This idea of smallness and compression, however, is by no means the only possible view which may be taken. All depends on what it is with which one compares Palestine. Thinking of it as a field of history, one inevitably8 has other fields in mind. If we think of Britain, Palestine is but the size of Wales; if of France and Germany, it is the equivalent of Alsace. But a more primitive9 point of view is gained when you regard it as a reclaimed10 tract11 of the desert. Just as Egypt is a huge river-meadow, and Venice a glorified12 harbour in the sea, so Syria is the largest oasis13 in the world. Its whole geographical14 character is that of desert, more or less modified by water. The sculptured hills are here, the rock and the shingle15 and the sand. Dry up its rivers and arrest its rainfall, and you will have a continuation of the peninsula of Sinai, except that instead of granite16 it will be of limestone. It is this, as we have seen, that has led its inhabitants to regard it with a rare appreciation17, an extraordinary sense of its{39} preciousness, and a tendency to exaggerate both its beauty and its fertility.
Nothing illustrates18 this loving appreciation of their land better than the play of imagination which has created the place-names of Palestine. Hebrews, Arabs, and Crusaders vie with each other in the poetic19 beauty of their nomenclature. It is a little land, but there is much witchery in it. For its inhabitants it lives personified, and its masses of mountain scenery are often named from parts of the human body. There are “the shoulder,” “the side,” “the thigh,” “the rib,” “the back.” The “head” of Pisgah looks down upon the “face” of the wilderness20.[5] There is a “hollow hearth”—homeliest of names to a Semite. In other names poetry has reached its utmost of epigrammatic beauty—“the dance of the whirls,” “the star of the wind,” “the diamond of the desert.” Yet sacred and beautiful as its scenery was to Israel, she had a dearer bond with her land than that. She was kept from nature-worship by a spiritual faith which created such names as “Bethel” (the house of God), and many others of similar significance. These claim the land in all its length and breadth for the God of Israel. Every green spot was for the Semites the dwelling-place of some divinity; this whole oasis of hers was for Israel the house of her God of peace and blessing21. To the ancient Greek “God was the view”; to the Hebrew, God was the inhabitant of the view—He Himself was Righteousness. And because the land{40} was His—rescued by Him from the desert with His waters, and given to the people in His love—it was tenfold more dear to them. Down every vista22 which shewed them a land that was very far off, their eyes caught sight also of some vision of the King in His beauty; every high hill was a veritable mountain of the Lord’s house.
Let us try to get, as it were, a bird’s-eye view of this fascinating country, noticing in their right perspective and significance its outstanding natural features. Dr. Smith’s Historical Geography has perhaps rendered no service higher than the aid towards this which is afforded by its epitome24 and map (pp. 49, 50, 51). These divide Palestine into five parallel strips running north and south. Cutting across these strips in a straight line westwards from the desert to the sea, we first traverse the range of the eastern mountains; then dip to the immense gulf26 of the Jordan valley, far below the Mediterranean level; then climb by precipitous ascents27 to the summit of the central range; then descend29 through the foot-hills; and finally land on the maritime30 plain. To grasp thoroughly31 the lie of these five longitudinal regions is the first necessity for understanding the geography of Palestine. Its general impression is one of extraordinary brokenness of contour, and Zangwill points out the important fact that a land with so much hill surface has in reality a very much larger superficial area than that estimated by multiplying its length by its breadth.
By far the most remarkable32 feature in the whole{41}
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JERUSALEM—THE POOL OF HEZEKIAH.
territory is the Jordan valley. Rising from springs at the western roots of Hermon, high above sea level, it sinks by rapid stages till at the Dead Sea it reaches bottom nearly 1300 feet below the Mediterranean. Down its extraordinary gully flows the one great river of Palestine. There are other perennial33 streams, but none to compare with Jordan either for volume or for associations. It is this mass of flowing water which stands as the heart and soul of the Syrian oasis. Its mighty34 stream has overcome the desert, and claimed the western land for greenness and for life. It is this huge cleft35 that has isolated36 the Holy Land for the purposes of its God.
The only clear opening from the Jordan to the Mediterranean is the Plain of Esdraelon. Standing23 on Jordan’s bank below Bethshan and looking westward25, you see before you a valley whose farther end shows nothing but sky. Many streams cut their way down its slopes beside a green morass37, and hold in their embrace the ruins of a strong city. You must follow them up westwards for some ten miles before you reach sea level, and soon after that you cross the watershed38 in a wide valley with mountains rising to north and south. Jezreel stands above you on a protruding39 tongue of high cultivated land to the south. At a level of about 200 feet above the sea, you suddenly emerge upon a great triangular40 plain, with Carmel at its apex41, 15 miles to the west. This is the Plain of Esdraelon. The one really large level space in Syria, its rich soil, even surface, and plentiful42 water-supply make it a famous piece of cultivated ground. But it is also the natural battlefield{42} of the East, and its chief associations are not with agriculture but with war.
