The creative force at work in this instance found its outlet6 through a dinner. Of the ready-made cities which had competed for the honor of housing the{2} Government, New York and Philadelphia were regarded by the Southern members of Congress as too far north both geographically7 and in sentiment, while the Northern members were equally unwilling8 to go far south in view of the difficulties of travel. Another sectional controversy9 broke out over the question whether the Federal Government, since it owed its birth to the War for Independence, were not in honor bound to assume the debts incurred11 by the several States in prosecuting12 that war. The North, as the more serious sufferer, demanded that it should, but the South insisted that every State should bear its own burden. In the midst of the discussion, Thomas Jefferson, who happened to be in a position to act as mediator13, invited a few leaders of both factions14 to meet at his table; there, under the influence of savory15 viands16 and a bottle of port apiece, they arranged a compromise, whereby the Southern members were to vote for the assumption of the debts, in exchange for Northern votes for a southern site. The program went through Congress by a small majority, and the site chosen was a tract17 about ten miles square on both banks of the Potomac River, the land on the upper shore being ceded18 by Maryland and that on the lower by Virginia. The Virginia part was given back in 1846.
As far as we know, the first map of this region was{3} drawn19 by Captain John Smith of Pocahontas fame and published in 1620 in his “Sixth Voyage to that Part of Virginia now Planted by English Colonies, whom God increase and preserve”; and the picturesque20 river which runs through it was described by him as the “Patawomeke, navigable 140 myles, and fed with many sweet rivers and springs which fall from the bordering hils. The river exceedth with aboundance of fish.”
When the Commissioners21 appointed by President Washington took it over as a federal district, they changed its Indian name, Connogochegue, to the Territory of Columbia; and the city which they laid out in it was by universal acclaim22 called Washington, regardless of the modest protests of the statesman thus honored. Georgetown, which is now a part of Washington, was then a pretty, well-to-do, little Maryland town about a hundred years old, and Alexandria, Virginia, included in the southern end of the District as then bounded, was a shipping23 port of some consequence. All the rest of the tract was forest and farm land. The President felt a lively personal interest in the whole neighborhood. His estate, Mount Vernon, lay only a short boat-ride down the Potomac; and he had been instrumental in starting a project for the canal now known as the Chesapeake and Ohio,{4} connecting Georgetown with a bit of farming country west of it, and had planned one from Alexandria which should form part of the same system. During his activities on the Maryland side of the river, he made his headquarters in a little stone house in Georgetown which is still standing24.
It took time and diplomacy25 to induce some of the local landholders to part with their acres to the Commissioners. There is an old story, good enough to be true, of one David Burns, a canny26 Scot, who held out so long that President Washington personally undertook his conversion27. After pointing out to the farmer what advantages he would reap from having the Government for a neighbor, the great man concluded:
“But for this opportunity, Mr. Burns, you might have died a poor tobacco-planter.”
“Aye, mon,” snapped Burns, “an’ had ye no married the widder Custis, wi’ all her nagurs, ye’d ha’ been a land surveyor the noo, an’ a mighty28 poor ane at that!”
However, when he learned that, unless he accepted the liberal terms offered him, his land would be condemned29 and seized at an appraisal30 probably much lower, Burns met the President in quite another mood, and to the final question, “Well, sir, what have you concluded to do?” astonished every one by his prompt{5} response: “Whate’er your excellency wad ha’ me.” On one of his fields now stands the White House, and an adjacent lot became Lafayette Square. By the sale of property adjoining that which the Government bought, he amassed31 what for those days was an enormous fortune. It is within our generation that his cottage was torn down for the improvement of the neighborhood from which we enter Potomac Park. Although a poor building in its old age, in its prime it had sheltered many eminent32 men. Among them was Tom Moore, the Irish poet, who was under its roof when he wrote his diatribe33 against—
“This fam’d metropolis34 where Fancy sees
Squares in morasses36, obelisks37 in trees;
Which second-sighted seers, ev’n now, adorn38
With shrines39 unbuilt and heroes yet unborn.”
