During the winter of 1849-50, while ascending5 the old Bear Valley trail from Ridley’s ferry, on the Merced river, my attention was attracted to the stupendous rocky peaks of the Sierra Nevadas. In the distance an immense cliff loomed6, apparently7 to the summit of the mountains. Although familiar with nature in her wildest moods, I looked upon this awe-inspiring column with wonder and admiration8. While vainly endeavoring to realize its peculiar9 prominence10 and vast proportions, I turned from it with reluctance11 to resume the search for coveted12 gold; but the impressions of that scene were indelibly fixed13 in my memory. Whenever an opportunity afforded, I made inquiries14 concerning the scenery of that locality. But few of the miners had noticed any of its special peculiarities15. On a second visit to Ridley’s, not long after, that towering mountain which had so profoundly interested me was invisible, an intervening haze16 obscuring it from view. A year or more passed before the mysteries of this wonderful land were satisfactorily solved. 2
During the winter of 1850-51, I was attached to an expedition that made the first discovery of what is now known as the Yosemite Valley. While entering it, I saw at a glance that the reality of my sublime17 vision at Ridley’s ferry, forty miles away, was before me. The locality of the mysterious cliff was there revealed—its proportions enlarged and perfected.
The discovery of this remarkable18 region was an event intimately connected with the history of the early settlement of that portion of California. During 1850, the Indians in Mariposa county, which at that date included all the territory south of the divide of the Tuolumne and Merced rivers within the valley proper of the San Joaquin, became very troublesome to the miners and settlers. Their depredations19 and murderous assaults were continued until the arrival of the United States Indian commissioners20, in 1851, when the general government assumed control over them. Through the management of the commissioners, treaties were made, and many of these Indians were transferred to locations reserved for their special occupancy.
It was in the early days of the operations of this commission that the Yosemite Valley was first entered by a command virtually employed to perform the special police duties of capturing and bringing the Indians before these representatives of the government, in order that treaties might be made with them. These wards21 of the general government were provided with supplies at the expense of the public treasury22: provided that they confined themselves to the reservations selected for them.
My recollections of those early days are from personal observations and information derived23 from the earlier settlers of the San Joaquin valley, with whom I was personally acquainted in the mining camps, and through business connections; and also from comrades in the Indian war of 2b 1850-51. Among these settlers was one James D. Savage, a trader, who in 1849-50 was located in the mountains near the mouth of the South Fork of the Merced river, some fifteen miles below the Yosemite valley.
At this point, engaged in gold mining, he had employed a party of native Indians. Early in the season of 1850 his trading post and mining camp were attacked by a band of the Yosemite Indians. This tribe, or band, claimed the territory in that vicinity, and attempted to drive Savage off. Their real object, however, was plunder24. They were considered treacherous25 and dangerous, and were very troublesome to the miners generally.
Savage and his Indian miners repulsed26 the attack and drove off the marauders, but from this occurrence he no longer deemed this location desirable. Being fully27 aware of the murderous propensities28 of his assailants, he removed to Mariposa Creek29, not far from the junction30 of the Agua Fria, and near to the site of the old stone fort. Soon after, he established a branch post on the Fresno, where the mining prospects31 became most encouraging, as the high water subsided32 in that stream. This branch station was placed in charge of a man by the name of Greeley.
At these establishments Savage soon built up a prosperous business. He exchanged his goods at enormous profits for the gold obtained from his Indian miners. The white miners and prospecting33 parties also submitted to his demands rather than lose time by going to Mariposa village. The value of his patrons’ time was thus made a source of revenue. As the season advanced, this hardy34 pioneer of commerce rapidly increased his wealth, but in the midst of renewed prosperity he learned that another cloud was gathering35 over him. One of his five squaws assured him that a combination was maturing among the mountain Indians, to kill or drive all the white men from the country, 3a and plunder them of their property. To strengthen his influence over the principal tribes, Savage had, according to the custom of many mountain men, taken wives from among them, supposing his personal safety would be somewhat improved by so doing. This is the old story of the prosperous Indian trader. Rumor36 also came from his Indian miners, that the Yosemites threatened to come down on him again for the purpose of plunder, and that they were urging other tribes to join them.
These reports he affected37 to disregard, but quietly cautioned the miners to guard against marauders.
He also sent word to the leading men in the settlements that hostilities38 were threatened, and advised preparations against a surprise.