Esdraelon, however, is but an incident in the geographical fact of Syria, though an important and large incident. It is but the largest of those open spaces into which Syrian valleys swell43 out. There are three or four of them in the Jordan valley, and several of smaller size are scattered44 here and there throughout the country. The really essential feature of the land—that, indeed, which historically is the land—is the mountain range that sweeps from Lebanon to Hebron and beyond. It was on the mountains that Israel lived. The Plain of Esdraelon, being the ganglion of the natural main routes of traffic and of war, was but a doubtful possession, precariously45 held at best, and often changing owners. The strong city of Bethshan at the eastern mouth of its main valley was held by Israel’s enemies during almost the whole of her history; and, until a year or two ago, the Arabs made yearly raids upon the Plain. Again, the sea-coast was largely in the hands of enemies; while the Jordan valley, with its insupportable heat and malaria46, was thinly peopled, and its population swiftly degenerated48 from national as well as from moral loyalties49. Thus he who would know the Holy Land must, in every sense of the words, “lift up his eyes unto the hills.”
It was our good fortune to have this view at its very best for our first sight of Palestine. We should have landed at Jaffa, but a rather doubtful case of plague at Alexandria inflicted50 a two days’ quarantine on all ships{43} coming out of Egypt. So we looked at Jaffa from under the yellow flag, and sailed off in the morning sunlight northward51 to Beyrout. All day long we lay on deck, with maps spread out before us. The quarantine had cost us the sight of the Greek Easter ceremony at Jerusalem, but it gave us in exchange the rare experience of a daylight sail along the Syrian coast. The day was marvellously clear, and every object on the shore was seen in photographic outline, while the various distances were preserved in fading colours, back to the thin transparency against the sky which stood for the furthest mountain ranges. The shore was barren: a low belt of tawny52 sand, broken by dark olive-green scrub, and very desolate53. One solitary54 house was all we saw for the first two hours, and in another place a column of smoke, apparently55 rising from some invisible camp. Beyond this the foot-hills east of the plain were seen, lifting towards the great central ridge56 of the mountain range. Though broken here and there by an occasional point, or overlooked by a peak that rose very high beyond, the crest57 of the range was remarkably58 level, with wavy59 outline. Until we passed Carmel it shewed as a unity—“the mountain” of Ephraim and Judah. North from that there was a bolder sky-line, much nearer to the sea, which led on eventually to the magnificent heights of Lebanon, beautiful as they are mighty.
Let us suppose ourselves to land at Beyrout and journey from north to south well inland. At first we climb eastwards61 among bold bare hills, in whose recesses{44} mulberry gardens nestle and on whose heights innumerable villages perch62. Cedars63 are conspicuous64 by their absence, but there are plenty of humbler trees. Soon we come to realise the large-scale meaning and contour of the district. We have been crossing Lebanon, whose highest peaks have revealed themselves now and then far to the north. Some twenty miles from the coast we find ourselves in the valley of the Litany (Leontes). This whole region is easily understood. It consists of the magnificent ranges of Lebanon and Antilebanon and the spacious65 valley between them, running in ample curves parallel with the shore.
Mighty though these are, however, it is neither of them that has received the name of Jebel-es-Sheikh—“the patriarch of mountains.” That honour is reserved for Hermon, the range and summit which Antilebanon thrusts south from it into Galilee, just opposite Damascus. It is happily named “the sheikh.” Go where you will in Palestine, Hermon seems to lie at the end of some vista or other. For many miles around it, Hermon commands everything. Its mass tilts66 the plain and sends out innumerable spurs of rich and fertile land; its snow shines far and gives character to the view; its eastern waters redeem67 the wilderness through many a mile of Hauran; and from its western roots spring all the fountains of the Jordan. This is the king of Syria, by whose beneficent might the desert has become oasis.
While the southern continuation of Hermon holds up the high tableland of Bashan and runs it on into the{45} mountains of Gilead and Moab east of Jordan, the thrust of Lebanon into Western Galilee ends curiously68 in a succession of hills divided by valleys running east and west, like great waves of mountain rolling south to break along the northern edge of the Plain of Esdraelon. There is a quiet regularity69 about these Galilean Highlands, which gives the impression of a region made to plan. The eastern end of Esdraelon is blocked by the group of Tabor and “Little Hermon,” while the feature of the western end is the long lonely ridge of Carmel.
Crossing the plain we enter Samaria, whose deep rounded valleys, rich in corn, send their sweeping curves in all directions. Here there is neither the dominant70 north-and-south trend of Lebanon, nor the horizontal ripple71 of Galilee, but an intricate network of curving valleys, which leave the mountains everywhere more individual and distinct, and which frequently expand into wide meadows or fields. Yet the general rise of the region is from west, sloping up to east. The watershed is perhaps 10 to 15 miles from Jordan, while it is more than 30 miles from the sea. But Jordan here is well-nigh 1000 feet below sea-level, so that the eastern slope is immensely steeper than the western.