Little as we may relish40 such satire41, we are bound to admit its modicum42 of truthfulness43, for the brave souls who founded Washington were given to the grandiloquent44 habit of their day. They had called to their aid Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant, a French military engineer who had served in the patriot45 army of the Revolution, and who cherished brilliant dreams of the future of his adopted country. To him they had committed the preparation of a plan for the federal city, and he had laid it out on the lines, not of an{6} administrative46 center for a handful of newly enfranchised47 colonies, but of a capital for a republic of fifty States with five hundred million population. As he had lived in Versailles, he is supposed to have taken that town as a general model in his arrangement of streets and avenues, which some one has likened to “a wheel laid on a gridiron.”
Of course, it was the business of the Commissioners to advertise the attractions of the federal city as effectively as possible, to promote its early settlement; so perhaps we may forgive their taking a good deal for granted, and permitting real estate speculation48 to go practically unchecked. Congress for several years ignored their appeals for an appropriation49 for the development of the city, and in the interval50 their chief dependence10 for the funds necessary to spend for highways and buildings was on the sale of lots, and on grants or loans obtained from neighboring States. The most sightly hill was set apart for the Capitol, and a beautiful bit of rising ground, overlooking a bend in the river, for the President’s House. The two buildings had their corner-stones laid with much ceremony, but progress on them was slow. Nevertheless, their sites, as well as the spaces reserved in L’Enfant’s plan for parks, fountains, and statuary, were always treated by the speculators, in correspondence with prospective{7} customers, as if the improvements designed eventually to crown them were already installed. The outside public manifested no undue52 eagerness to buy, and the auction53 sales of lots proved very disappointing. Then a lottery54 was organized, with tickets at seven dollars apiece, and for a first prize “a superb hotel” with baths and other comforts, worth fifty thousand dollars; but that, too, fell short of expectations, all the desirable prizes going to persons who felt no concern for the city’s future, and the hotel, though started, never being finished. It was a pretty discouraging prospect51, therefore, which confronted the officers of the Government when, on May 16, 1800, President John Adams issued his order for their removal from their cozy55 quarters in old Philadelphia to what seemed to them, by contrast, like a camp in the wilderness56.
The six Cabinet members, with their one hundred and thirty-two subordinates, made the journey overland at various dates during the summer, and in October the archives followed. These filled about a dozen large boxes, which, with the office furniture, were brought down by sea in a packet-boat and landed on a wharf57 at the mouth of Tiber Creek58, a tributary59 of the Potomac which then ran through the city but was later converted into a sewer60. All Washington, numbering perhaps three thousand persons, turned out{8} to greet the vessel61; and amid cheers, ringing of bells, and blasts from an antique cannon62 brought forth63 for the occasion, its precious contents were carried ashore64. “The Department buildings” to which they were consigned65 were a wonderful assortment66. The Treasury67 was a two-story brick house at the southeast corner of the President’s grounds, the War Office a still unfinished replica68 of it at the southwest corner. The Post-office Department found shelter in a private house in which only half the floors were laid and four rooms plastered; while the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Attorney-general had to direct their affairs from their lodgings69. All these temporary accommodations were sought as near as possible to the President’s House. Congress had striven, for its greater ease of access, to have the Departments quartered near the Capitol; but Washington had set his face resolutely70 against every such proposal, citing the experience of his own secretaries, who had been so pestered71 with needless visits from Senators and Representatives that some of them “had been obliged to go home and deny themselves, in order to transact72 current business.” Which shows that one modern nuisance has a fairly ancient precedent73.
Members of both houses of Congress came straggling in all through the first three weeks of November, to{9}
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General Washington’s Office in Georgetown
find most of the best rooms in the two or three hotels and the little cluster of boarding-houses already occupied by the executive functionaries74 and their families. President Adams, who had preceded them by a few weeks, was not much better off even in the official abode75 reserved for him, if we may call his wife as a witness.
“The house is on a grand and superb scale,” she wrote to her daughter, “requiring about thirty servants to attend and keep the apartments in proper order, and perform the ordinary business of the house and stables. The lighting76 the apartments, from the kitchen to the parlor77 and chambers78, is a tax indeed; and the fires we are obliged to keep, to secure us from daily agues, is another very cheering comfort. Bells are wholly wanting, not one single one being hung through the whole house, and promises are all you can obtain. I could content myself almost anywhere three months; but surrounded by forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and cart it! There is not a single apartment finished. We have not the least fence or yard, or other convenience without; and the great unfinished audience-room I make a drying-room of, to hang up the clothes in. The principal stairs are not up, and will not be this winter. The ladies are impatient{10} for a drawing-room; I have no looking-glasses but dwarfs80 for this house, not a twentieth part lamps enough to light it.”
