even at Henry's funeral the dignity of the Abbot had to be asserted, for he refused to allow the Archbishop to read the service until he had signed a paper explaining that his so officiating was not to be made a precedent25, or to rob the Abbot of any privileges.
So, with quarrels going on around him to the end, King Henry was buried, and the Earl of Gloucester, laying his hand on the coffin, solemnly swore fealty26 to "Lord Edward," the lawful27 heir, then far away in Palestine.
Edward I. was in a special sense a child of Westminster, for he had been born in the Palace there, and had been christened Edward after the Confessor. With all his faults, Henry was devoted28 to his wife and to his children, and the young Edward spent much more of his boyhood with his parents than was usual in those days. He was delicate too, and often his mother had greatly upset the old monks in the monastery29 at Beaulieu by going to nurse him there when he had fallen ill while on a visit. He was kept during his boyhood under her watchful30 eye at Westminster. Probably he was taught by one of the Westminster monks, and though we hear that he was "fonder of actions than of books," he learned to speak eloquently31 in French and English and to understand Latin. As he grew stronger he showed a great liking32 for all outdoor sports, riding, hawking33, hunting, and sword exercises, and with his cousin Henry, the son of Richard of Cornwall, his young French uncles, who had taken up their abode34 at the Court, and the sons of Simon de Montfort, he played many a game and had many a boyish adventure round Westminster. His affection for the place never failed. Had not he watched it growing in grace and beauty, and was there a single corner of it with which he was not familiar? The deeply religious influence of King Henry, too, could not fail to leave its mark on his son, who, in spite of being his opposite in every other way, had always an intense reverence35 for sacred things. Henry was the dreamer, Edward the doer, but among the many fine qualities the young Prince possessed36, one of the most charming was his loyalty37 and patience towards his father, which had never wavered, however sorely he had been tried by Henry's utter incapacity to hold the reins38 of government.
It was nearly two years after the death of Henry before Edward was able to reach England, and yet all had gone on quietly during the interval39. The new king had been proclaimed; the assembly of prelates, knights of the shire and citizens had met, had solemnly bound themselves by the same oath as that taken by the Earl of Gloucester at Henry's funeral, and three men, the Archbishop of York, Robert Mortimer, Lord of the Welsh Marches, and Robert Burnell, all trusty friends of Edward, were appointed to carry on the government for the time being.
On August 1, 1272, Edward landed at Dover, and on August 19 he was crowned with his dearly loved wife Eleanor, who had been at his side through all the perilous40 years which were past. "Nothing ought to part those whom God has joined, and the way to heaven was as near from Palestine as from England," she had declared.
Great were the rejoicings in London that day, for the beautiful Eleanor had a warm place in all hearts, and of Edward all had high hopes. "In face and form he is comely41. By a head and shoulders he outstrips42 most every man," the citizens said as they marked his white determined43 face, his eyes, which, though soft, could flash like fire, his hair the colour of burnished44 gold, and his well-knit figure straight as a dart45.
And throughout his reign the nation understood Edward. His was a great simple character which appealed to them. His faults were the faults of a strong man who will not be turned aside from his purpose; his ambitions were bound up in England only. To make her a strong united kingdom was the dream of his life, and though in this cause, he fought relentlessly46, alike against Llewellyn of Wales and Wallace of Scotland, he strove with equal vigour47 to give his people good laws, fair taxation48, and just representation. "That which touches all should be approved by all," was his creed49, and it was he who developed the Parliaments of Simon de Montfort, until, under his guidance, what was called the Model Parliament was assembled at Westminster in 1295. So large was this new assembly, that it was no longer an easy matter for all to sit together in the hall of Westminster Palace, and a division was made, the Barons50 remaining in the Palace, and the Commons, or representatives of the people, using the wonderful new Chapter-House, which formed part of Henry III.'s work in the cloisters51 of the Abbey. This Chapter-House was the place in which the monks, with the Abbot and all the other dignitaries of the Abbey, met once a week for conference. Here complaints were listened to, here misdeeds were inquired into, here, tied to the central pillar, those older monks who had offended were publicly flogged. It was designed for a meeting-place, with its rows of stone benches and its stall at the east end for the high officials; and what more natural than that the Abbot should offer it to the king as the place where the Parliament should assemble?
ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE.
ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE.
The story goes that the prudent52 Abbot made one condition with the offer, and stipulated53 that the Chapter-House, being lent to the king for the use of the Commons, the Crown should keep it in repair. No doubt the story is true, nor can we blame Abbot Wace for making the best terms he could. Can you not see the knights and the burgesses making their way up the cloisters, where the monks were working or walking, through the door, with its wealth of gold and of carving54, past the graves of Chamberlain Hugelin, with his wife and daughter, Abbot Eadwyn, and the chronicler Seculdus, into that "incomparable building" which Henry had determined should be unequalled in beauty? Handsome indeed had been their old meeting-place, but this exceeded anything they had ever seen. "In the centre rose a slender pillar of grey marble, or rather a group of shafts55 held together by moulded bauds, from which seemed to spring the vaulted56 roof; the building was eight-sided, in itself a new idea; the walls were richly painted with frescoes57 setting forth the glories revealed to St. John in his vision of that New Jerusalem, the city not built with hands; the large windows had glass of wondrous58 colours; saints stood in their niches59, and from within and without the Virgin60 Mother watched over the place."
Edward I., throughout his life, held the Abbey in great reverence, and besides carrying on his father's work and completing the choir stalls, he caused several magnificent tombs to be set up there. Always a devoted son, he resolved that the tomb of Henry III. should lack nothing in beauty; so he sent to Purbeck for the marble, to Rome for the gold and glass mosaics61, and to these he added the precious stones of jasper to be brought from France, while to a certain William Torrel he entrusted62 the work of carving in gilt63 bronze the fine effigy64 of the dead king, which, save that it has been robbed of its jewels, is still in perfect preservation65, stately in its simplicity66. To this tomb the body of Henry was removed; only his heart, as he had himself desired, was carried to the Abbey of Fontrevault in France, there to be placed near to where his mother, his uncle, Richard Coeur de Lion, and others of his race lay buried.
In the same year the greatest blow of his life fell on Edward, for after thirty-five years of the happiest married life, Queen Eleanor, "the good merciful lady beloved of all the English," died of slow fever near Lincoln.
"I loved her with a great love while she lived; I cannot cease to love her while she is no more," said Edward. And his people loved him all the more for his deep grief. He came straight away from his journey to Scotland, to follow that sad funeral procession which slowly made its way to Westminster, and at each place where they paused to rest, he caused a cross to be erected67 to the memory of the "Chère Reine," one of which, as you know, stood close to Charing68 Cross station. She was buried in King Edward's Chapel at the feet of Henry III., and once more the skilful69 hands of William Torrel, "goldsmith and citizen of London," fashioned in gilt copper70 a wonderfully wrought71 figure, "the finest in any country" a great authority has declared, which shows us a sweet strong face at peace with God, a sleeping form, queenly and beautiful. Another English workman, Master Thomas of Leghton, made the screen of wrought-iron which protects this monument, round which run the words—
"Ici Gost Alinor, jadis Reine de Engleterre
Femme Al Rey Edward, Fiz le Rey Henri
E Fille Al Rey de Espagne, Contesse de Puntiff
Del Alme de li Dieu pur sa pitié eyt merci.
Amen."
"The king, who loved her well, as she deserved, gave to the monastery seven or eight manors72, to the yearly value of two hundred pounds, for religious services, and for an anniversary to be performed for her, and for wax tapers73 to be kept burning on her tomb both day and night."
THE CORONATION CHAIR.
THE CORONATION CHAIR.
It being in the chapel of the Confessor that she who was dearer than all else was laid, he brought here, as if to lay it at her feet, his greatest trophy74 wrested75 from the Scots, the famous stone of Scone76, on which so many kings of Scotland had been crowned. This was put at his command into a chair by a certain Walter of Durham, who was paid one hundred shillings for his work, with an extra sum of about ￡2, 12s. for carving, painting, and gilding77 two small leopards78, for the wages of carpenters and painters, and for colours and gold employed.
When you look at this chair, remember that on it every sovereign of England has been crowned from the reign of Edward II.