As we enter Judea, we find the land, as it were, gathering72 itself up on almost continuous heights. The lesser73 valleys are shallow, and the hilltops swell from the lofty plateau in colossal74 domes75 or cupolas. So high is the general level that when we come to Jerusalem we look in vain for the mountains we had understood to be{46} round about her. No peaks cleave76 the sky—only smooth and gentle hills, which have never been in any way her defence, but have made excellent platforms for the siege-engines of her enemies, and have grown wood for the crosses of her inhabitants. The lateral77 gorges78 of Judea, both east and west, cut into her high tableland in angular zigzags79, and as you descend these in either direction you realise what is really meant by “the mountains round about Jerusalem.” She does not see them, lying secure upon the height to which they have exalted80 her. But he who approaches her must come by their gorges, where for many miles his sky will be but a strip seen between sheer heights of cliff and scaur.[6] The rugged81 sharpness of outline reaches its climax82 on the eastern side, where the range, split in the wildest gorges, falls in fragmentary masses between their mouths down to the Jordan valley. Nothing in the land has a more bare and savage83 grandeur84 than the square-chiselled mountain blocks of Quarantana, seen from below at Jericho in black angular silhouette85 against the sunset. South of Jerusalem the Kidron gorge, cleaving86 the intruding87 desert, exaggerates the wildness of the north, but as you climb past Bethlehem to Hebron you are in a region liker to Samaria, with its deeper and more rounded valleys and its richer pasture and cultivation88. South of Hebron the range spreads fanwise and gradually sinks to the desert.
The most impressive memories of the land, so far as {47}its form and contour go, are two—the gorges cleft through the Judean mountain, and certain isolated conical hills thrown up from the Samaritan valleys. Judea is mountain, emphasised by gorge; Samaria is valley, diversified89 by hill. The gorges are uncompromising. When we read, for instance, the third verse of the seventh chapter of Joshua, we think of an ordinary march—“The men went up and viewed Ai. And they returned to Joshua, and said unto him, Let not all the people go up; but let about two or three thousand men go up and smite90 Ai; and make not all the people to labour thither91.” But he who has himself “gone up” from Jericho to Ai puts feeling into his reading of the words “to labour thither.” That is the only way of going up. The recollection is of several hours of precipitous riding, with beasts stumbling and riders pitched ahead. When the climb is over you turn aside to the south, and view the gully of Michmash along whose northern edge you have scrambled92 inland. It looks not like a valley, but a crack in rocks, hundreds of feet deep. The valley of Achor, next to the south of Michmash, presents an almost more dramatic appearance as you view its entrance from the Jordan foot-hills. It gapes93 on the plain, like the open mouth of some petrified94 monster.
The isolated hills of the northern territory are in their way as memorable95 as the gorges of the south. In Judea you cannot see the mountains for “the mountain.” The whole land is one great elevated range, and the noticeable features of the district are the gorges that cut across it. Samaria, on the other hand, is a place of{48} valleys and of plains, and its mountains are seen as mountains. This fact finds its most striking instance in certain “Gilgals,” or isolated cones96 standing free in the midst of plain, or cut off by circular valleys round their bases. The most perfect of these is that which bears the name of Gilgal, rising detached in the wide valley to the south-east of Jacob’s Well.[7] It is in shape an almost perfect cone97, whose gradual curve renders it very easy of ascent28. The Hill of Samaria itself is another such “Gilgal,” the centre of a splendid circular panorama98 of hills. Sanur, in the country of Judith and Holophernes, is a third, on a smaller scale, but with even wider panorama. North of Esdraelon, again a long ripple of mountains sweeps round at least one such Gilgal, leaving Sepphoris isolated on the peak of it. And Tabor itself might plausibly99 be counted in this class—Tabor the irrelevant100, whose cone seems always to be peeping over the shoulder of some lower ridge, unlike any other landmark101, commanding all the views eastward60 from the heights of Nazareth. These curious cones are in Palestine to some extent what the Righi is in Switzerland. With the exception of Tabor, they are but lesser heights; yet they give the widest mountain views, and seem to shape the land into a succession of circles, of which their summits are the centre-points.
The mountains of Israel are the characteristic features of her history as of her geography. In every part of Syria they are the companions of the journey. Great{49}
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MOUNT HERMON, FROM THE SLOPES OF TABOR.