Mrs. Adams’s consolatory81 reflection that she would have to endure these conditions only three months, was probably shared by many of the thirty-two Senators and one hundred and five Representatives who, on the high hill to the east, shivered and shook and passed unflattering criticisms on everybody who had had a hand in the construction of the Capitol. Only the old north wing was in condition for use, and not all of that. The Senate met in what is now the Supreme82 Court chamber79; the House took its chances wherever there was room, ending its travels in an uncomfortable box of a hall commonly styled “the oven.” Most of the members had made some study of the L’Enfant chart before coming to Washington. One of them put into writing his impressions as he looked about and tried to identify the public improvements he had been led to expect. None of the streets was recognizable, he said, with the possible exception of a road having two buildings on each side of it, which was called New Jersey83 Avenue. The “magnificent Pennsylvania Avenue,” connecting the Capitol with the President’s House, was for nearly the entire distance a deep morass35 covered with wild bushes,{11} through which a passage had been hewn. The roads in every direction were muddy and unimproved. The only attempt at a sidewalk had been made with chips of stone left from building the Capitol, and this was little used because the sharp edges cut the walker’s shoes in dry weather, and in wet weather covered them with white mortar84. Another member declared that there was nothing in sight in Washington but scrub oak, and that, since there was “only one good tavern85 within a day’s march,” many members had to live in Georgetown and drive to and from the daily sessions of Congress in a rickety coach. And a particularly disgusted critic, not content with recording86 that “there are but few houses in any place, and most of them are small, miserable87 huts,” added: “The people are poor, and, as far as I can judge, live like fishes, by eating each other.”
Newspapers in all parts of the country echoed these depressing reports, accompanying them with demands that the Government move again, this time to some already well-populated and civilized88 region. Indeed, of several resolutions to that end introduced in Congress, one was actually carried to a vote and barely escaped passage. It may have been this accumulation of discouraging elements which caused the delay in the arrival of the Supreme Court from Philadelphia; or{12} it may have been the paucity89 of business before that tribunal, whose first Chief Justice, John Jay, had resigned his commission to become Governor of New York, because he had come to the conclusion that the Court could not command sufficient support in the country at large to enforce its decisions! Whatever the reason, the Justices did not find their way to Washington till well on in the winter, or open their work there till February. They were assigned the room in the basement of the Capitol now occupied by the Supreme Court library.
Even when the first acute discomforts90 incident to removal had passed away, the general depression was little relieved. Most of the earlier citizens of Washington had entertained hopes of its becoming a commercial as well as a political center of importance. They reasoned that since Alexandria and Georgetown had already built up some trade with the outside world, Washington, much more eligibly91 situated92 than either, ought to attract a correspondingly larger measure of profitable business. But all these bright anticipations93 were doomed94 to disappointment: the progress of the city was as inconsiderable as if its feet had become mired95 in one of its own marshes96. The Mall, which on L’Enfant’s map appeared as a boulevard fringed with fine public buildings, soon degenerated{13} into a common for pasturing cows. There was good fishing above the north side of Pennsylvania Avenue from Sixth Street to Thirteenth. Wild ducks found a favorite haunt where the Center Market now stands. The whole place wore an air of suspended vitality97 in striking contrast with the generous face of nature. “I am,” wrote a visiting New Yorker to his wife, “almost enchanted98 with it—I mean the situation for a city, for there is nothing here yet constituting one. As to houses, there are very few, and those very scattering99; and as to streets, there are none, except you would call common roads streets. The site, however, for a city, is the most delightful100 that can be imagined—far beyond my expectation.”
“I took a hack101 after dinner to visit Nath’l Maxwell, and although he lives near the center of the great city, yet such was the state of the roads that I considered my life in danger. The distance on straight lines does not exceed half a mile, but I had to ride up and down very steep hills, with frightful102 gullies on almost every side.” And the simplicity103 of life at the capital then is reflected in his statement that after finishing his letters one night he was afraid to go out to post them lest he lose his way in the dark, though he knew that the mail would close at five in the morning. “After I had got comfortably into bed,” he continued, “a watchman{14} came past my window bawling104 out, ‘Past one o’clock, and a very stormy night,’ on which I sprang out of bed and called to him to take my letters to the post-office, which he consented to do. I accordingly wrapped them in a sheet of paper to protect them from the wet, and threw them out of the chamber window to him.”