Another trophy had been offered to the shrine of the Confessor a few years before, and that was the golden crown of the conquered Welsh Prince Llewellyn. The offering had been solemnly made by Edward's own little son, Alphonso, a boy of twelve, who, dressed from head to foot in chain-armour, and wearing a long cloak, followed by nobles and knights, had laid it down at the feet of the blessed King Edward, the jewels thereof being applied79 to adorn80 the tomb. In the same year the little prince died, and was buried in this chapel of the kings.
More than one great disturbance81 agitated82 the Abbey during the later years of Edward's reign. First a fire, which began in the Palace, spread rapidly and caused much damage to parts of the building; then there were several quarrels with some of the Begging Friars, a new Order which was highly disapproved83 of by the regular monks, for those begging orders got a great reputation among the people, and likewise were in high favour with the Court of Rome. But worst of all, a terrible scandal arose, which ended in forty of the Westminster monks being thrown into prison.
King Edward, when he went to Scotland, left all his jewels and treasures, with a sum of money, amounting all told to the value of ￡100,000, in the care of the Abbot, who carefully put away most of this charge in the strongly made Chapel of the Pyx, and the rest in the Refectory. In the April of 1303 a great quantity of treasure was stolen, and the king, very wroth, ordered a strict investigation84 to be made, which ended in the discovery that a certain small merchant or pedlar, named Roger Podlicote, had got into the Abbey during the night on several occasions, and had carried away his booty in bags. That he could have got in unaided was impossible; he must have had accomplices85 within the Abbey. Besides, the Sacrist was found with a gold cup, which he said he had picked up outside St. Margaret's Church. William the Palmer, keeper of the Palace, declared he had noticed the Sacrist, the sub-Prior, and many of the monks, coming and going unusually often, carrying bags and hampers86; while John Abbas, a workman, told how Alexander the monk20 had caused him to make tools of a special design, threatening to kill him if he spoke87 aught of this.
PYX CHAPEL.
PYX CHAPEL.
Podlicote, a most adventurous88 spirit, made a full confession89, in which he generously took all the blame upon himself, saying he knew the ways of the Abbey and where the treasury90 was; and being poor, he had thought how easily he could obtain the goods which were in the Refectory, which he had seen. But considering that this wholesale91 robbery went on for many months, it is impossible to believe that Master Podlicote's nightly visits to the Abbey through a window in the Chapter-House were quite unknown to the monks, and no one had much pity for them when they were committed to the Tower for two years. Still it was a great disgrace to fall on a monastery which held its head so high; besides, to quote Widmore, "it was a peculiar92 baseness to wrong a prince who had been so kind to their house, had readily renewed their charters, had improved some of them, and had been very bountiful in giving them lands of great value."
One action taken by the Abbot at this time, however, greatly pleased both the king and the people. For a certain brave knight6, John de St. John, governor for Edward in Aquitaine, having been decoyed and taken prisoner by the French, and being too poor to pay the large ransom93 they demanded, was presented with a generous offering by Abbot Wenlock, "a commendable94 and charitable thing of public service," comments an old writer, "seeing that monasteries95 did not always lay out their money so well as for the liberty of a person in high command, a gallant96 man whom, while fighting valiantly97 for his prince, the chances of war had made prisoner." Edward's eventful reign was drawing to a close; already he was the oldest king who had ruled England, and his life had been a hard one. He had never spared himself in mind or body; he had never wavered in his great aims; and his favourite motto, Pactum serva, "Keep troth," words he had desired should be carved upon his tomb, was the motto to which he had consistently been faithful. And yet over these closing years a dark cloud hung, for his son, young Edward, showed no signs of rising to his great responsibilities. Tall and handsome to behold98, he was weak, changeable, and careless, given to gambling99 and low society, a tool in the hands of first one and then another of his worthless friends. The old king knew all too well how useless it was to dream that his son would carry on the work to which he had devoted himself, but the knowledge was a veritable cup of bitterness. He had always sought to inspire him with high thoughts, great enthusiasms, and now, as the end loomed100 on the horizon, he made one more effort, and appealed to the deepest feelings of the young prince. At the festival of Whitsuntide in Westminster Abbey, he admitted his son, with many other young nobles, to the order of knighthood, and throughout one long night the Prince of Wales kept his vigil before the altar at the shrine of the Confessor. Then at the royal banquet which followed, Edward, though so weak he could barely stand, swore solemnly to march at once to Scotland to crush the rebellion which had broken out afresh when all seemed peaceful, and to avenge101 the death of Comyn, who had been murdered in the church at Dumfries by Robert Bruce. The Scotsmen had not kept troth, and the king was fierce with indignation. But to this vow102 Edward added another, which was made also by the prince and all the newly dubbed103 knights in the ball at Westminster; they pledged themselves that so soon as Robert Bruce was conquered, they would no more bear arms against Christendom, but would go to the Holy Land and conquer the infidel, or die in the attempt to do so.
