"I commend to you my son," he said, as he lay dying in Westminster Palace, "for he is but young and small. And I pray that as you have served me, so from your heart you will serve him."
One year afterwards, this boy of eleven was crowned in Westminster, and so "young and small" was he that the long day with all its wearying ceremony was too much for him; he fainted away, and had to be carried from the Abbey to the Palace on a litter.
Never before had there been a coronation on so magnificent a scale: the citizens of London, with their good wives and daughters, were learning to enjoy pageants3 and holidays, and it was now better than half a century since a king had been crowned. First Richard had spent some days in the Tower, that great fort of the capital, and then had come the wonderful procession through Cheapside, Fleet Street, and the Strand4, the boy riding bareheaded, surrounded by a band of young knights6 in new attire7, forerunners8 of the knightly9 Order of the Bath, winning all hearts by his beautiful face and his lavish10 generosity11. For the young king was from the first recklessly extravagant12, and while he with his nobles feasted in the Palace at the coronation banquet, he caused the fountains outside to pour forth13 wine in abundance, that all who would might drink to their heart's desire.
John of Gaunt, his uncle, one of those many sons of Edward III., was made Regent, and Richard, with the approbation14 of all, was placed under the tutorship of that accomplished15 knight5, Guiscard d'Angle, Earl of Huntingdon, to be instructed in the paths of virtue16 and honour.
But those were not peaceful days in England, and John of Gaunt made the fatal mistake of defying the knights of the shire and burgesses who composed the House of Commons, and who really represented the thoughts and feelings of the people.
"What do these base and ignoble17 knights attempt?" he asked contemptuously. "Do they think they be kings or princes in the land?"
Nevertheless, in the end he was forced to flee from England, so bitter was the feeling against him. The cause of the universal discontent was the heavy taxation18, the result of the long French wars, and the Bishop19 of Rochester, in his sermon at the coronation, had boldly touched on this with words of solemn warning. For the first time the great peasant population of England, who had hitherto suffered in resentful silence, was in a position to lift up a voice of protest, as the Black Death had so ravaged20 the country that those labourers who were left were able to make terms for themselves, and to refuse to work without payment. The tax which brought the discontent to a crowning point was the poll-tax, which was a tax of twelve pence (about eighteen shillings) to be paid by every person over fifteen; and when a certain Wat the Tiler killed a tax-collector, who, not content with trying to force him into paying this poll-tax, insulted his little daughter, the men of Kent rallied in their thousands round Wat and marched on London. Richard was now only fifteen, but he was at his best, full of courage, full of strength, worthy22 grandson of Edward III., true son of Edward the Black Prince. He determined23 to ride out with a small escort and meet these thousands of rebels face to face. It was a bold stroke, and he knew the risk. But he would not be stayed. There is a story, most probably true, that he consulted the aged21 Anchorite of the Abbey, for every monastery24 of importance had its Anchorite, a monk25 who voluntarily set himself apart for the rest of his life to live in one cell, praying for the house; and more than one of the Anchorites of Westminster had given counsel to the kings who sought them out, the words of these holy men being held as sacred. Certain it is that, on the morning of this eventful day, he, with his escort, heard mass in the Abbey, paid his devotions, and made his offerings at King Edward's shrine26, "in which," says an old writer, "the kings of England have great faith." Then he rode out to Smithfield.
"Here is the king," said Wat Tiler to his men. "I will go speak with him. When I give you a sign, step forward and kill every one except the king. Hurt him not, for he is young and we can do what we will with him. We will lead him with us about all England, so shall we be lords of the kingdom without a doubt."
But in a few minutes, as you know, the scene had changed. Wat Tiler lay dead, and the boy king, ordering that not one of his attendants should follow him, rode forward into the midst of the excited crowd, and said calmly, "Sirs, what aileth you? I will be your leader and captain. I am your king."
The men were Englishmen, and this cool courage won their hearts on the spot. They crowded round the king begging for pardon, which he granted to them at once, forbidding his followers27 to strike a blow. And so the great rebellion ended.
As he rode back to London, Richard stopped to reassure28 his mother.
"Rejoice and thank God, madam," he said, kissing her, "for I have this day regained29 my inheritance and the kingdom which I had lost."
If only the king had been true to the promise of his boyhood, he might have ranked among the greatest of our rulers. As it was, he went on his way unchecked, uncontrolled, till one after another his good points sank into the background; cowardice30 took the place of courage, cruelty of chivalry, and he who had said confidently to his people, "I will be your leader and your captain," proved himself to be utterly31 incapable32 and helpless.
