Mrs. Monroe and her daughters made it an absolute rule to pay no visits; so calls made on them, no matter by whom, went unreturned. Their dislike of the underbred caused them to take no part in the preparations for the general levees, which were thronged6 with anybody and everybody; but their invitation list for select receptions was cut down mercilessly, and the reduced company were treated to supper, an innovation on recent practices. At all such entertainments Mrs. Monroe was so exacting7 in her demands as to dress that when one of her near relatives presented himself in an informal costume which he had worn without criticism at the best of the Jefferson and Madison functions, she refused him admittance till he should don the regulation small-clothes and silk hose.
The Monroes renamed the east room “the banqueting hall” and had their state dinners there, partly because of its spaciousness8, and partly because the dining-room had been so badly damaged in the fire that it took a long time to rehabilitate10. The table appointments included a central oval “plateau” twelve feet long by two feet wide, composed of a mirror{149} “surrounded by gold females holding candlesticks.” The china was highly gilt11, and the dessert knives, forks, and spoons were of beaten gold. All the plate was the private property of the family and bore the initials “J. M.”; much of it was afterward12 purchased by the Government and made a part of the official furnishing of the White House, where it remained in use down to Van Buren’s day.
A New York Representative went with some friends to dine with the Monroes. Arriving at half-past five, his party were “ushered13, Indian file, into the drawing-room,” where they found “some twenty gentlemen seated in a row in solemn state, mute as fishes, having already undergone the ceremony of introduction.” And he goes on:
“Mrs. Monroe was seated at the further end of the room, with other ladies. On our approach, she rose and received us handsomely. After being myself presented, I introduced the other gentlemen. I now expected to be led to the President, but my pilot, the private secretary, had vanished. We beat a retreat, each to his respective chair. Observing the President sitting very demurely14 by the chimney-corner, I arose and advanced to him. He got up and shook me by the hand, as he did the other gentlemen. This second ceremony over, all again was silence, and{150} each once more moved to his seat. It was a period of great solemnity. Not a whisper broke upon the ear to interrupt the silence of the place, and every one looked as if the next moment would be his last. After a while the President, in a grave manner, began conversation with some one that sat near him, and directly the secretary ushered in some more victims, who submitted to the same ordeal15 we had experienced. This continued for fully16 half an hour, when dinner was announced. It became more lively as the dishes rattled17.” The party remained at table till about half-past eight.
The retirement18 of Monroe marked the end of “the Virginia dynasty.” It had always been a sore point with John Adams that the highest office of the Government should be passed from hand to hand in the Old Dominion19, and he once threw out the splenetic comment that not “until the last Virginian was laid in the graveyard” would his son have a chance at the Presidency20. The son had been trained with reference to such an inheritance, and, on becoming Monroe’s Secretary of State, regarded himself as in the line of succession. His appearance as a Presidential candidate, however, aroused no general enthusiasm, whereas General Andrew Jackson, having given the finishing stroke to the defeat of the British invaders{151} by his victory over Pakenham, and acquired the nickname “Old Hickory,” had become the idol21 of the multitude. In spite of their approaching competition for the Presidency, Adams was obliged to recognize Jackson’s prestige at every turn; and on the eighth of January, 1824, Mrs. Adams gave a ball in the General’s honor which was so grand that it was still talked of in Washington fifty years afterward.
The Adams house stood on the site now occupied by the Adams office building in F Street near Fourteenth. On this occasion the floor of the ballroom22 was decorated with pictures in colored chalks. The central design, which portrayed24 an American eagle clutching a trophy25 of flags, bore the legend: “Welcome to the Hero of New Orleans!” The pillars were trimmed with laurel and other winter foliage26, roses were scattered27 everywhere, and the illumination was furnished by variegated28 lamps, with a brilliant luster29 in the middle of the ceiling. There were eight pieces of music. Mrs. Adams was seated in the center of the hall, with Jackson standing30 at her side and a semicircle of distinguished31 guests behind them. President Monroe and Mr. Adams attended, but both were conspicuous32 for their sobriety of attire33. It was this gathering34 which inspired a tribute in verse by a local journalist, beginning:{152}
“Wend you with the world to-night?
Brown and fair, and wise and witty35,
Eyes that float in seas of light,
Laughing mouths and dimples pretty,
Belles36 and matrons, maids and madams,
All are gone to Mrs. Adams!”