Without delay, king and army set off for Scotland, but the great triumph for which he had longed was not to be his. His spirit was as strong as ever, only his body failed him. He struggled bravely on, then came a day when he could only ride two miles, and at last he had to own that he was face to face with an enemy before whom even his strong will lay powerless. Near Carlisle he died, knight and warrior104 to the end. He entreated105 his son to tear himself away from his favourites, and to set before himself the conquest of Scotland and the recovery of the Holy Land, and he asked that his bones might be carried about with the army till Scotland was subdued106, that his heart might go with the knights to the Holy Land. Then with a prayer for mercy on his lips he passed away.
Edward II. had not even the grace to carry out one of these dying requests. Four months later Edward was buried in the Confessor's Chapel near to his father, his brother, and his wife, while to his memory was raised only the plainest tomb, in striking contrast to the beautiful monuments around it. The new king scattered107 his money among his favourites with too free a hand to have anything to spare for the building of a costly tomb.
Yet, after all, as you stand by the grave of this "greatest of the Plantagenets," and look at the simple unornamented monument, I think you will feel with me that in its very simplicity and strength it is unconsciously a truthful108 memorial of Edward, a striking description of those qualities which in life he loved and strove after. He was a man of action, not of words; a soldier, not a saint; a statesman, not a dreamer. For Edward the Confessor there was a beautiful shrine, the delicate work, the gold, the jewels, the angels, and the martyrs109. For Edward the First there was the uncarved block of grey marble, and the blunt inscription—
"Here lies Edward the First, the Scourge110 of Scotland.
Keep troth."
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收听单词发音
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1
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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14
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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15
buttresses
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| n.扶壁，扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
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mosaic
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| n./adj.镶嵌细工的，镶嵌工艺品的，嵌花式的 | |
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ware
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| n.(常用复数)商品，货物 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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fracas
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| n.打架；吵闹 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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fealty
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| n.忠贞，忠节 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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eloquently
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| adv. 雄辩地(有口才地, 富于表情地) | |
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liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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hawking
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| 利用鹰行猎 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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40
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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41
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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42
outstrips
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| v.做得比…更好，（在赛跑等中）超过( outstrip的第三人称单数 ) | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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45
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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relentlessly
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| adv.不屈不挠地；残酷地；不间断 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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48
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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49
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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50
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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51
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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52
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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53
stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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54
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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55
shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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56
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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57
frescoes
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| n.壁画( fresco的名词复数 )；温壁画技法，湿壁画 | |
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58
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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59
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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60
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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61
mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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62
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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64
effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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65
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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67
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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68
charing
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| n.炭化v.把…烧成炭，把…烧焦( char的现在分词 )；烧成炭，烧焦；做杂役女佣 | |
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69
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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70
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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71
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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manors
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| n.庄园（manor的复数形式） | |
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73
tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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74
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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76
scone
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| n.圆饼，甜饼，司康饼 | |
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77
gilding
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| n.贴金箔，镀金 | |
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78
leopards
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| n.豹( leopard的名词复数 )；本性难移 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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80
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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81
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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83
disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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accomplices
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| 从犯，帮凶，同谋( accomplice的名词复数 ) | |
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hampers
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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87
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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89
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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90
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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91
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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93
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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95
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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96
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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97
valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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98
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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99
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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100
loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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101
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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102
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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103
dubbed
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| v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制 | |
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104
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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105
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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107
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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108
truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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109
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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110
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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