The declaration of war against Great Britain in June, 1812, for which the country at large held President Madison chiefly responsible, and which reduced considerably105 such measure of popularity as he still retained, did not produce much effect on the pulses of the stagnant106 city. The first hostilities107 occurred in the north and on the sea; and, although the enemy threatened Washington for more than a year, Madison and most of his advisers108 regarded an attack as highly improbable. When, however, it became known in 1814 that a large body of Wellington’s veterans were setting sail from England, under convoy109 of a powerful fleet, for the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, every one suddenly awoke to the impending110 peril111. It was then too late. Thanks to the misjudgment of General Armstrong, Secretary of War, or General Winder, who was in charge of military affairs in the District, midsummer found the enemy in Maryland, but the city still without an efficient defensive112 force, or ammunition113 or provisions{15} to equip one properly. Hurried efforts brought together a first line of thirty-one hundred men, all raw recruits except six hundred sailors and a couple of hundred soldiers. A second line, almost equal in number, was formed, mostly of militia114, and disposed for use as a home guard. At Bladensburg, Maryland, five miles north of Washington, the decisive battle occurred on the twenty-fourth of August, from which the seamen115 led by Captain Joshua Barney were the only contingent116 that emerged with extraordinary credit; but they did so well that a grateful community has not yet raised a monument to them or their leader. The battlefield was close enough to the old George Washington tavern, of which Mr. Hornby gives us an intimate glimpse, for the occupants to hear the rattle117 of musketry and see the cannon-smoke from the upper windows.
The outcome of the fight was that the British commanders, General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, with six thousand men, drove the Americans back and swept down upon the city, spreading ruin in their track. Ross had his horse killed under him by a shot from a private house he was passing and kept more in the background thereafter, but Cockburn was active in the work of devastation118. Tradition describes him as mounting the Speaker’s dais in the Hall of Representatives,{16} calling a burlesque119 session of Congress to order, and putting the question: “Shall this harbor of Yankee democracy be burned? All in favor will say, ‘Aye’!” There was a roar of “Ayes” from the men, who at once set going a mammoth120 bonfire of written records and volumes from the library of Congress, and soon the whole Capitol was wrapped in flames. Thence the party proceeded to the other public buildings, burning whatever was recognizable as the property of the Government. Their progress was nearly everywhere unopposed, the clerks in charge having gathered up such books and papers as they could carry away, and transported them to the most convenient hiding-places.
The first break in this program occurred at the Patent Office, which was under the superintendency of Doctor William Thornton, himself of English birth. A neighbor having warned him at his home that his office was in danger, he mounted his horse and galloped121 to the spot, where he arrived just in time to see a squad122 of soldiers training a field-piece upon the building. Leaping from the saddle and dramatically covering the muzzle123 of the gun with his body, he reminded the artillerists that the inventions they purposed destroying were monuments of human progress which belonged to the whole civilized world, and{17} denounced such vandalism as a disgrace to the British uniform. His boldness had its effect, and the Patent Office was spared. Another check came, in the form of an accident of poetic124 justice, at Greenleaf’s Point, the present site of the Army War College. This place had been used as an arsenal125 by the defenders126 of the city, who, before deserting it, had secreted127 all their surplus gunpowder128 in a dry well in the midst of the grounds. A body of British troops undertook to destroy the American cannon they found there by firing one gun directly into another, when a fragment of burning wadding was blown into the well, causing an explosion that killed twelve and wounded more than thirty of the party.
President Madison, who had been at Bladensburg personally superintending the placing of our troops, hastened southward when the rout129 began, and took refuge among the hills of northern Virginia. There he was presently joined by his wife, and both remained in seclusion130 till they received word that the British had marched away. This message was preceded by the news that the President’s House had been burned, with all its contents except a few portable articles which could be gathered and put out of harm’s reach at an hour’s notice. The property destroyed with absolute wantonness in various parts of the city{18} aggregated131 in value between two and three million dollars—a heavy loss for a government which was just managing to stagger along with its legitimate132 burdens, and in a capital that could barely be kept from collapse133 under the most favoring conditions. It is not wonderful that the British press was almost a unit in condemning134 Cockburn’s vandalism, the London Statesman saying: “Willingly would we throw a veil of oblivion over the transactions at Washington; the Cossacks spared Paris, but we spared not the capital of America!” And the Annual Register: “The extent of the devastation practised by the victors brought a heavy censure135 upon the British character, not only in America, but on the Continent of Europe.” The restoration of the President’s House alone, including the repainting of its outside surface to remove the scars of the fire, consumed four years, in the course of which President Madison made way for his successor, Monroe, and the building had fastened to it, from its freshened color, the title it has worn in popular speech from that day to this.