A year later Richard married Princess Anne of Bohemia, the sister of that "good King Wencelaus," about whom was written the Christmas Carol you know so well, and on their wedding day there were great feastings at Westminster. All the city guilds33 and companies, splendidly arrayed, came out to do honour to the rosy-cheeked and smiling girl queen, herself only sixteen; and when at his coronation she entreated35 the king as a favour to set free all prisoners in the country, the delighted citizens gave her the name of "Our Good Queen Anne."
The young king spent much of his time in his Palace of Westminster, and as you look to-day at Westminster Hall, the only part of the fine building which stands, I want you to try and imagine all the busy life which centred there round the court and the church. Everything connected with Richard was done on a magnificent scale. He had a body-guard of four thousand archers36; he had a band of nearly four hundred workmen—carpenters, jewellers, armourers, masons, tilers, furriers—whose duty it was to work everything needed for the king's service, and these, with their wives and children, lived under the shadow of Westminster. Then there were all the servants connected with the royal kitchen, the pantry, spicery, buttery, bakehouse, and brewery38, and there must have been a goodly number of these, for a writer who belonged to the court tells us that every day ten thousand folk that "followed the Hous" drew their rations39 of food from the Palace.
Besides all these we must count the higher court officials, the members of the royal household, the judges who sat in Westminster Hall, the priests of St. Stephen's Chapel40, the bishops41 and abbots and nobles with all their retinues42, and then we may have some idea of the bustle43 and life round Westminster Palace at a time when there was "greate pride, and riche arraye, and all things much more costious and more precious than was before or sith."
Look at Old Palace Yard and New Palace Yard, with the dull old streets leading out of them, and then imagine Richard's Palace, with its towers, its posterns, its great halls and painted chambers45, its cloisters46, its courts, and its galleries; "gabled houses with carved timber and plastered fronts, cloisters which glowed in the sunshine with their lace like tracery, with the gold and crimson47 of their painted roofs and walls; everywhere tourelles with rich carvings48, windows of tracery most beautiful, archways, gates, battlements; chantry chapels49, oratories50, courts of justice, and interiors bright with splendid tapestry51, the colours of which had not yet faded, with canopies52 of scarlet53 and gold, and the sunlight reflected from many a shining helm and breastplate, from many a jewelled hilt and golden scabbard." Would that the Great Fire which destroyed all this had left us one little glimpse of its old splendour.
Inside the monastery, too, there was plenty of life of a different sort, though the monks54 were by no means cut off from the great world which lay at their door. For the Abbey of St. Peter was the richest of all the great houses, and was now at the height of its glory; and Litlington's new buildings greatly added to its importance, as the Abbot freely entertained in his new palace the highest in the land.
Yet a daily routine was carried out. Eight hours were given to sleep and eight were spent in church; the remainder were devoted55 to work—that is to say, some monks taught the young, others studied and transcribed56, others had duties in the refectory and dormitory, and so on. Most of the monks had come here as young boys; many of them spent here fifty and sixty years of their lives, praying, working, teaching, learning. But I think sometimes the young men must have longed for some share in the life outside of which they heard the echoes daily, and saw all the outward splendours and delights.
Certain it is that Abbot Litlington was something more than a monk. For when, during the reign57 of Richard, there was a great scare that the French were about to invade England, he, though at that time seventy, armed himself and set off with some of his monks to the coast to defend his country. And we find that "one of these monks, Brother John, supposing his courage equal to his stature58, was a very proper person for a soldier, being one of the largest men in the kingdom. His armour37, the invasion not taking place, was carried into London to be sold, being so big that no person could be found of a size that it would fit."
One other part of vanished Westminster comes into prominence59 in this reign, and that is its Sanctuary60, which stood where now is Westminster Hospital. It was a massive square keep built of stone, each side nearly eighty feet long, with a heavy oak and iron door, stone stairs, strong dark rooms and thick walls, and besides a belfry tower, in which hung those bells which rang for coronations and tolled61 for royal funerals; it contained two chapels. This place was the haven62 of refuge alike to innocent and to guilty; so long as they remained within its walls the Church protected them and kept them. Of course, originally these sanctuaries63 attached to the religious houses had been intended to protect the weak, the helpless, and the oppressed, but gradually all manner of men, thieves, debtors64, and law-breakers, gathered round it, and at Westminster, where all the Abbey buildings were counted as sacred ground, strange and lawless crowds assembled; but the right of sanctuary was jealously guarded.