At his trading posts he treated the rumors39 with indifference40, but instructed the men in his employ to be continually on their guard in his absence. Stating that he was going to “the Bay” for a stock of goods, he started for San Francisco, taking with him two Indian wives, and a chief of some note and influence who professed41 great friendship.
This Indian, Jose Juarez, was in reality one of the leading spirits in arousing hostilities against the whites.
Notwithstanding Juarez appeared to show regard for Savage, the trader had doubts of his sincerity42, but, as he had no fears of personal injury, he carefully kept his suspicions to himself. The real object Savage had in making this trip was to place in a safe locality a large amount of gold which he had on hand; and he took the chief to impress him with the futility43 of any attempted outbreak by his people. He hoped that a visit to Stockton and San Francisco, where Jose could see the numbers and superiority of the whites, would so impress him that on his return to the mountains his report would deter44 the Indians from their proposed hostilities. 3
The trip was made without any incidents of importance, but, to Savage’s disappointment and regret, Jose developed an instinctive45 love for whiskey, and having been liberally supplied with gold, he invested heavily in that favorite Indian beverage46, and was stupidly drunk nearly all the time he was in the city.
Becoming disgusted with Jose’s frequent intoxication47, Savage expressed in emphatic48 terms his disapprobation of such a course. Jose at once became greatly excited, and forgetting his usual reserve, retorted in abusive epithets49, and disclosed his secret of the intended war against the whites.
Savage also lost his self-control, and with a blow felled the drunken Indian to the ground. Jose arose apparently sober, and from that time maintained a silent and dignified50 demeanor51. After witnessing the celebration of the admission of the State into the union—which by appointment occurred on October 29th, 1850, though the act of admission passed Congress on the 9th of September of that year—and making arrangements to have goods forwarded as he should order them, Savage started back with his dusky retainers for Mariposa. On his arrival at Quartzberg, he learned that the Kah-we-ah Indians were exacting52 tribute from the immigrants passing through their territory, and soon after his return a man by the name of Moore was killed not far from his Mariposa Station. From the information here received, and reported murders of emigrants53, he scented54 danger to himself. Learning that the Indians were too numerous at “Cassady’s Bar,” on the San-Joaquin, and in the vicinity of his Fresno Station, he at once, with characteristic promptness and courage, took his course direct to that post. He found, on arriving there, that all was quiet, although some Indians were about, as if for trading purposes. Among them were Pon-wat-chee 4 and Vow-ches-ter, two Indian chiefs known to be friendly. The trader had taken two of his wives from their tribes.
Savage greeted all with his customary salutation. Leaving his squaws to confer with their friends and to provide for their own accommodations, he quietly examined the memoranda55 of his agent, and the supply of goods on hand. With an appearance of great indifference, he listened to the business reports and gossip of Greeley, who informed him that Indians from different tribes had come in but had brought but little gold. To assure himself of the progress made by the Indians in forming a union among themselves, he called those present around him in front of his store, and passed the friendly pipe. After the usual silence and delay. Savage said: “I know that all about me are my friends, and as a friend to all, I wish to have a talk with you before I go back to my home on the Mariposa, from which I have been a long distance away, but where I could not stop until I had warned you.
“I know that some of the Indians do not wish to be friends with the white men, and that they are trying to unite the different tribes for the purpose of a war. It is better for the Indians and white men to be friends. If the Indians make war on the white men, every tribe will be exterminated56; not one will be left. I have just been where the white men are more numerous than the wasps57 and ants; and if war is made and the Americans are aroused to anger, every Indian engaged in the war will be killed before the whites will be satisfied.” In a firm and impressive manner Savage laid before them the damaging effects of a war, and the advantages to all of a continued peaceful intercourse58. His knowledge of Indian language was sufficient to make his remarks clearly understood, and they were apparently well received.
Not supposing that Jose would attempt there to advocate 4b any of his schemes, the trader remarked, as he finished his speech: “A chief who has returned with me from the place where the white men are so numerous, can tell that what I have said is true—Jose Juarez—you all know, and will believe him when he tells you the white men are more powerful than the Indians.”