It was a sorry-looking Washington to which the Madisons came back. Blackened ruins were everywhere; placards posted here and there denounced the President as the author of the city’s misfortunes; mournful streams of women, children, old men, and{19}
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George Washington Tavern, Bladensburg
shamefaced stragglers from the defensive force, trickled136 in from the woods in the suburban137 country where they had been hiding since the battle; the streets were strewn with the wreckage138 of a cyclone139 which had swept the valley almost simultaneously140 with the hostile troops, unroofing houses, uprooting141 trees, demolishing142 chimneys, and generally supplementing the disasters of warfare143. Indeed, almost the only potentiality of evil that had not come to pass was an uprising of the slaves, which had been widely feared, as some of the restless spirits among them had been overheard counseling their fellows to join the British in looting the city and then make a break for freedom. The Madisons, after a brief visit with friends, rented the Octagon house at the corner of New York Avenue and Eighteenth Street, now the headquarters of the American Institute of Architects. It was here that President Madison signed the treaty of Ghent, binding144 Great Britain and the United States to a peace which has remained for a whole century unbroken. Here, too, Dolly Madison held her republican court, the most famous since Martha Washington’s in New York, and far eclipsing that in splendor145.
To provide a meeting-place for Congress till the Capitol could be occupied once more, a building which stood at the corner of F and Seventh Streets was made{20} over for the purpose. It proved so uncomfortable, however, as to revive with increased zest146 the discussion whether, in view of the spread of population through the newly opened West, it would not be wiser to remove the seat of government to some fairly accessible point in that part of the country. The agitation147 alarmed the more important property-owners in Washington, who, in order to head it off before it had gone too far, hastily organized a company to put up a temporary but better equipped substitute for the Capitol. They chose a site a few hundred yards to the eastward148 of the burned edifice149, and there built a long house which is still standing, though now divided into dwellings150. The stratagem151 accomplished152 its aim, and Congress stayed in its improvised153 domicile till 1819. This occupancy gave the building the title, “the Old Capitol,” that clings to it to-day in spite of the changes it has undergone in the interval.
Washington was early supplied with a good general newspaper in the National Intelligencer, and the social side of life presently found a weekly interpreter in The Huntress, edited by Mrs. Ann Royall, whose personality was so aggressive that John Quincy Adams described her as going about “like a virago-errant in enchanted armor.” She said so much, also, in disparagement154 of some of her neighbors, that she was{21} indicted155 by the grand jury as a common scold and threatened with a ducking in accordance with an old English law in force in the District. But the disseminators of information to whose coming the citizens looked forward more eagerly than to any printed sheet, were two men who made their rounds daily on horseback among the homes of the well-to-do. One was the postman, delivering the mails that came in by stage-coach from the outer world; the other was the barber, who, like an endless-chain letter, picked up the latest gossip at every house he visited, and left in exchange all the items he had picked up at previous stopping-places.
During the next generation Washington saw, it is safe to say, more of the ups and downs of fortune than any other American city. The reasons were manifold. For one thing, the larger part of its population consisted of persons whose permanent ties were elsewhere. As federal officeholders they were residents of Washington, but they retained their citizenship156 in the places from which they had been drawn. Under the Constitution, moreover, Congress exercised supreme authority in the District of Columbia, and every member of Congress had the interests of his home constituency more at heart than those of the people who were his neighbors for only a few months{22} at a time. Nevertheless, the population of the capital, which, when it rose from its ashes, numbered between eight and nine thousand, more than doubled within the next twenty years. Then came ten years of great uncertainty157, during which occurred the overwhelming business panic of 1837, that set awry158 nearly everything in America, and for this period the increase averaged only about five hundred souls annually159. But another twenty years of forward movement brought the total up to a little more than sixty thousand.