Nine months later, Jackson polled a far larger popular vote for the Presidency than Adams, and so distributed as to give him a lead in the electoral colleges also. But as there were four candidates, none of whom had a clear majority of the electoral vote, the decision was left to the House of Representatives, where Henry Clay, the candidate at the bottom of the list, threw his support to Adams, giving him the office. Adams recognized his debt to Clay by appointing him Secretary of State, and thus placing him in the line of promotion37. Jackson never forgave Clay for his share in electing Adams, and from that day forth38 had nothing to do with him beyond the coolest exchange of civilities. In other respects the General accepted defeat philosophically39, attending the inaugural40 ceremonies and promptly41 coming forward to congratulate the new President, an act of grace that brought tears to the eyes of Adams. The appearance of the two men together in public delighted the crowd, and there was vociferous42 hurrahing43 for Jackson. Judged solely{153} by appearances, indeed, the day was a festival in honor of Jackson rather than of Adams. Many of the General’s friends had come a long distance, in an era when traveling was so slow that they had been obliged to leave home before learning the final outcome of the election, and supposed that they were to attend the inauguration44 of their favorite. They sought solace45 for their disappointment in turbulent demonstrations46. For the whole afternoon the dramshops carried on a tremendous business, and all night the streets were full of tramping men roaring out Jackson campaign songs and silencing opposition47 with their fists. Pistol shots were heard at frequent intervals48, and a rumor49 spread that Henry Clay had been killed.
Whatever Adams may have thought of these exhibitions, he bore them with a calm exterior50. He was always indifferent to criticism, and became famous as the most shabbily clad man who had ever occupied the Presidential chair, being accused even of having worn the same hat for ten years. He braved public opinion by setting up a billiard table in the White House, which gave a North Carolina Representative a text for a speech denouncing the expenditure51 of fifty dollars for the table and six dollars for a set of balls as “alarming to the religious, the moral, and the reflecting portion of the community.” The anti-administration{154} press, using the game of billiards52 as a theme, opened fire upon the President as a gambler. For a fact, he never made but one bet in his life. Clay had picked up at auction53 a picture which Adams tried to buy of him. One day, in jest, Clay offered it as a stake for a game of all-fours. To his astonishment54, Adams, the supposed ascetic55, took him up, and won the game and the picture.
It was a habit of Adams to take a plunge56 in the Potomac, at the foot of his garden, every morning “between daybreak and sunrise,” the weather permitting. Once he had all his clothing stolen, and had to catch a passing boy and send him home for enough raiment to cover him. But this was by no means his most embarrassing adventure. It was during his administration that the first woman newspaper correspondent turned up in Washington. She was resolved to procure57 an interview with the President, who did not care to gratify her. So she rose early one morning and repaired, notebook and pencil in hand, to the river bank, and planted herself beside his clothes till he started to come out. Standing almost neck-deep in the water, he tried first severity and then persuasion58 to induce her to go away, but she held her ground till he surrendered and answered her most important questions.{155}
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Tudor House, Georgetown
The billiard table was not the only basis for charges of prodigal59 living brought against Adams. When he ran for re?lection, his enemies made effective use of a letter written by a member of Congress who had attended a New Year’s reception at the White House and who mentioned the “gorgeously furnished east room.” The truth was that the east room, except for three marble-topped tables and a few mirrors, did not contain fifty dollars’ worth of furniture of any sort. A Washingtonian of the period has written that there were no chandeliers, and that the great room depended for its lighting60 on candles held in tin candlesticks nailed to the wall, which “dripped their sperm61 upon the clothes of those who came under them, as I well know from experience.”
Adams sometimes aroused personal hostility62 by his peppery temper. He had to dine with him one evening a Southern Senator who was notorious for his dislike of everything in New England but prided himself on his knowledge of wines. The Senator had the bad manners to remark that he had “never known a Unitarian who did not believe in the sea-serpent.” This aroused the ire of Adams, who later, when his guest said that Tokay and Rhine wine were somewhat alike, turned upon him with the exclamation63: “Sir, I do not believe that you ever drank a drop of Tokay in{156} your life!” He afterward apologized, but the Senator would not accept the apology and became the implacable foe64 of his administration.
Jackson’s election in 1828 was a foregone conclusion from the moment he reappeared as a Presidential candidate; and, immediately upon the announcement that he had won an electoral vote a good deal more than double that of Adams, Washington became the Mecca of a hundred pilgrimages. By the fourth of March, 1829, the city was so crowded with worshipers of the President-elect that they overflowed65 the inns and boarding-houses, and many were obliged to live in camp. Half the men wore their trousers tucked into their boot-legs, and not a few carried pistols openly in their belts. The hickory emblem66 was in evidence everywhere: men wielded67 hickory canes68 and staffs, women wore bonnets69 trimmed with hickory leaves and necklaces composed of hickory nuts fancifully painted, and scores of horses were driven with bridles70 of hickory bark.