The cunning chief with much dignity, deliberately59 stepped forward, with more assurance than he had shown since the belligerent60 occurrence at the bay, and spoke61 with more energy than Savage had anticipated. He commenced by saying: “Our brother has told his Indian relatives much that is truth; we have seen many people; the white men are very numerous; but the white men we saw on our visit are of many tribes; they are not like the tribe that dig gold in the mountains.” He then gave an absurd description of what he had seen while below, and said: “Those white tribes will not come to the mountains. They will not help the gold diggers if the Indians make war against them. If the gold diggers go to the white tribes in the big village they give their gold for strong water and games; when they have no more gold the white tribes drive the gold-diggers back to the mountains with clubs. They strike them down (referring to the police), as your white relative struck me while I was with him.” (His vindictive62 glance assured Savage that the blow was not forgotten or forgiven.) “The white tribes will not go to war with the Indians in the mountains. They cannot bring their big ships and big guns to us; we have no cause to fear them. They will not injure us.”
To Savage’s extreme surprise, he then boldly advocated an immediate63 war upon the whites, assuring his listeners that, as all the territory belonged to the Indians, if the tribes would unite the whole tribe of gold-diggers could be easily driven from their country; but, if the gold-diggers should stay longer, their numbers will be too great to make 5a war upon, and the Indians would finally be destroyed. In his speech Jose evinced a keenness of observation inconsistent with his apparent drunken stupidity. Savage had thought this stupidity sometimes assumed. He now felt assured that the chief had expected thereby64 to learn his plans. To the writer there seems to be nothing inconsistent with Indian craft, keenness of observation and love of revenge in Jose’s conduct, though he was frequently drunk while at “the bay.” While Jose was speaking other Indians had joined the circle around him. Their expressions of approval indicated the effects of his speech. During this time Savage had been seated on a log in front of the store, a quiet listener. When Jose concluded, the trader arose, and stepping forward, calmly addressed the relatives of his wives and the Indians in whom he still felt confidence. The earnest and positive speech of the cunning chief had greatly surprised him; he was somewhat discouraged at the approval with which it had been received; but with great self-possession, he replied, “I have listened very attentively65 to what the chief, who went with me as my friend, has been saying to you. I have heard all he has said. He has told you of many things that he saw. He has told you some truth. He has told of many things which he knows nothing about. He has told you of things he saw in his dreams, while “strong water” made him sleep. The white men we saw there are all of the same tribe as the gold-diggers here among the mountains. He has told you he saw white men that were pale, and had tall hats on their heads, with clothing different from the gold-diggers. This was truth, but they are all brothers, all of one tribe. All can wear the clothing of the gold-diggers; all can climb the mountains, and if war is made on the gold-diggers, the white men will come and fight against the Indians. Their numbers will be so great, that every tribe will be destroyed that joins in a war against them.” 5
Jose observing the effects of these statements, excitedly interrupted Savage by entering the circle, exclaiming: “He is telling you words that are not true. His tongue is forked and crooked66. He is telling lies to his Indian relatives. This trader is not a friend to the Indians. He is not our brother. He will help the white gold-diggers to drive the Indians from their country. We can now drive them from among us, and if the other white tribes should come to their help, we will go to the mountains; if they follow after us, they cannot find us; none of them will come back; we will kill them with arrows and with rocks.” While Jose was thus vociferously67 haranguing68, other Indians came into the grounds, and the crisis was approaching. As Jose Juarez ended his speech, Jose Rey, another influential69 chief and prominent leader, walked proudly into the now enlarged circle, followed by his suite70 of treacherous Chow-chillas, among whom were Tom-Kit and Frederico. He keenly glanced about him, and assuming a grandly tragic71 style, at once commenced a speech by saying: “My people are now ready to begin a war against the white gold-diggers. If all the tribes will be as one tribe, and join with us, we will drive all the white men from our mountains. If all the tribes will go together, the white men will run from us, and leave their property behind them. The tribes who join in with my people will be the first to secure the property of the gold-diggers.”
The dignity and eloquent72 style of Jose Rey controlled the attention of the Indians. This appeal to their cupidity73 interested them; a common desire for plunder would be the strongest inducement to unite against the whites.
Savage was now fully aware that he had been defeated at this impromptu74 council he had himself organized, and at once withdrew to prepare for the hostilities he was sure would soon follow. As soon as the Indians dispersed75, he 6 started with his squaws for home, and again gave the settlers warning of what was threatened and would soon be attempted.
These occurrences were narrated76 to me by Savage. The incidents of the council at the Fresno Station were given during the familiar conversations of our intimate acquaintanceship. The Indian speeches here quoted are like all others of their kind, really but poor imitations. The Indian is very figurative in his language. If a literal translation were attempted his speeches would seem so disjointed and inverted77 in their methods of expression, that their signification could scarcely be understood; hence only the substance is here given.