In the meantime many things had happened, calculated to attract public attention generally to Washington. President Monroe had proclaimed his famous doctrine160, warning Europe to keep its hands off this hemisphere. President Jackson had made his fight upon the United States Bank and won it, changing the whole financial outlook of the country. The Capitol had been enlarged, and several new Government buildings started; the Smithsonian Institution had begun to make its mark in the scientific world, and the Washington Monument had risen nearly two hundred feet into the air. The long-threatened war with Mexico had come and gone, adding a rich area to our public domain161. Steamships162 had crowded sailing vessels163 off the highways of commerce and become the main dependence of the Yankee navy. The Baltimore{23} and Ohio Railway, the first successful experiment in its field, had brought what we now call the Middle West, with its grain and minerals, to within a day’s journey of the capital, and this pioneer enterprise had been followed by the opening of other rail facilities. The Fugitive164 Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act had been passed, slavery had been abolished in the District of Columbia, the Underground Railroad had begun to haul its daily consignment165 of runaway166 negroes across the Canada border, the Supreme Court had rendered the Dred Scott decision, and John Brown had led his raid in the mountain country scarcely fifty miles from where the Court was sitting. Letter postage, anywhere east of the Mississippi River, had come down to a three-cent unit. The first telegraph message had been transmitted over a wire connecting Baltimore with Washington, and out of this small beginning had presently been developed a network of electric communication covering all our more thickly populated territory; while experimenters with a submarine line had effected an exchange of messages between England and the United States which proved the practicability of their enterprise. Last but not least, royalty167 had smiled upon us in the person of the Prince of Wales, who had passed some days as the guest of President Buchanan at the White House.{24}
Had Washington been situated elsewhere than on the border line between two sections, neither of which felt any pride in its success, or had it been governed by executives whose records were to be made or marred168 by the faithfulness with which they turned every opportunity to account for its welfare and reputation, we should probably have seen the capital beginning then its career as the model city of the new world. Instead, the dependence of its people, at every stage, on the favor of what was practically an alien governing body, bore natural fruit in a feeble community spirit.
By 1860 Washington had reached the middle of its Slough169 of Despond. Not a street was paved except for a patch here and there, and Pennsylvania Avenue was the only one lighted after nightfall. Pigs roamed through the less pretentious170 highways as freely as dogs. There was not a sewer anywhere, a shallow, uncovered stream carrying off the common refuse to the Potomac, which was held in its channel only by raw earthen bluffs171. Wells and springs furnished all the water, and the police and fire departments were those of a village. The open squares, intended for beauty spots, were densely172 overgrown with weeds. Except for an omnibus line to Georgetown, not a public conveyance173 was running. Such permanent Department buildings as had been started, though ambitious{25} in design and suggesting by their outlines a desire for something better than had yet been accomplished, had not reached a habitable state. The Capitol was in disorder174, and still overrun with workmen who had been employed in constructing the new wings and were preparing to raise the dome175; the White House had scarcely a fitter look, with its environment of stables and shambling fences and its unkempt grounds.
Nor was there any prospect of speedy improvement in municipal conditions. Every considerable stride in that direction would mean largely increased taxation176, and the bulk of the taxable property had drifted into the hands of unprogressive whites and ignorant negroes, who were equally unwilling to pay the price. Upon this seemingly hopeless chaos177 descended178 the cloud of civil war.
It was a black cloud, but it had a sunlit lining179.