Like his father, Adams did not attend the inauguration of his successor; he withdrew to a hired dwelling71 on the heights north of the city and kept to himself till the flurry was over. Probably Jackson did not regret his absence, for the campaign had been surcharged with bitter personalities72, into which the name{157}
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Bladensburg Duelling-Ground
of Mrs. Jackson was remorselessly dragged. Mrs. Jackson had died since election day, and the General believed her death the direct result of calumny73.
Madison had set the fashion, and Monroe and Adams had improved upon it, of having a formal escort to the Capitol on the way to inauguration. Jackson, however, refused to follow custom. As the only militia74 organization in the city was under command of a colonel who hated him, he had no military display, but walked down the middle of Pennsylvania Avenue with only a body-guard composed of veterans of the War of the Revolution, then a half-century past. For any lack of enthusiasm on the part of the resident population, that of the visiting Jacksonians more than compensated75. All the way the General and his little party were so surrounded by a yelling, cheering crowd that they could advance only at a snail’s pace. To watchers on Capitol Hill he was distinguishable from the mob by being the one man in the midst of it who walked bareheaded.
Jackson was the first President to take the oath of office on the east portico76 of the Capitol, the place now generally used. He also was the first to read his speech before being sworn. He wore two pairs of spectacles,—a pair for looking at the crowd and a pair for reading; when he was using one pair, the{158} other was perched aloft on his forehead. At the close of the exercises, he mounted a fine white horse and rode to the White House, again having to make his way through a mass of singing and shouting admirers. At the mansion77 a feast had been provided, and the gates thrown open to every one. The building was soon stuffed full; and, as the people waiting outside could hardly hope to force their way in, negro servants came to the doors with buckets of punch and salvers of cakes and ices and passed these out. Much of the food and drink was wasted, and much china and glassware smashed. Women fainted, men quarreled and bruised79 one another’s faces. At one stage the doorways80 became so blocked that people coming out had to climb through the windows and drop to the ground. The rabble81 inside, bent82 on shaking the hand of the President, jammed him against a wall to the serious peril83 of his ribs84, till he succeeded in escaping through a back entry and taking refuge in the hotel where he had lately had his lodgings85.
The boisterous86 incidents of his first day in office were only an earnest of the stormy administration which lay before Jackson. Realizing how much he was indebted to New York for his election, and that Martin Van Buren had a powerful following there, he appointed Van Buren his Secretary of State. This{159} proved a pretty lucky investment in human nature; for in the Peggy Eaton controversy87, which broke out soon after Jackson began his term, Van Buren was a valuable ally. General John H. Eaton, a lifelong friend whom Jackson had appointed Secretary of War, had been boarding for several years with a local tavern-keeper named O’Neal. The publican’s daughter, Peggy, had grown up a pretty, but pert and forward girl, who flirted88 with her father’s patrons and married one of them, Purser Timberlake of the navy. Timberlake was addicted89 to drink, and during one of his cruises he ended a spree by suicide, leaving his wife and children destitute90; and Eaton, whose name gossip had already linked with the widow’s, came to the front with an offer of marriage, which was accepted.
The wedding followed so closely upon the tragedy as to cause wide criticism, and this, together with her antecedents, condemned91 Mrs. Eaton to social ostracism92. Left to themselves, Eaton’s colleagues of the Cabinet would have ignored the circumstances of his marriage, but the ladies of their families declared that they would have nothing to do with the bride. Van Buren, as a widower93 with no daughters, felt free to act as he pleased; and Jackson, remembering what his own wife had endured, gallantly94 espoused95 the cause of Mrs. Eaton and gave the hostile Secretaries{160} their choice between accepting her or resigning their portfolios96, whereupon the Cabinet went promptly to pieces.
Being a man of means, Van Buren did a good deal of entertaining for Mrs. Eaton’s benefit, and also inspired those members of the diplomatic corps97 who were unaccompanied by ladies to join him in “floating” her. The British Minister was a bachelor, so was the Russian Minister; but, though the dinners and balls which they gave attracted many feminine guests who were flattered by being invited, they were not wholly successful. Madam Huygens, wife of the Dutch Minister, for instance, was induced to attend a ball, but when escorted to the supper table found that she was expected to sit next but one to Mrs. Eaton and would have to exchange a few words with that lady. Instantly she placed her arm in that of her husband and withdrew with him from the room. When the story was told to Jackson, he rose in his wrath98 and declared that he would send Huygens home to Holland; but he never carried out the threat.