The lofty mountain in the extreme distance is Mount Hermon.
distant masses, or near crests102 of them, seem to accompany you as you move. And as you travel through the history of the land it is in the same companionship. The Jordan valley lies along the western side of the mountain range, a place of luxury and temptation. But Israel abides103 on the hills, sending down to it only the most degenerate47 of her children. It is a very striking fact that Jesus was tempted104 to sin for bread on the mountain almost within sight of Jericho, where the Herodians were sinning with surfeits105 of wine and rich meats. All that is truest to Israel and most characteristic of her at her best is on the hills. They are the places of her war and of her worship. The Gilgals have almost all stood siege. All, or at least the most of them, have been fortified106. On some of them the rude remains107 of ancient sacred circles, or the decayed steps of altars cut in the rock, may still be traced. Her enemies found by bitter experience that “her gods are gods of the hills.” Her ark had its abode108 on the tableland at Shiloh or on the hill of Zion. Its history on the low ground was but a story of calamity109; it had to be sent up again to Kirjath-Jearim among the hills. Yet the heights of Israel stand for more than this blend of war and worship; they were her home. All her greater towns nestle among them somewhere; most of them stand on the summits, or just below them. It was a race of Highlanders that gave us our Bible—men whose home was on the heights.
Her wars, indeed, were everywhere, for it is a blood-drenched{50} land. Many of her battles were fought at the edge of the mountain-land, on the kopjes that run along the southern border of Esdraelon, or among the foot-hills near the mouth of the western gorges. There, or on the great plain, she met her invaders111. But the heights were the scenes of battles in the last resort, and the gorges are associated with the advance and retreat of armed hosts, the rush of the invader110 and the headlong retreat of armies that had been surprised and routed from above.
Meanwhile, in the middle spaces, she fought her continuous battle with the desert and the sun for her daily bread. It is said that in Malta, where every possible spot is cultivated, the earth has been all imported, and that the Knights112 of Malta allowed no vessel113 to enter the harbour without paying dues in soil. The denuded114 hill-sides of Palestine, with their ruined heaps of stones that once built up terraces for cultivation, tell a similar story. On some hillsides the remains of sixty or even eighty such terraces may still be traced. In many places the valleys are rich in an altogether superfluous115 depth of fertile soil. But this did not suffice the inhabitants, and they built up the terraces along the southward slopes, in many places quite to the walls of their mountain villages. On not a few of these slopes labour must have actually created land, and men’s hearts grown strong within them as they changed the rocks into gardens and the slopes of shingle into harvest fields.
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1
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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loam
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| n.沃土 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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glorified
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| 美其名的，变荣耀的 | |
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oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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shingle
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| n.木瓦板；小招牌(尤指医生或律师挂的营业招牌)；v.用木瓦板盖（屋顶）；把（女子头发）剪短 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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vista
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| n.远景，深景，展望，回想 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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epitome
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| n.典型，梗概 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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ascents
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| n.上升( ascent的名词复数 )；（身份、地位等的）提高；上坡路；攀登 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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watershed
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| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
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protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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precariously
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| adv.不安全地；危险地；碰机会地；不稳定地 | |
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malaria
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| n.疟疾 | |
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degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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degenerated
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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loyalties
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| n.忠诚( loyalty的名词复数 )；忠心；忠于…感情；要忠于…的强烈感情 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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58
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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59
wavy
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| adj.有波浪的，多浪的，波浪状的，波动的，不稳定的 | |
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60
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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61
eastwards
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| adj.向东方（的），朝东（的）；n.向东的方向 | |
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62
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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63
cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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64
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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66
tilts
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| （意欲赢得某物或战胜某人的）企图，尝试( tilt的名词复数 ) | |
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67
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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68
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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70
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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71
ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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72
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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73
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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75
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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76
cleave
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| v．(clave；cleaved)粘着，粘住；坚持；依恋 | |
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lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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79
zigzags
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| n.锯齿形的线条、小径等( zigzag的名词复数 )v.弯弯曲曲地走路，曲折地前进( zigzag的第三人称单数 ) | |
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80
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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82
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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85
silhouette
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| n.黑色半身侧面影，影子，轮廓；v.描绘成侧面影，照出影子来，仅仅显出轮廓 | |
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cleaving
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| v.劈开，剁开，割开( cleave的现在分词 ) | |
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intruding
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| v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的现在分词)；把…强加于 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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89
diversified
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| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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90
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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gapes
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| v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的第三人称单数 )；张开，张大 | |
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petrified
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| adj.惊呆的；目瞪口呆的v.使吓呆，使惊呆；变僵硬；使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词) | |
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95
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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98
panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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99
plausibly
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| 似真地 | |
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100
irrelevant
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| adj.不恰当的，无关系的，不相干的 | |
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101
landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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102
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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103
abides
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| 容忍( abide的第三人称单数 )； 等候； 逗留； 停留 | |
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104
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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105
surfeits
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| v.吃得过多( surfeit的第三人称单数 )；由于过量而厌腻 | |
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106
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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107
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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108
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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109
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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110
invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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111
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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112
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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113
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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114
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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115
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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