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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geographically
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| adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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savory
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| adj.风味极佳的，可口的，味香的 | |
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viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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ceded
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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acclaim
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| v.向…欢呼，公认；n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞 | |
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23
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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24
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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25
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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26
canny
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| adj.谨慎的，节俭的 | |
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27
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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28
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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29
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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30
appraisal
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| n.对…作出的评价；评价，鉴定，评估 | |
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31
amassed
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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32
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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33
diatribe
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| n.抨击，抨击性演说 | |
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34
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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35
morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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36
morasses
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| n.缠作一团( morass的名词复数 )；困境；沼泽；陷阱 | |
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37
obelisks
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| n.方尖石塔，短剑号，疑问记号( obelisk的名词复数 ) | |
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38
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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39
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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40
relish
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|
| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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41
satire
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|
| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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42
modicum
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| n.少量，一小份 | |
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43
truthfulness
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|
| n. 符合实际 | |
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44
grandiloquent
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| adj.夸张的 | |
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45
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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46
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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47
enfranchised
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|
| v.给予选举权( enfranchise的过去式和过去分词 )；（从奴隶制中）解放 | |
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48
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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49
appropriation
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| n.拨款，批准支出 | |
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50
interval
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|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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51
prospect
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|
| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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52
undue
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|
| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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53
auction
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|
| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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54
lottery
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|
| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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55
cozy
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|
| adj.亲如手足的，密切的，暖和舒服的 | |
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56
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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57
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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58
creek
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|
| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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59
tributary
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|
| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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60
sewer
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| n.排水沟，下水道 | |
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61
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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62
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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63
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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64
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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65
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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66
assortment
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| n.分类，各色俱备之物，聚集 | |
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67
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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68
replica
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| n.复制品 | |
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69
lodgings
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|
| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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70
resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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71
pestered
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| 使烦恼，纠缠( pester的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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72
transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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73
precedent
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|
| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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74
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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75
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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76
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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77
parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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78
chambers
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|
| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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79
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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80
dwarfs
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|
| n.侏儒，矮子（dwarf的复数形式）vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的第三人称单数形式） | |
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81
consolatory
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|
| adj.慰问的，可藉慰的 | |
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82
supreme
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|
| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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83
jersey
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|
| n.运动衫 | |
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84
mortar
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|
| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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85
tavern
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|
| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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86
recording
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|
| n.录音，记录 | |
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87
miserable
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|
| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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88
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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89
paucity
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|
| n.小量，缺乏 | |
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90
discomforts
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|
| n.不舒适( discomfort的名词复数 )；不愉快，苦恼 | |
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91
eligibly
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| 适当地 | |
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92
situated
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|
| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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93
anticipations
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|
| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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94
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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95
mired
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|
| abbr.microreciprocal degree 迈尔德（色温单位）v.深陷( mire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
marshes
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|
| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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97
vitality
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|
| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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98
enchanted
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|
| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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99
scattering
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|
| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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100
delightful
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|
| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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101
hack
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|
| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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102
frightful
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|
| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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103
simplicity
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|
| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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104
bawling
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|
| v.大叫，大喊( bawl的现在分词 )；放声大哭；大声叫出；叫卖（货物） | |
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105
considerably
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|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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106
stagnant
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|
| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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107
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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108
advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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109
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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110
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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111
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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112
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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113
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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114
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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115
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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116
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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117
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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118
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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119
burlesque
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| v.嘲弄，戏仿；n.嘲弄，取笑，滑稽模仿 | |
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120
mammoth
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| n.长毛象；adj.长毛象似的，巨大的 | |
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121
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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122
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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123
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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124
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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125
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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126
defenders
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|
| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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127
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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128
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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129
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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130
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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131
aggregated
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| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
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132
legitimate
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|
| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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133
collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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134
condemning
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|
| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的现在分词 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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135
censure
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|
| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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136
trickled
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|
| v.滴( trickle的过去式和过去分词 )；淌；使)慢慢走；缓慢移动 | |
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137
suburban
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|
| adj.城郊的，在郊区的 | |
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138
wreckage
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| n.（失事飞机等的）残骸，破坏，毁坏 | |
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139
cyclone
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| n.旋风，龙卷风 | |
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140
simultaneously
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|
| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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141
uprooting
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|
| n.倒根，挖除伐根v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的现在分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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142
demolishing
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|
| v.摧毁( demolish的现在分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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143
warfare
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|
| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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144
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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145
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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146
zest
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| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
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147
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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148
eastward
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|
| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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149
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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150
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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151
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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153
improvised
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| a.即席而作的,即兴的 | |
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disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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indicted
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| 控告，起诉( indict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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citizenship
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| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
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157
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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awry
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| adj.扭曲的，错的 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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161
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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steamships
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| n.汽船，大轮船( steamship的名词复数 ) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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consignment
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| n.寄售；发货；委托；交运货物 | |
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runaway
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| n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的 | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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marred
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| adj. 被损毁, 污损的 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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pretentious
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| adj.自命不凡的，自负的，炫耀的 | |
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171
bluffs
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| 恐吓( bluff的名词复数 )； 悬崖； 峭壁 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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173
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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174
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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176
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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178
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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