Viewed in historical perspective, Jackson appears to have been a man of tremendous force, thoroughly99 patriotic100, conscientious101 in even his most wayward conceptions of duty, unlearned but not illiterate102, and above all things hating treachery. He handled the{161} sword with more facility than the pen, and some of his correspondence, reproduced with its crudities of syntax and spelling, would make the better educated angels weep. Conscious of his scholastic103 shortcomings, he rarely attempted anything original in writing or speaking, except on public questions; and when his autograph was sought in the albums which were the fashionable fad104 of the day, he borrowed his sentiments from the Presbyterian hymn-book, quoting, as Miss Martineau recalls, “stanzas of the most ominous105 import from Dr. Watts106.”
Jackson usually flavored his dinners and receptions with a dash of the unexpected. On one occasion he jostled the proprieties107 by singing “Auld Lang Syne108.” He ate sparingly at his own table but talked a great deal, slowly and quietly, and, when women were present, with much real kindliness109 of tone. He had a homely110 way of disposing of questions which he regarded as not overimportant. At a dinner in honor of the marriage of his adopted son, Andrew Jackson, Junior, he decided111 on an innovation in etiquette112 by having his Secretary of State precede the diplomatic corps, the rest of the Cabinet to follow the foreigners. This plan was vigorously resisted by the Secretary of the Treasury113, who argued that the Cabinet was a unit, and that its members should therefore be treated{162} on an equal footing. “In that case,” said the President, “we will put all the Cabinet ahead of the diplomats,” and he sent his private secretary, Major Donelson, to make the announcement to the guests. The French Minister at once stirred up the Dutch Minister, as senior member of the corps, to prevent the threatened indignity114. Meanwhile, dinner had been announced, and every one was standing. Donelson reported the strained situation to the President, who, instead of vowing115 “by the Eternal” that his commands should be obeyed, smiled good-naturedly and said: “Well, I will lead with the bride. It is a family affair; so we’ll waive116 all difficulties, and the company will please to follow as heretofore.”
The first baby born in the White House probably was Mary Emily Donelson, child of the private secretary. At her baptism in the east room the President and Martin Van Buren stood as godfathers. Van Buren took her in his arms when she was first brought in, but she squirmed and wriggled117 so that Jackson reached out for her, whereat she cooed with delight, as children always did at any attention from him. He held her throughout the service, and, at the minister’s question, “Do you, in the name of this child, renounce118 the devil and all his works?” he stiffened119 up as he might have if confronted with a fresh machination{163} of his enemies, and declared with characteristic emphasis: “I do, sir; I renounce them all!”
It was during Jackson’s administration that Harriet Martineau first visited Washington. She was suffering from overwork and had been orderd by her physician in England to cross the sea for a good rest. In spite of that, people would not let her alone. It is said that within twenty-four hours after her arrival in town more than six hundred persons had called to pay their respects. Probably not fifty could have told why they did so, except that she was a literary celebrity120. One lady was eager to learn “whether her novels were really very pretty,” and most of the statesmen, when told that she was a political economist121, laughed outright122. A social leader, desirous of giving her a dinner such as she had been accustomed to at home, made the table groan123 under the choicest things the market afforded, including eight different meats, only to see the guest confine herself to a tiny slice of turkey-breast and a nibble124 of ham. She was equally disconcerting with her other simplicities125, such as coming to a five o’clock dinner at a little after three, clad in a walking suit in which she had been tramping about the city, but bringing in her capacious pockets all the trappings necessary for a presentable evening toilet.{164}
Notwithstanding her idiosyncrasies, Miss Martineau made a profoundly pleasant impression wherever she went. Webster, Clay, and Calhoun would desert their seats in the Senate to join her for a talk, and Chief Justice Marshall would descend126 from the bench to greet her when she came into his courtroom. She could take up her unpretentious position in the corner of a sofa anywhere, and in a few minutes have a circle of the country’s elect about her awaiting their turns for a chat; and this in spite of the fact that she was very deaf and had to make use of an ear-trumpet127 of an unfamiliar128 pattern, so that often a newcomer would talk into the wrong aperture129. She never made anything of her infirmity; and, of all the poems, addresses, and letters of appreciation130 with which she was showered, the production which gave her most delight was an ode to her trumpet, beginning: “Beloved horn!”
Early in this administration, the east room at the White House, which had figured in the Democratic campaign speeches as an audience chamber131 sumptuous132 enough for royalty133, was discovered to be too shabby for a President of Jackson’s simple habits. So four large mirrors, heavily framed in gilt, were hung against its walls, their bases resting on mantels of black Italian marble. Chandeliers gleaming with{165} glass prisms were suspended from the ceiling; damask-covered chairs, their woodwork gilded134 like the mirror frames, were substituted for the worn-out furniture which had sufficed for the Adams family; the windows were richly curtained; a Brussels carpet, with the sprawling135 pattern then so much admired, was stretched over the entire floor; and this array of elegance136 was capped with bouquets137 of artificial flowers, in painted china vases, distributed among the mantels and tables and in the window recesses138.