The reports from Savage were considered by the miners and settlers as absurd. It was generally known that mountain men of Savage’s class were inclined to adopt the vagaries78 and superstitions79 of the Indians with whom they were associated; and therefore but little attention was given to the trader’s warnings. It was believed that he had listened to the blatant80 palaver81 of a few vagabond “Digger Indians,” and that the threatened hostilities were only a quarrel between Savage and his Indian miners, or with some of his Indian associates. Cassady, a rival trader, especially scoffed82 at the idea of danger, and took no precautions to guard himself or establishment. The settlers of Indian Gulch83 and Quartzberg were, however, soon after startled by a report brought by one of Savage’s men called “Long-haired Brown,” that the traders’ store on the Fresno had been robbed, and all connected with it killed except himself. Brown had been warned by an Indian he had favored, known as Polonio-Arosa, but notwithstanding this aid, he had to take the chances of a vigorous pursuit.
Brown was a large man of great strength and activity, and as he said, had dodged84 their arrows and distanced his 6b pursuers in the race. Close upon the heels of this report, came a rumor from the miners’ camp on Mariposa creek, that Savage’s establishment at that place had also been plundered85 and burned, and all connected with it killed. This report was soon after corrected by the appearance of the trader at Quartzberg. Savage was highly offended at the indifference with which his cautions had been received at Mariposa, and by the county authorities, then located at Agua-Fria. He stated that his wives had assured him that a raid was about to be made on his establishment, and warned him of the danger of a surprise. He had at once sought aid from personal friends at Horse Shoe Bend—where he had once traded—to remove or protect his property. While he was absent, Greeley, Stiffner and Kennedy had been killed, his property plundered and burned, and his wives carried off by their own people. These squaws had been importuned86 to leave the trader, but had been faithful to his interests. The excitement of these occurrences had not subsided before news came of the murder of Cassady and four men near the San Joaquin. Another murderous assault was soon after reported by an immigrant who arrived at Cassady’s Bar, on the upper crossing of the San Joaquin. His shattered arm and panting horse excited the sympathies of the settlers, and aroused the whole community. The wounded man was provided for, and a party at once started for the “Four Creeks,” where he had left his comrades fighting the Indians.
The arm of the wounded man was amputated by Dr. Lewis Leach87, of St. Louis, Mo., an immigrant who had but just come in over the same route. The name of the wounded man was Frank W. Boden. He stated that his party—four men, I believe, besides himself—had halted at the “Four Creeks” to rest and graze their horses, and while there a band of Indians (Ka-we-ahs) came down from their village 7a and demanded tribute for crossing their territory. Looking upon the demand as a new form of Indian beggary, but little attention was paid to them. After considerable bantering88 talk, some tobacco was given them, and they went off grumbling89 and threatening. Boden said: “After the Indians left we talked over the matter for a while; none regarded the demand of the ‘Indian tax-gatherers’ but as a trivial affair. I then mounted my horse and rode off in the direction in which we had seen some antelopes90 as we came on. I had not gone far before I heard firing in the direction of our halting-place.
“Riding back, I saw the house near which I had left my comrades was surrounded by yelling demons91. I was discovered by them at the same instant, and some of them dashed toward me. Seeing no possibility of joining my party, I turned and struck my horse with the spurs, but before I could get beyond range of their arrows, I felt a benumbing sensation in my arm, which dropped powerless. Seeing that my arm was shattered or broken, I thought I would give them one shot at least before I fell into their hands. Checking my horse with some difficulty, I turned so as to rest my rifle across my broken arm, and took sight on the nearest of my pursuers, who halted at the same time.”
At this point in his story the hardy adventurer remarked with a twinkle of satisfaction in his bright, keen eye: “I never took better aim in my life. That Indian died suddenly. Another dash was made for me. My horse did not now need the spurs, he seemed to be aware that we must leave that locality as soon as possible, and speedily distanced them all. As soon as the first excitement was over I suffered excruciating pain in my arm. My rifle being useless to me, I broke it against a tree and threw it away. I then took the bridle92 rein93 in my teeth and carried the broken arm in my other hand.” 7
The party that went out to the place of attack—Dr. Thomas Payn’s, now Visalia, named for Nat. Vice94, an acquaintance of the writer—found there the mangled95 bodies of Boden’s four companions. One of these, it was shown by unmistakable evidence, had been skinned by the merciless fiends while yet alive.