Outside the world of Westminster the country was full of discontent, which showed itself in parties and in plots. John of Gaunt had fled, and his place had been filled by his brother, Thomas Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, who, with Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke, and other nobles, had forced Richard, still a minor65, into accepting several of their demands. But directly he was of age Richard had his revenge; and in the Council Chamber44 he made it clear that he intended to keep all the authority in his own hands or in the hands of those he himself should choose. Francis, a scribe, and the lame66 Clerk to the Council, has left us a vivid picture of the scene.
"Then Richard stood in the doorway67; upon his head he wore a crown; in his hand he carried his sceptre; on his shoulders hung a mantle68 of ermine, and through the door I saw a throng69 of armed men, and heard the clank of steel.
"Since the time of David there had not been a more comely70 prince in the world to look upon than King Richard.... Yet let no one say that his eyes were soft. This morning they were like the eyes of a falcon71.
"'Good, my lord,' began the Duke of Gloucester.
"The King strode across the room and took his seat upon the throne.
"'Fair uncle,' he said, 'tell me how old I am.'
"'Your Highness,' said the Duke, 'is now in his twenty-fourth year.'
"'Say you so? Then, fair uncle, I am old enough to manage mine own affairs.'
"So saying, he took the Great Seal from the Archbishop, and the keys of the Exchequer72 from the Bishop of Hereford. From the Duke of Gloucester he took his office, he appointed new judges, he created a new council. 'Twas a gallant73 prince. Alas74! that he was not always strong; twice in his life Richard was strong—that day and another. That night there was high revelry in the Palace: the mummers and the minstrels and the music made the Court merry. And the king's fool made the courtiers laugh when he jested about the Duke's amazement75 and the Archbishop's discomfiture76."
Richard now fell entirely77 under the influence of his own favourites, and the friction78 between himself and his Parliament increased each year. The one good influence in his life was that of Queen Anne; over and over again her sound sense saved the situation. Once Richard, in a fit of sulkiness, had gone to live at Bristol, very privately79, and to him there came the Archbishop of Canterbury, who warned him that unless he returned to London the citizens of London and the greater part of his subjects would be very discontented. Richard at first refused to pay any attention to the Archbishop, but at last the good advice of the queen prevailed; he controlled his anger and said he would cheerfully go to London. On his arrival there, a special Parliament was summoned, which made London and Westminster very crowded; the king heard Mass with the crown on his head in the chapel of the Palace; the Archbishop of Canterbury performed the divine service, and was very attentively80 heard, for he was an excellent preacher; and then came the barons81, prelates, and nobles to Richard, with joined hands, as showing themselves to be vassals82, swearing faith and loyalty83, and kissing him on the mouth.
"But it was visible," adds Froissart, "that the king kissed some heartily84 and others not."
Possibly, if Anne had lived, her sensible influence might have saved Richard, in spite of the growing irritation85 of his people at his reckless extravagance. But after only a few hours' illness the queen died at the Feast of Whitsuntide 1394, in Sheen Palace, "to the infinite distress86 of King Richard, who was deeply afflicted87 at her death."
Richard was with her when she died, and so uncontrolled was his grief, that, cursing the place of her death, he ordered the Palace of Sheen to be levelled to the ground. He determined that hers should be the greatest burial ever seen in London, and sent to Flanders for large quantities of wax wherewith to have made the torches and flambeaux, though this delayed the funeral by some months. He summoned all the nobles of the land to be present in these words:—
"Inasmuch as our beloved companion the Queen, whom God has hence commanded, will be buried at Westminster on Monday, the 3rd of August next, we earnestly entreat34 that you, setting aside all excuses, will repair to our city of London the Wednesday previous to the same day, bringing with you our very dear kinswoman your consort88 at the same time. We desire that you will, the preceding day, accompany the corpse89 of our dear consort from our manor90 of Sheen to Westminster, and for this we trust we may rely on you, as you desire our honour and that of our kingdom."
So a great procession followed the queen from Sheen to Westminster, and all were clothed in black, men and women, with black hoods91 also. Richard behaved as one mad with grief, and when the Earl of Arundel arrived late, he seized a cane92, and struck him on the head with such force that the unfortunate nobleman fell to the ground.
A year later the king ordered the beautiful monument which you see in the Confessor's Chapel, and so great was his devotion that he had his own monument made at the same time, with his hand clasped in that of his dearly loved queen. And the touching93 inscription94, of which this is a translation, was of his own choosing:—
"Under this stone lies Anne, here entombed,
Wedded95 in this world's life to the second Richard.
To Christ were her meek96 virtues97 devoted,
His poor she freely fed from her treasures.
Strife98 she healed and feuds99 she appeased100.
Beauteous her form, her face surpassing fair.