These things did not long retain their freshness. Jackson’s dinners had features quaint139 enough, but his receptions were little short of riots. A literary visitor has left us the description of one where “generals, commodores, foreign ministers and members of Congress” brushed elbows with laborers140 who had come in their working clothes from a day of canal digging, and “sooty artificers” direct from the forge. “There were majors in broadcloth and corduroys, redolent of gin and tobacco, and majors’ ladies in chintz or russet, with huge Paris earrings141, and tawny142 necks profusely143 decorated with beads144 of colored glass. There were tailors from the board and judges from the bench; lawyers who opened their mouths at one bar, and tapsters who closed theirs at another; and one individual—either a miller145 or a baker—who,{166} wherever he passed, left marks of contact on the garments of the company.” Meanwhile, the waiters who attempted to cross from the pantry to the east room with cakes and punch were intercepted146 by a ravenous147 horde148 who emptied the trays as fast as they could be refilled, so that little or nothing reached the better-mannered guests. This went on till the Irish butler, in exasperation149, enlisted150 a dozen stalwart men and armed them with billets of wood, to surround the waiters as a guard, and keep their sticks swinging about the food so briskly that it could not be captured except at the cost of a broken head. Of course the carpet, curtains, and cushions were deluged151 with sticky refuse, and broken bits of china and glass were ground into powder under foot.
If it be possible to imagine anything worse in its way than this scene, it was Jackson’s farewell entertainment, given on the twenty-second of February, 1837. The chief feature was the cutting of a mammoth152 cheese which had been sent to the President by admirers in a northern dairy district. It weighed fourteen hundred pounds, and nothing would satisfy Jackson but to give a piece to every man, woman, and child who would come for it. As a result, the paths leading to the White House, and the portico itself, were thronged that afternoon with people going in to get{167} their chunks153 and coming out with greasy154 parcels in their hands. “We forced our way over the threshold,” wrote one of the adventurous155 souls, “and encountered an atmosphere to which the mephitic gas over Avernus must be faint and innocuous. On the side of the hall hung a rough likeness156 of General Jackson, emblazoned with eagle and stars, and in the center of the vestibule stood the fragrant157 gift, surrounded by a dense158 crowd who had in two hours cut and purveyed159 away more than a half-ton of horribly smelling ‘Testimonial to the Hero of New Orleans.’ A small segment had been reserved for the President’s use, but it is doubtful if he ever tasted it.” The cutting was done by two able-bodied laborers, armed with big knives extemporized160 from hand-saws.
In the White House, Jackson lived a good deal apart. He was always glad to see any one who came on a friendly errand, and loved to frolic with children; but one of his chief pleasures was sitting by himself in the big south room of the second story and smoking. An aged9 friend who, as a boy, visited the White House with his father while Jackson was there, told me that the President bade them draw up with him by the fireside, offered a clean clay pipe to the elder of the visitors, and, lighting his own well-seasoned corn-cob, puffed161 the smoke up the chimney, explaining that Emily{168} Donelson—the wife of his secretary, who kept house for him—disliked the smell of tobacco.
The ghost of the Peggy Eaton affair could never be permanently162 exorcised. Timberlake had not only died penniless and in debt but left his official accounts in confusion, and a year or two later it was discovered that he had been a defaulter. His bondsman resisted payment of the shortage, accusing Lieutenant163 Robert B. Randolph, who had taken over Timberlake’s papers, of the actual responsibility for it. Randolph, in demanding a court-martial, committed a technical breach164 of discipline for which the President dismissed him summarily from the service. One day Jackson was a passenger on a river steamboat which stopped briefly165 at a wharf166 in Alexandria. He was sitting alone, when a stranger approached him as if to shake hands. Jackson, seeing him drawing off one of his gloves, said amiably167, “Never mind your glove, sir,” and stretched out his own hand. But the stranger, instead of taking it, made a violent lunge at Jackson’s face, exclaiming: “I am Lieutenant Randolph, whom you have wronged and insulted, and I came here to pull your nose!” Startled by the noise, two or three gentlemen ran forward and sprang upon Randolph, who, in the struggle that followed, reached the gangplank and freed himself. The President, convinced{169} by later developments that the Lieutenant had really suffered an injustice168, offered to reinstate him if he would apologize for the nose-pulling; but he scornfully rejected the proposal.