These men had doubtless made a stout96 resistance. Like brave men they had fought for their lives, and caused, no doubt, a heavy loss to their assailants. This, with their refusal to comply with the demand for tribute, was the motive97 for such wolfish barbarity.
It now became necessary that some prompt action should be taken for general protection. Rumors of other depredations and murders alarmed the inhabitants of Mariposa county. Authentic98 statements of these events were at once forwarded to Governor John McDougall, by the sheriff and other officials, and citizens, urging the immediate adoption99 of some measures on the part of the State for the defense100 of the people. Raids upon the miners’ camps and the “Ranch” of the settlers had become so frequent that on its being rumored101 that the Indians were concentrating for more extensive operations, a party, without waiting for any official authority, collected and started out to check the ravages102 of the marauders that were found gathering among the foothills. With but limited supplies, and almost without organization, this party made a rapid and toilsome march among the densely103 wooded mountains in pursuit of the savages, who, upon report of our movements, were now retreating. This party came up with the Indians at a point high up on the Fresno. In the skirmish which followed a Lt. Skeane was killed, William Little was seriously wounded and some others slightly injured.
This engagement, which occurred on January 11th, 1851, was not a very satisfactory one to the whites. The necessity of a more efficient organization was shown. 8 The Indians had here taken all the advantages of position and successfully repulsed the attack of the whites, who withdrew, and allowed the former to continue their course.
Some of the party returned to the settlements for supplies and reinforcements, taking with them the wounded.
Those who remained, reorganized, and leisurely105 followed the Indians to near the North Fork of the San Joaquin river, where they had encamped on a round rugged106 mountain covered with a dense104 undergrowth—oaks and digger pine. Here, protected by the sheltering rocks and trees, they defiantly107 taunted108 the whites with cowardice109 and their late defeat. They boasted of their robberies and murders, and called upon Savage to come out where he could be killed. In every possible manner they expressed their contempt. Savage—who had joined the expedition—became very much exasperated110, and at first favored an immediate assault, but wiser counsels prevailed, and by Captain Boling’s prudent111 advice, Savage kept himself in reserve, knowing that he would be an especial mark, and as Boling had said, his knowledge of the Indians and their territory could not very well be dispensed112 with. This course did not please all, and, as might have been expected, then and afterwards disparaging113 remarks were made.
The leaders in exciting hostilities against the whites were Jose Juarez and Jose Rey. The bands collected on this mountain were under the leadership of Jose Rey, who was also known by his English name of “King Joseph.” The tribes represented were the Chow-chilla, Chook-chan-cie, Noot-chu, Ho-nah-chee, Po-to-en-cie, Po-ho-no-chee, Kah-we-ah and Yosemite. The number of fighting men or warriors114 was estimated at about 500, while that of the whites did not exceed 100.
It was late in the day when the Indians were discovered. A general council was held, and it was decided115 that no attack 8b should be made until their position could be studied, and the probable number to be encountered, ascertained116. Captain Kuy-ken-dall, Lieutenants117 Doss and Chandler, and others, volunteered to make a reconnoissance before night should interfere118 with their purpose.
The scouting119 party was not noticed until on its return, when it was followed back to camp by the Indians, where during nearly the whole night their derisive120 shouts and menaces in broken Spanish and native American, made incessant121 vigilance of the whole camp a necessity. A council was again called to agree on the plan to be adopted. This council of war was general; official position was disregarded except to carry out the decisions of the party or command. The scouts122 had discovered that this rendezvous123 was an old Indian village as well as stronghold.
The plan was that an attack should be undertaken at daylight, and that an effort should be made to set fire to the village, preliminary to the general assault. This plan was strongly advocated by the more experienced ones who had seen service in Mexico and in Indian warfare124.
Kuy-ken-dall, Doss and Chandler, “as brave men as ever grew,” seemed to vie with each other for the leadership, and at starting Kuy-ken-dall seemed to be in command, but when the assault was made, Chandler’s elan carried him ahead of all, and he thus became the leader indeed.
But thirty-six men were detached for the preliminary service. Everything being arranged the attacking party started before daylight. The Indians had but a little while before ceased their annoyances125 around the camp. The reserve under Savage and Boling were to follow more leisurely. Kuy-ken-dall’s command reached the Indian camp without being discovered. Without the least delay the men dashed in and with brands from the camp fires, set the wigwams burning, and at the same time madly attacked 9a the now alarmed camp. The light combustible126 materials of which the wigwams were composed were soon in a bright blaze. So rapid and so sudden were the charges made, that the panic-stricken warriors at once fled from their stronghold. Jose Rey was among the first shot down. The Indians made a rally to recover their leader; Chandler observing them, shouted “Charge, boys! Charge!!” Discharging another volley, the men rushed forward.