Only July's seventh day, thirteen hundred, ninety four,
All comfort was bereft101, for through irremediable sickness
She passed away into eternal joys."
In spite of his grief, which was very real, Richard married again; but the new queen had no influence with him, and the breach102 between him and his people widened daily. "Nothing but complaints were heard; the courts of justice were closed; the enmities increased, and the common people said, 'Times are sadly changed; we have a good-for-nothing king, who only attends to his idle pleasures, and so that his inclinations103 are gratified cares not how public affairs are managed. We must look for a remedy, or our enemies and well-wishers will rejoice.'"
So writes Froissart, who lived in England at the time; and he goes on to say how the people declared to one another, "Our ancestors in former days provided a remedy; our remedy is in Henry of Lancaster. Him we must send for and appoint him regent of the kingdom. For these people are most obstinate104, and of all England, the Londoners are the leaders."
HENRY OF LANCASTER CROWNED AT WESTMINSTER.
HENRY OF LANCASTER CROWNED AT WESTMINSTER.
This being the feeling in the country, the time was ripe for John of Gaunt's banished105 son, Henry Bolingbroke, who had long been waiting for his hour. He landed with but thirty men, while Richard was away on one of his highly unpopular expeditions in Ireland; soon he had an army of fifty thousand with which he marched to London, and Richard when he returned agreed meekly106, without a word, to all that was demanded. He signed a deed prepared by Parliament in which he said that "he was incapable of reigning107, worthy to be deposed108, and willing to renounce109 the throne."
"If it pleases you, it pleases me also," was his feeble remark.
Then he was put into prison, first in the Tower, afterwards in Pontefract Castle, and from this last place he never came out alive. His death was very sudden; some said he fell sick, some said he was starved, almost certainly he was murdered. He was buried at Langley, though many a long year afterwards his body was moved to Westminster by command of Henry V., and laid in the tomb he had chosen close to his wife, after it had been carried through London followed by 20,000 persons, of whom "some on him had pity and some none."
So husband and wife lie united at last under this fine tomb, which cost ￡10,000 in our money. But in one detail Richard's wish is ungratified to-day, for his hand and hers, which on the monument were clasped together, have been ruthlessly broken off.
Another memorial of Richard in the Abbey is his portrait, which you will find in the choir110 near the altar, and which is "an ancient painting of the unhappy, beautiful prince, sitting in a chair of gold dressed in a vest of green, flowered with flowers of gold and the initial letters of his name, having on shoes of gold powdered with pearls, the whole robed in crimson lined with ermine, and the shoes spread with the same fastened under a collar of gold." It is valuable because it is the first portrait we have of an English king.
Richard rebuilt Westminster Hall, and built a fine porch called Solomon's Porch, where now stands the great north entrance; but of this porch not a trace remains111.
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1
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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legacy
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| n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西 | |
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3
pageants
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| n.盛装的游行( pageant的名词复数 )；穿古代服装的游行；再现历史场景的娱乐活动；盛会 | |
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strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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guilds
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| 行会，同业公会，协会( guild的名词复数 ) | |
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entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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brewery
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| n.啤酒厂 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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retinues
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| n.一批随员( retinue的名词复数 ) | |
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bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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44
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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47
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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48
carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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49
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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50
oratories
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| n.演讲术( oratory的名词复数 )；（用长词或正式词语的）词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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51
tapestry
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| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
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canopies
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| （宝座或床等上面的）华盖( canopy的名词复数 )； （飞行器上的）座舱罩； 任何悬于上空的覆盖物； 森林中天棚似的树荫 | |
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53
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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54
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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56
transcribed
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| （用不同的录音手段）转录( transcribe的过去式和过去分词 )； 改编（乐曲）（以适应他种乐器或声部）； 抄写； 用音标标出（声音） | |
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57
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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58
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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59
prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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60
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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61
tolled
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| 鸣钟（toll的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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63
sanctuaries
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| n.避难所( sanctuary的名词复数 )；庇护；圣所；庇护所 | |
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debtors
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| n.债务人，借方( debtor的名词复数 ) | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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66
lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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68
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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71
falcon
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| n.隼，猎鹰 | |
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72
exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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73
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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74
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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82
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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83
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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84
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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85
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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90
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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hoods
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| n.兜帽( hood的名词复数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩v.兜帽( hood的第三人称单数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩 | |
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cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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94
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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95
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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97
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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98
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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99
feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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100
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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101
bereft
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| adj.被剥夺的 | |
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102
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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103
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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104
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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105
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
meekly
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| adv.温顺地，逆来顺受地 | |
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107
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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108
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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109
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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110
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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111
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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