The Cabinet, as reorganized in consequence of pretty Peggy’s fight, did not hang together long. Secretary Eaton intimated presently that he would like to retire, Van Buren seemed of the same mind, so the President appointed the former Governor of Florida and the latter Minister to England. The Senate confirmed Eaton’s appointment with good enough grace, but balked169 at that of Van Buren, who, having gone to England in good faith to enter upon his duties, was put to the humiliating necessity of coming home again. Jackson was angry, regarding this as a blow at himself. “If they don’t want him for Minister,” he thundered, “we’ll see if they like him any better as President!” He therefore laid out a program beginning with his own re?lection with Van Buren as his Vice-president, and ending with Van Buren’s election as his successor. The plan carried; and, as Jackson’s affection for Van Buren had grown largely out of the latter’s stanch170 loyalty171 in the Cabinet quarrel, Mrs. Eaton may be said to have shaped American history for a considerable term of years.
Long after this lady ceased to hold the center of the{170} national stage, her career continued to be picturesque172. Her husband, having retired173 from the Governorship of Florida, was appointed Minister to Spain, and in Madrid she appears to have made herself a great favorite at court. After General Eaton’s death she returned to Washington, and was living down much of the adverse174 sentiment of former days, when there appeared on the scene an Italian dancing-master named Buchignani, whose dark, soulful eyes and insinuating175 manners proved too much for even her experienced heart. Although she was well advanced in years and he was young enough to be her son, she not only became his wife, but let all her comfortable fortune slip into his hands, and gradually gave him also the custody176 of her grandchildren’s property, which she was holding in trust. He repaid her kindness by eloping with her favorite granddaughter to Canada, where he went into business as a saloon-keeper. Mrs. Buchignani died in 1879, still glorying in the memory of her early activities.
As Vice-president, Van Buren lived in the Decatur house, the big somber177 brick dwelling on the corner of Jackson Place and H Street. Across the park, just south of the present home of the Cosmos178 Club, lived Mr. and Mrs. Ogle179 Tayloe, with whom it was his habit to pass his disengaged evenings. Suddenly he ceased{171}
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Decatur House
coming, and after some weeks Mr. Tayloe hunted him up to inquire what was the matter. His only response was: “Mrs. Tayloe has things lying about on her table which should not be there.” Van Buren had always seemed interested in Mrs. Tayloe’s collection of contemporary autographs; and, when husband and wife were searching there for the possible cause of offense180, they came upon a letter from a prominent New York politician containing the passage: “What is little Matt doing? Some dirty work, of course, as usual.” Mrs. Tayloe cut out the derogatory paragraph and sent word to Van Buren that she had done so, and at once he renewed his visits.
Jackson escorted Van Buren to the Capitol, for his inauguration, in a carriage widely celebrated181 as the “Constitution coach.” It was a present to the General from citizens of New York and was built out of timbers from the old war frigate182 Constitution, a picture of which was emblazoned on one panel. Van Buren discovered, before he had been long in office, that a thousand things which the people accepted without question from a military hero they were prepared to criticize in a civilian183. Moreover, his son John, while in England some years before, had danced with the Princess Victoria and thus acquired the nickname “Prince John,” of which the enemies of the administration{172} made use as a political cudgel, declaring that the whole family were aping the foreign aristocracy. Along came the financial panic of 1837, reducing thousands of well-to-do persons to poverty, and this was fatuously184 laid to Van Buren’s account when he stood for re?lection in 1840 against General William Henry Harrison, affectionately styled “Old Tippecanoe” in memory of one of his victories.
Regardless of the fact that Jackson had refurnished the White House expensively for those days and then given entertainments which spoiled nearly everything spoilable, it was Van Buren who became the undeserving target for attack on the ground that he maintained “a royal establishment” in “a palace as splendid as that of the C?sars, and as richly adorned185 as the proudest Asiatic mansion.” The stump186 orators187 harped188 on the use of gold and silver spoons at the White House table, and on the excessive number of spittoons distributed in the parlors189 and halls. Vainly did the President’s defenders190 show that the gold spoons were mostly plated ware78, and that the spittoons, like the other furniture, were the property of the Government: the voters who ate their porridge from wooden vessels191 and threw their quids into boxes of sawdust were resolved upon putting into his place a man of different type. Henry Clay, passing the White House one day when{173} a blaze broke out in the laundry, joined the firemen in helping192 to extinguish it, remarking jocularly to the President: “Though we are bound to have you out of here, Mr. Van Buren, we don’t want you burned out.”