The savages turned and fled down the mountain, answering back the shout of Chandler to charge by replying, “Chargee!” “Chargee!” as they disappeared.
The whole camp was routed, and sought safety among the rocks and brush, and by flight.
This was an unexpected result. The whole transaction had been so quickly and recklessly done that the reserve under Boling and Savage had no opportunity to participate in the assault, and but imperfectly witnessed the scattering127 of the terrified warriors. Kuy-ken-dall, especially, displayed a coolness and valor128 entitling him to command, though outrun by Chandler in the assault. The fire from the burning village spread so rapidly down the mountain side toward our camp as to endanger its safety. While the whites were saving their camp supplies, the Indians under cover of the smoke escaped. No prisoners were taken; twenty-three were killed; the number wounded was never known. Of the settlers, but one was really wounded, though several were scorched129 and bruised130 in the fight. None were killed. The scattering flight of the Indians made a further pursuit uncertain. The supplies were too limited for an extended chase; and as none had reached the little army from those who had returned, and time would be lost in waiting, it was decided to return to the settlements before taking any other active measures. The return was accomplished131 without interruption.
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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wrangling
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| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的现在分词 ) | |
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conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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7
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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29
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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30
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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33
prospecting
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| n.探矿 | |
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34
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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35
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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36
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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37
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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38
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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39
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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40
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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41
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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42
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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43
futility
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| n.无用 | |
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44
deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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45
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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46
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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47
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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48
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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49
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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50
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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51
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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52
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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53
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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54
scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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55
memoranda
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| n. 备忘录, 便条 名词memorandum的复数形式 | |
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56
exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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57
wasps
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| 黄蜂( wasp的名词复数 )； 胡蜂； 易动怒的人； 刻毒的人 | |
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58
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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59
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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60
belligerent
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| adj.好战的，挑起战争的；n.交战国，交战者 | |
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61
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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62
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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63
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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64
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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65
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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66
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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67
vociferously
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| adv.喊叫地，吵闹地 | |
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68
haranguing
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| v.高谈阔论( harangue的现在分词 ) | |
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69
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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70
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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71
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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72
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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73
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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74
impromptu
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| adj.即席的，即兴的；adv.即兴的(地)，无准备的(地) | |
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75
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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76
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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79
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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80
blatant
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| adj.厚颜无耻的；显眼的；炫耀的 | |
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81
palaver
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| adj.壮丽堂皇的；n.废话，空话 | |
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82
scoffed
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| 嘲笑，嘲弄( scoff的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
gulch
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| n.深谷，峡谷 | |
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84
dodged
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| v.闪躲( dodge的过去式和过去分词 )；回避 | |
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85
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
importuned
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| v.纠缠，向（某人）不断要求( importune的过去式和过去分词 )；（妓女）拉（客） | |
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87
leach
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| v.分离，过滤掉；n.过滤；过滤器 | |
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88
bantering
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| adj.嘲弄的v.开玩笑，说笑，逗乐( banter的现在分词 )；（善意地）取笑，逗弄 | |
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89
grumbling
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| adj. 喃喃鸣不平的, 出怨言的 | |
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90
antelopes
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| 羚羊( antelope的名词复数 )； 羚羊皮革 | |
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91
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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92
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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93
rein
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| n.疆绳，统治，支配；vt.以僵绳控制，统治 | |
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94
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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95
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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97
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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98
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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99
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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100
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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101
rumored
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| adj.传说的，谣传的v.传闻( rumor的过去式和过去分词 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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102
ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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103
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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104
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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105
leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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106
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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107
defiantly
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| adv.挑战地，大胆对抗地 | |
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108
taunted
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| 嘲讽( taunt的过去式和过去分词 )； 嘲弄； 辱骂； 奚落 | |
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109
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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110
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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111
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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112
dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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113
disparaging
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| adj.轻蔑的，毁谤的v.轻视( disparage的现在分词 )；贬低；批评；非难 | |
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114
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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115
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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116
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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118
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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119
scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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120
derisive
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| adj.嘲弄的 | |
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121
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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122
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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123
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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124
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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125
annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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126
combustible
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| a. 易燃的,可燃的; n. 易燃物,可燃物 | |
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127
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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128
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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129
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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130
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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131
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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