Harrison was elected. He was sixty-eight when he arrived in Washington in February, 1841, and was in delicate health, but affected193 a vain pretense194 of robustness195. Though the day was chilly196, with snow thinly covering the streets and a cold rain falling, he declined to enter a carriage, and walked half a mile to the City Hall with his hat in his hand, bowing to the people on either side of the street. At the hall he stood on the portico, still uncovered, while the Mayor made a speech of welcome and he responded. His exposure gave him a cold which, following his fatigues197 and excitement, brought on a serious nervous attack, and this was not improved by the prospect198 of a wearisome inaugural ceremony. He had only a common school education, but had read a good deal, particularly ancient history. Mr. Webster, whom he had selected for Secretary of State, recognizing his literary limitations, composed an excellent inaugural address and carried it to him, saying in explanation: “I feared lest, with all you are called upon to do just now, you might not find time to do anything of this sort.”{174}
“Oh, yes,” answered Harrison, cheerfully, producing a packet of neatly199 written sheets, “I attended to all that before leaving home.”
Webster tactfully contrived200 to induce him to exchange manuscripts, “so that each author could read the other’s production, and whichever proved the better could be used.”
But the next day Harrison handed back Webster’s paper with the remark: “If I were to read your address, everybody would know you wrote it. Mine is not so good, but at least it is mine, and I shall prefer my own poor work to your brilliant one.” As a last resort Webster offered to revise Harrison’s address, and Harrison consented, though very reluctantly. Webster struggled with his task a whole day, chopping out paragraph after paragraph of classical citations201. When a lady that evening inquired what he had been doing to make him look so ill, he exclaimed: “You’d be ill, too, if you had committed all the crimes I have. Within twelve hours I have killed seventeen Roman pro-consuls—dead as smelts202, every man of them!”
Though compelled to sacrifice so much of his antique lore23, Harrison was not to be argued out of his resolve to ride a white horse to and from his inauguration, having read of sundry203 great Romans who thus traversed the Appian Way. He refused, too, to wear an{175} overcoat on the fourth of March, notwithstanding that he had a heavy cold, and that a stiff gale204 was blowing which searched the vitals of most men in thick garments. Nor would he consent to cover his head while delivering his address, which was a protest against executive usurpation205, the corruption206 of the press, and the abuses of party spirit. Few who heard it realized how near they had come to witnessing no inaugural ceremony that day. It had been arranged that Harrison should join the procession for the Capitol at the house of a friend whom he was visiting, but he was in such a state of nervous exhaustion207 that he fainted twice before the time came to start. His companions bathed his temples with brandy, and the physician they called in forbade his going out of doors unless in a carriage; but he would hear to no change of plans, and managed, by sheer force of will, not only to perform his part at the Capitol, but to hold an afternoon reception at the White House and in the evening to look in at two or three balls with which the Whigs were celebrating their triumph.
During the fortnight that followed, he did his best to conceal208 his increasing feebleness, even going in person to market every morning when he was able. But a succession of colds presently ran into pneumonia209, and the office-seekers hounded him not the less cruelly{176} after this. Just one month from the day of his inauguration, death came to his relief. Mrs. Harrison, who had been too ill to accompany him to Washington, never saw him from the day he parted with her in Ohio till his body was brought back to her for burial.
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1
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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spaciousness
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| n.宽敞 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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rehabilitate
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| vt.改造(罪犯)，修复；vi.复兴，(罪犯)经受改造 | |
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gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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demurely
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| adv.装成端庄地，认真地 | |
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ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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19
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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ballroom
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| n.舞厅 | |
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lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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29
luster
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| n.光辉；光泽，光亮；荣誉 | |
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30
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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34
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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36
belles
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| n.美女( belle的名词复数 )；最美的美女 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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philosophically
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| adv.哲学上；富有哲理性地；贤明地；冷静地 | |
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40
inaugural
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| adj.就职的；n.就职典礼 | |
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41
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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42
vociferous
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| adj.喧哗的，大叫大嚷的 | |
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43
hurrahing
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| v.好哇( hurrah的现在分词 ) | |
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44
inauguration
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| n.开幕、就职典礼 | |
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45
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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46
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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47
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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48
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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49
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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50
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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51
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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52
billiards
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| n.台球 | |
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53
auction
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| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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54
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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55
ascetic
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| adj.禁欲的；严肃的 | |
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56
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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57
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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58
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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59
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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60
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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61
sperm
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| n.精子，精液 | |
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62
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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63
exclamation
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| n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词 | |
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64
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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66
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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67
wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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68
canes
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| n.（某些植物，如竹或甘蔗的）茎( cane的名词复数 )；（用于制作家具等的）竹竿；竹杖 | |
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69
bonnets
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| n.童帽( bonnet的名词复数 )；（烟囱等的）覆盖物；（苏格兰男子的）无边呢帽；（女子戴的）任何一种帽子 | |
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70
bridles
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| 约束( bridle的名词复数 )； 限动器； 马笼头； 系带 | |
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71
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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72
personalities
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| n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 ) | |
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73
calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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74
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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ware
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| n.(常用复数)商品，货物 | |
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bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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80
doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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81
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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82
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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83
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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84
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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85
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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86
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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87
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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88
flirted
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| v.调情，打情骂俏( flirt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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90
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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91
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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92
ostracism
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| n.放逐；排斥 | |
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93
widower
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| n.鳏夫 | |
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94
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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95
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
portfolios
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| n.投资组合( portfolio的名词复数 )；（保险）业务量；（公司或机构提供的）系列产品；纸夹 | |
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97
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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98
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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99
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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100
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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101
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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102
illiterate
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| adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲 | |
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103
scholastic
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| adj.学校的，学院的，学术上的 | |
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104
fad
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| n.时尚；一时流行的狂热；一时的爱好 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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106
watts
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| （电力计量单位）瓦，瓦特( watt的名词复数 ) | |
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107
proprieties
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| n.礼仪，礼节；礼貌( propriety的名词复数 )；规矩；正当；合适 | |
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108
syne
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| adv.自彼时至此时，曾经 | |
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109
kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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110
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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111
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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112
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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113
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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114
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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115
vowing
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的现在分词形式） | |
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116
waive
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| vt.放弃，不坚持(规定、要求、权力等) | |
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117
wriggled
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的过去式和过去分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等） | |
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118
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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119
stiffened
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| 加强的 | |
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120
celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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121
economist
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| n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人 | |
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122
outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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123
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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124
nibble
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| n.轻咬，啃；v.一点点地咬，慢慢啃，吹毛求疵 | |
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125
simplicities
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| n.简单，朴素，率直( simplicity的名词复数 ) | |
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126
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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127
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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128
unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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129
aperture
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| n.孔，隙，窄的缺口 | |
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130
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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131
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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132
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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133
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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134
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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135
sprawling
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| adj.蔓生的，不规则地伸展的v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的现在分词 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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136
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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137
bouquets
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| n.花束( bouquet的名词复数 )；（酒的）芳香 | |
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138
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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139
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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140
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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141
earrings
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| n.耳环( earring的名词复数 )；耳坠子 | |
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142
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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143
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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144
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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145
miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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146
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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147
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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148
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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149
exasperation
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| n.愤慨 | |
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150
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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151
deluged
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| v.使淹没( deluge的过去式和过去分词 )；淹没；被洪水般涌来的事物所淹没；穷于应付 | |
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152
mammoth
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| n.长毛象；adj.长毛象似的，巨大的 | |
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153
chunks
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| 厚厚的一块( chunk的名词复数 )； （某物）相当大的数量或部分 | |
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154
greasy
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| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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155
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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156
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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157
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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158
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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159
purveyed
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| v.提供，供应( purvey的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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160
extemporized
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| v.即兴创作，即席演奏( extemporize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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161
puffed
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| adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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162
permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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163
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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164
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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165
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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166
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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167
amiably
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| adv.和蔼可亲地，亲切地 | |
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168
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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169
balked
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| v.畏缩不前，犹豫( balk的过去式和过去分词 )；（指马）不肯跑 | |
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170
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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171
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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172
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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173
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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174
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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175
insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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176
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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177
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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178
cosmos
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| n.宇宙；秩序，和谐 | |
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179
ogle
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| v.看；送秋波；n.秋波，媚眼 | |
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180
offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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181
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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182
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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183
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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184
fatuously
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| adv.愚昧地，昏庸地，蠢地 | |
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185
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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186
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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187
orators
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| n.演说者，演讲家( orator的名词复数 ) | |
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188
harped
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| vi.弹竖琴（harp的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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189
parlors
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| 客厅( parlor的名词复数 )； 起居室； （旅馆中的）休息室； （通常用来构成合成词）店 | |
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190
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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191
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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192
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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193
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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194
pretense
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| n.矫饰，做作，借口 | |
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195
robustness
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| 坚固性，健壮性；鲁棒性 | |
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196
chilly
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| adj.凉快的，寒冷的 | |
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197
fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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198
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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199
neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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200
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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201
citations
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| n.引用( citation的名词复数 )；引证；引文；表扬 | |
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202
smelts
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| v.熔炼，提炼（矿石）( smelt的第三人称单数 ) | |
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203
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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204
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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205
usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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206
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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207
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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208
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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209
pneumonia
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| n.肺炎 | |
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